1 2 3 4 5 6
Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 1
- factor XII (hageman/glass factor) circulating in blood is activated by contact with exposed subendothelial basement membrane at the time of tissue or blood vessel injury.
Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 2
-Factor Xa combines with Factor V (labile factor, proaccelerin, AC-globulin), calcium ions and Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) converts prothrombin (factor II) to the active enzyme, thrombin
pernicious anemia
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________. sickle-cell anemia pernicious anemia polycythemia aplastic anemia
gamma globulins: lipid transport
Which of the following plasma proteins is improperly matched with its function? gamma globulins: lipid transport albumin: osmotic pressure fibrinogen: clotting alpha globulin: transport of metal ions and fat-soluble vitamins
supplemental bilirubin injection
Which of the following would provide no benefit to a person suffering any one of the various types of anemia? supplemental oxygen delivered by mask blood transfusion treatment with synthetic erythropoietin supplemental bilirubin injection
heme group
has its iron removed and recycled
false (its the spleen)
The normal RBC "graveyard" is the liver. (true/false)
hormone production
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? hormone production regulation protection distribution
nutrient level
Which of the following is NOT regulated by the blood? body temperature pH level fluid volume nutrient levels
fibrinolysis
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? fibrinolysis vascular spasm platelet plug formation coagulation
Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels.
Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte? Erythrocytes are cell fragments. Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels. Erythrocytes are larger than other cells in the blood. Erythrocytes are nucleated cells.
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? decreased tissue demand for oxygen moving to a lower altitude an increased number of RBCs hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
monocytes
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. neutrophils monocytes basophils eosinophils
nutrients
The blood transports _______________ through the body. However, the mechanisms that regulate these ________________ are not a part of the function of the blood.
plasmin
What "clot buster" enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis? plasmin plasminogen thrombin fibrin
Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample
What is a hematocrit? Hematocrit is the percentage of leukocytes and platelets in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of plasma in a whole blood sample.
reticulocyte
What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called? proerythroblast polychromatic erythroblast hemopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) reticulocyte
platelets
Which formed element can be described as membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragments? platelets lymphocytes erythrocytes monocytes
eosinophil
Which leukocyte might you expect to find in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies? eosinophil neutrophil basophil lymphocyte
hemocytoblast
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? hemocytoblast polymorphonuclear cell normoblast megakaryocyte
One is faster than the other.
Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways? One is triggered by tissue damage, while the other cannot be triggered by tissue damage. One is faster than the other. One involves calcium ions, while the other does not. One leads to the production of prothrombin activator and the other does not.
B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby
Which of the following scenarios could result in HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)? A-positive female pregnant with a B-positive baby AB-negative female pregnant with an AB-negative baby O-positive female pregnant with a B-positive baby B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby
less viscous than water
Which of the following would NOT be a characteristic of normal blood? pH of 7.4 5 million RBC per microliter less viscous than water sticky texture
reticulocyte
are a stage in erythrocyte development when the nucleus has just been lost. These are found in circulating blood, but they are typically only a small percent of total red cells.
Gamma globulins
are also called immunoglobulins and are part of the immune response
thrombin
catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin
red bone marrow
is the site of blood cell production and is stimulated by erythropoietin.
type B
only has agglutinogen B on their erythrocytes
hemoglobin
other than water makes up almost the entire contents of an erythrocyte. It can bind both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
bilirubin
while the remainder is converted to ______________ and makes its way to the liver, where it is passed to the intestine in bile
Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 2
-Prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), and factor XII interact together to activate Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent)
Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 6
-XIII crosslinks fibrin strands through the formation of covalent bonds to form a stablized fibrin clot
Extrinsic Pathway
-activated by tissue thromboplastin (factor III) which is released from damaged cells and tissues (outside circulating blood)
Instrinsic Pathway
-all factors in the system are found in the circulating blood
Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 1
-begins with activation of factor X by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
Clot Activation
-cascade either initiated by intrinsic or extrinsic -usually both are triggered by the same damaging event and they work together to stop bleeding -pathways join to form a common pathway that ends in the formation of a fibrin clot -all pathways require calcium ions for proper function
Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 7
-clot retracts in the presence of activated platelets; serum is released along the edges of the wound are drawn together (scab)
Common Pathway
-common to both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 4
-factor IX combines with factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and calcium ions on the phospholipids layer (PPL) of the platelet surface to active factor X (Stuart-Power factor)
Extrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 3
-factor VII is activated to its VIIa form and in the presence of Ca++ activates factor X
Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 4
-fibrin monomers spontaneously aggregate to form a loose fibrin polymer clot
Feedback Mechanisms
-increase efficiency of the cascade reaction -clotting factor is activated and in turn activates the next factor as well as the factor that acted upon it originally -positive feedback loop increases the reaction rate
Coagulation Cascade Pathways
-intrinsic pathway -extrinsic pathway -common pathway
Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 5
-prothrombin also activates factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor, fibrinase) in the presence of calcium ions
Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 3
-thrombin cleaves fibrinogin (factor I) to produce fibrin monomer strands
Extrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 2
-tissue factors, and calcium ions, binds with factor VII (proconvertin, stable factor)
Extrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 1
-tissue thromboplastin (factor III) is released from cells at the site of injury
B
A person who lacks agglutinogen A but has agglutinogen B would have blood type __________.
four
How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?
monocyte
Largest of the WBCs; crucial in defense against viruses; associated with chronic infections
true
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes. (true/false)
people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria
People that have a single allele (gene copy) for sickle cell anemia are typically not sick from the disease and are said to be carriers of sickle cell trait. These people will more often live in the malaria belt of sub-Saharan Africa. The most likely explanation for this is ________. malaria is a cause of sickle cell trait sickle cell trait is passed on to the biting mosquitoes as malaria people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria the tropical climate attracts people with sickle cell trait
kidneys
Reduced oxygen delivery to the ________________ will result in the release of erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn promotes the release of more erythrocytes from the bone marrow.
erythrocyte
Transports CO2 and oxygen
platelets
can be referred to as cytoplasmic fragments because they form as packets of cytoplasm are pinched off the megakaryocyte
hemorrhagic anemia
Abnormally low levels of erythrocytes caused by excessive bleeding is called______. polycythemia hemorrhagic anemia thalassemia sickle-cell anemia
false (eosinophil)
Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs. (true/false)
red blood cells
Because of the amount of ______________________, blood is more viscous than water
albumin
Which of the following is NOT a formed element in whole blood? albumin erythrocytes leukocytes platelets
It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.
Choose the statement that is true concerning hemoglobin. It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups. It can bind a maximum of three oxygen molecules. It is found in the plasma portion of blood. When hemoglobin is not bound to oxygen, it appears blue.
basophil
Contains a U- or an S-shaped nucleus; granules stain very dark; releases histamine and heparin
Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 3
Factor XIa activates factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component, Christmas factor) in the presence of calcium ions
false (protein globin and the red pigment heme)
Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin (true/false)
hematocrit is highest
Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when ________. hemoglobin levels are lowest plasma levels are highest hematocrit is highest HbA1C levels are lowest
white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells
If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ________. white blood cells are smaller than red blood cells platelets are larger than red blood cells platelets are larger than white blood cells white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells
platelets
In a centrifuged sample of blood, what should NOT be in the plasma portion of the sample? albumin fibrinogen electrolytes platelets
eosinophil
Nucleus has two lobes; contains granules of lysosomal enzymes; functions in attacking parasitic worms and plays complex roles in inflammatory diseases like allergies and asthma.
neutrophil
Nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules.
polycythemia
Suppose that an individual injects himself with erythropoietin in order to raise his level of endurance, an act that is usually illegal in competitive sports. Which of the following could result? polycythemia decreased blood viscosity a lower hematocrit reduced tendency for blood to clot
7.35-7.45
What is the average normal pH range of blood? 8.35-8.45 4.65-4.75 7.35-7.45 7.75-7.85
hemoglobin
What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that transports respiratory gases? fibrinogen hemoglobin antibodies albumin
kidney
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? kidney pancreas liver brain
bone marrow
What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis? bone marrow kidneys liver lungs
a portion of the heme group
What part of the hemoglobin molecule is eventually metabolized to stercobilin in the feces? iron transferrin globin a portion of the heme group
thrombin
What protein involved in coagulation provides the activation for the final step in clotting? fibrin thrombin fibrinogen prothrombin activator
reduced availability of oxygen
What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells? a high hematocrit reduced availability of oxygen too many platelets excess oxygen in the bloodstream
neutrophils
When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number? basophils lymphocytes neutrophils eosinophils
Platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of platelets in hemostatic reactions? Platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers. Platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation. Platelets release chemicals that attract and bind other platelets. Platelets do not stick to intact endothelial cells.
They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma
Which of these is true of the materials making up the buffy coat in centrifuged blood? They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma. They are denser then plasma and erythrocytes. They are less dense than both erythrocytes and plasma. They are denser than erythrocytes but less dense than plasma.
amino acids of the globin
Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport? amino acids of the globin iron spectrin heme group
lymphocytes
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production? lymphocytes basophils eosinophils monocytes
heme group and iron ion
are binding points for oxygen, while carbon dioxide binds to and is carried by the globin polypeptides
platelets
are dense enough that they should be in the buffy coat layer
erythrocytes
are held in shape by flexible proteins that allow the cell to bend, twist, and cup, but that will return it to its normal shape. This facilitates the movement through capillaries that are sometimes smaller than they are.
carbaminohemoglobin
carbon dioxide binded to hemoglobin
erythropoietin
causes an increase in release of erythrocytes, which, unless regulated, can induce polycythemia
erythropoietin
increases the hematocrit and the red cell mass and can lead to increased viscosity of the blood and an increased tendency to form clots.
platelet chemicals
initiate the intrinsic pathway, but tissue factors released from damaged endothelium start the extrinsic pathway for coagulation in motion.
Albumin
is a protein that would be found in the plasma
plasminogen
is activated into plasmin that digests the fibrin in the clot
hemorrhage
leads to anemia because of a reduction of red bloods cells.
bacteria
metabolize the bilirubin into stercobilin
clot retraction process
reduces the size of the clot
centrifugation
separates materials by density. Materials in the buffy coat are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma.
B lymphocytes
which mature in the bone marrow and do not require exposure to thymosin in the thymus at t lymphocytes do, produce antibodies