10 12 13 14
Health experts recommend that adults engage in at least ________ minutes of moderate physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week and that children exercise for ________ minutes daily.
30/60
Results of behavioral genetics twin studies suggest that heritability estimates for the big five personality factors are about
50 percent.
Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality?
A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.
Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?
Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.
Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?
Agreeableness
Alex has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Which of the following, if true, is most likely to have played a role in the development of his disorder?
Alex has respiratory system abnormalities.
Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE?
American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.
________ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Anorexia nervosa
________ is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
Antisocial personality disorder
Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing ________ therapy.
Beck's cognitive
________ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.
Bipolar disorder
________ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Who among the following is most suitable for electroconvulsive therapy?
Brad, who is contemplating suicide
The ________ was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
________ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.
Dissociative disorders
________ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.
Dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following statements is true of stress-management programs?
Establishing healthy habits and evaluating and changing behaviors that interfere with good health help avoid the damaging effects of stress.
Which of the following is true about exercise?
Exercise formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.
Which of the following statements accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?
Factor analysis allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
________ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.
Flat affect
Who is considered the "father of American personality psychology"?
Gordon Allport
Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of
Henry Murray.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was created by
Henry Murray.
Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?
In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.
Which of the following occurs in the contemplation stage of the change model?
Individuals actively think about change.
Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?
It has a pain-reducing effect.
Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is true?
It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction.
Mathew is a critic of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Which of the following statements will be agreed upon by Mathew?
It treats all psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses.
Which of the following statements about specific phobia is true?
Many explanations of specific phobias view these disorders as based on experiences and learned associations.
Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?
Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.
________ are recurrent thoughts, and ________ are recurrent behaviors.
Obsessions/compulsions
In Freud's view, ________ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.
Oedipus complex
Which of the following statements about optimism is FALSE?
Optimism is something that you are born with, and it cannot be learned or cultivated.
________ is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.
Problem-focused coping
Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE?
Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states.
Eysenck suggested that the ________ of extraverts and introverts differs with respect to the baseline level of arousal.
RAS
Which of the following statements is true of relapse during the maintenance stage of the stages of change model?
Relapse is considered normal by individuals who are experts in changing health behavior.
________ is a defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening impulses out of conscious awareness.
Repression
Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms?
Repression is the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms.
________ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.
Schizophrenia
Catherine, a 15-year-old, has an elder sister and a younger sister. According to Adler, which of the following is most applicable to Catherine in the context of birth order?
She is likely to be inspired by her elder sister and strive for success.
________ is a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and an evaluation of his or her life in general.
Subjective well-being
A client is asked to look at a picture and to tell a story that describes what she thinks is happening in the picture. Her therapist will use the content of the story to make inferences about the client's personality. The client is likely taking the
TAT
Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?
The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.
Which of the following statements about the structures of personality is FALSE?
The id and the ego are completely unconscious.
Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?
They are too optimistic about human nature.
Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?
They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.
________ are enduring characteristics of our personality. ________ are briefer experiences.
Traits/States
The cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) approach to understanding personality was developed by which of the following psychologists?
Walter Mischel
A number of studies have linked religious participation to
a longer and healthier life.
Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain
Mathew is addicted to marijuana. He starts taking surfing lessons hoping that it will give him the same rush that marijuana does. According to the stages of change model, Mathew is in the ________ stage.
action
Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships?
agreeableness
According to Freud's therapeutic technique, getting people to talk freely
allows their deepest thoughts to emerge.
Your co-worker Christina was just laid off. You immediately inform her about a relevant job opening that you recently heard about. In the context of benefits of social support, you have tried to help Christina by offering
an important source of information.
Tranquilizers are ________ drugs.
antianxiety
A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?
antisocial personality disorder
According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains
archetypes.
Robert's teacher, Martha, has complained about his behavior on several occasions. According to Martha, Robert cannot focus in class and is constantly distracted. She also mentioned that Robert is extremely active and very impulsive by nature. If Robert were to be taken by his teacher to Dr. Miller, a psychiatrist, he is likely to be diagnosed with
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Which of the following classes of drugs are NOT considered antidepressants?
benzodiazepines
The ________ approach is evident in the medical model.
biological
Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the
biological approach.
Which of the following treatments reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning?
biological therapies
Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with
bipolar disorder.
Lithium is commonly used to treat
bipolar disorder.
Genetic factors are stronger predictors of ________ than of ________.
bipolar disorder/depressive disorders
Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with
body dysmorphic disorder.
The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?
borderline personality disorder
A schizophrenic patient sometimes lapses into a phase during which she becomes unresponsive and stiff. In this state her body becomes rigid, and she sits for hours by herself in a sort of stupor. In the context of schizophrenia, she is experiencing
catatonia.
Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy
clearly shows that psychotherapy works.
Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided,
clients have better treatment outcomes.
Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing
cognitive-behavior therapy.
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the
collective unconscious.
Some of the characteristics that distinguish people who are in the ________ stage of change are that they possess a beginning awareness of their problem behavior but they are not yet ready to change it.
contemplation
Suzanne wants to lose 20 pounds before her honeymoon to Hawaii. Although she realizes that being thinner will make her feel stronger and healthier, she has a weakness for ice cream. She's not sure that she will be able to give up the short-term pleasure of indulging in an ice-cream cone for dessert today in exchange for the long-term benefits of weight loss. Suzanne appears to be in which of the following stages of change?
contemplation
Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?
defense mechanisms
The Freudian term for the tactics that the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality is
defense mechanisms.
The ________ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.
diathesis-stress model
Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) ________ model of psychological disorders.
disease
Which of the following behaviors is typical of a person fixated at the oral stage of development and using the defense mechanism of reaction formation?
dislike of milk.
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target?
displacement
Shawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he
displays high self-efficacy.
Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?
dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors?
dominance
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion?
dopamine
Rachel has a pessimistic attitude. She worries incessantly about things and can never seem to see the positive side of life. According to the biological perspective, Rachel's attitude could best be explained by low levels of
dopamine.
Derek is suffering from anxiety disorder and is currently under medication. According to this scenario, which of the following side effects will be experienced by Derek as a result of taking his medication?
drowsiness
Ivan is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is eminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior?
electroconvulsive therapy
A(n) ________ is a type of self-report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different.
empirically keyed test
According to the general adaptation syndrome, serious, wear and tear takes a toll on the individual during the ________ stage.
exhaustion
Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?
extraversion
All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT
feeling emotionally charged.
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT
flat affect.
Karen has been suffering from a disorder that is characterized by exaggerated and irrational worry that tends to interfere with her daily functioning. She can't sleep properly and often complains of stomach aches. In spite of being constantly nervous and restless she cannot seem to find the specific cause of her worry. These symptoms have lasted for almost six months now. Which of the following disorders is Karen most likely to be diagnosed with?
generalized anxiety disorder
A schizophrenic patient hears multiple voices inside his head talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. It can be inferred that the patient is experiencing the symptom of
hallucinations.
Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of
hoarding disorder.
Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the ________ of personality.
humanistic perspective
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the ________ of personality.
humanistic perspectives
Which structure of personality did Freud refer to as the "it"?
id
According to Freud, the ________ operates according to the pleasure principle, whereas the ________ operates on the reality principle.
id/ego
Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her ________. Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her ________.
id; ego
Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for
ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development.
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the latency period occurs
immediately after the phallic stage.
In the long run, writing about traumatic life events
is associated with physical and psychological health benefits.
The Americans with Disabilities Act
made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.
Which of the following stages follows the action/willpower stage in the stages of change model?
maintenance
It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder.
Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic, and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of
mania
Self-efficacy is the belief that you can
master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
Depressive disorders are ________, whereas bipolar disorder is ________.
more common among women/equally common in men and women
An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience
motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts.
Which of the following is an active drug in cigarettes?
nicotine
Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Brenda is constantly in the habit of arranging and rearranging the things in her house. She feels very anxious when things are not arranged symmetrically and engages in this behavior to dismiss her negative feelings. Consequently, Brenda forbids children from entering her house because she is afraid that they will disturb the balance of orderliness. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, Brenda is most likely to be diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Jillian can't bear to leave her home without washing all the linens and floors, vacuuming the carpets, and organizing everything in her cupboards. Because she knows that her behavior is extreme, she has tried to go to work without doing all these things, but she becomes overwhelmed with such dread that she never makes it all the way to the office. Jillian probably has
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on?
openness
Clarissa always needs to have something in her mouth. She is trying to give up smoking, but can't get throughout the day without sucking or chewing on her nails, pencils, or any other object she can get her hands on. Freud would suggest that Clarissa may be fixated in the ________ of psychosexual development.
oral
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to
overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.
In a(n) ________, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
panic disorder
Dr. Davenport, a psychiatrist, is in the process of diagnosing Kelly's psychological disorder. He asks Kelly a series of questions regarding her symptoms. Kelly reveals that she often experiences overwhelming fear all of a sudden which is accompanied by pains in the chest and a feeling of helplessness. During these instances, she finds it difficult to breathe, has severe palpitations, and feels like she's going to die of cardiac arrest. In the context of psychological disorders, Dr. Davenport is most likely to diagnose Kelly with
panic disorder.
Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that
personality varies considerably from one context to another.
According to Freud, penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development?
phallic
The ________ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the ________ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.
positive symptoms/negative symptoms
Randy experienced a horrific childhood. She was physically and verbally abused by her mother and sexually abused by her stepfather. Years later, she began experiencing anxiety symptoms. Which of the following anxiety-related disorders would best apply to this situation?
post-traumatic stress disorder
Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
Jerome was held hostage by gunmen along with 30 others in a 5-star hotel. He had witnessed the gunmen shoot other hostages and was denied food and water for two whole days. Since then, Jerome has had trouble sleeping and focusing on his work. Sometimes, Jerome loses track of where he is and feels like he is back at the hotel. These flashback episodes terrify Jerome and disturb his peace of mind. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Jerome shows symptoms suggestive of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
An alcoholic who believes that he is just being a typical college student and does not think his drinking is a problem is most likely to be classified as being in the ________ stage of change.
precontemplation
During the ________ stage, individuals are not yet genuinely thinking about changing.
precontemplation
Your roommate has been engaging in risky sexual behavior all semester, yet she denies that anything is wrong. She is likely in the ________ stage of the stages of change model.
precontemplation
Dan has a problem with smoking. If Dan were in the ________ stage of change, the best stage-matched intervention would be to inform him about the dangers of continuing this unhealthy behavior. However, if he were in the ________ stage, you would do well to provide him with training in specific skills that can help him to actually stop smoking.
precontemplation/preparation
Self-belief and especially beliefs about one's ability to "see it through" is characteristic of which of the following stages of change model?
preparation/determination
You are trying to change your exercise routine in order to have a healthier lifestyle. You develop a new exercise schedule and plan to implement it starting next month. You are in the ________ stage of the stages of change model.
preparation/determination
John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of
projection
Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious motivations. He would be very likely to use a(n)
projective measure.
Projective tests are most closely aligned with which theoretical approach to personality?
psychodynamic
Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems?
psychodynamic therapies
Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the ________ factors associated with depression.
psychological
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the ________ principle.
reality
According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as
reciprocal determinism.
Bruce is seeing a therapist for his depression but he is always late and has missed several appointments. He talks about sports and the weather to try and avoid facing his problems and he often becomes argumentative with his therapist. According to psychoanalytic theory, Bruce's behavior is a classic example of
resistance.
Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat
schizophrenia.
Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?
self-help support groups
Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters
serotonin and norepinephrine.
Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is ________, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is ________.
sex/security
Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals
show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.
What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?
sociocultural approach
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
sometimes occurs during a period of life stress.
A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing
specific phobia.
Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a mad dog as a child. Following that incident, Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog. The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house. Alison believes that as long as she's inside her house, the chances of encountering a dog are slim. In the context of psychological disorders, Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with
specific phobia.
By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to
stabilize moods.
Taylor is a family therapist who intends to resolve a mother-child coalition that has formed in the case of her client Hannah, since Hannah's husband does not spend quality time with them. According to this information, it can be inferred that Taylor is likely to implement the ________ technique.
structural change
Which of the following is a technique that is used in family therapy?
structural change
According to Freud, the ________ is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our behavior.
superego
If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, supporters of Freud's psychoanalytic theory would most likely argue that her ________ is making her feel this way.
superego
Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend asked her to miss school and go on a cruise with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. Which Freudian personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?
superego
According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, ________ the basis of personality.
the behavioral activation system (BAS) and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are
The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and
the client.
Face validity refers to
the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.
Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?
the psychological approach
Freud considered ________ to be the most important motivator of all human activity.
the sexual drive
Among the techniques used in family therapy, validation involves
the therapist finding something positive to say to each family member.
The side effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors prescribed for agoraphobia is
toxicity.
Each time Harry feels anxious, he compulsively pulls hair from his scalp or eyebrows. This compulsive urge to pull his hair has made him partially bald. Harry is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following OCD-related disorders?
trichotillomania
For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least
two weeks.
According to humanistic theory, a child who receives ________ from his or her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with ________.
unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth
Self-efficacy influences
whether an individual tries to develop healthy habits.
