371 - Chapter 14

10) ________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).

A) Levi-Strauss

18) ________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.

A) Profane

28) ________ occurs as marketers appropriate elements of popular culture and convert them for use as promotional vehicles.

A) Reality engineering

27) Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?

A) an art product

15) Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?

A) convention

44) Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

A) cultural formula

30) Which functional area is consistently a part of a cultural system?

A) ecology

6) A ________ is a custom with a strong moral overtone.

A) more

37) Pavel was an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under a bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.

A) ritual

13) Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________.

A) work/leisure

45) Kyle liked to think he could program anything digital. He created a new video game, and a major industry firm wanted to buy it from him. He was bothered by their insistence that he modify the game by including a popular product's logo on the clothing of his main character. In this example, Kyle is concerned about the practice of ________.

B) advergaming

40) Carl Thorne has just passed the final test to become a member of a college fraternity. This rite of passage has moved Carl from being an individual to being a member of a bonded group. When Carl receives his fraternity pin in a final ceremony and joins his new brothers, he will have passed through the final stage of a rite of passage. According to the text, what is this stage called?

B) aggregation

26) In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

B) cultural gatekeepers

42) Country singers Marty Stewart and Travis Tritt and their record label decided to change the culture of the Country and Western music scene. With their now famous "No Hats" tour, the singers abandoned conventional country and western fashion (they threw away their hats, let their hair grow long, and wore t-shirts) and tried to appeal to larger and younger audiences with a grinding, sexy message. The process that these singers went through is best described as a ________.

B) culture production system (CPS)

21) When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________.

B) desacralization

32) The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.

B) ecology

34) Gen Akoi greatly values his micro-refrigerator. The refrigerator is so small it will fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting his products.

B) ecology

33) What do we call the learning process when we learn the beliefs and behaviors endorsed by our own culture?

B) enculturation

12) Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

B) fortress

47) The ________ assumes that people link very specific product attributes to terminal values.

B) means-end chain model

38) Ralf and his brother had a business in a Midwest college town taking SUVs and modifying them into tailgating machines. These "awesome party wagons" were equipped with the owner's desired team logo on the front, side, and back; gas grills; and large beverage coolers. Their business boomed, especially when the university had a winning season. Ralf and his brother were creating and selling what could be best described as ________.

B) ritual artifacts

3) ________ usually dictate what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.

C) Norms

16) As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.

C) altruistic

20) The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.

C) collecting

24) Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.

C) cultural selection

49) In a culture production system, the communications subsystem ________.

C) gives meaning to new products and provides a symbolic set of attributes

2) Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?

C) ideology

31) The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________.

C) ideology

23) All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT ________.

C) marketing subsystem

8) A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.

C) myth

7) Interest in the occult is most likely to increase in a society when ________.

C) people feel overwhelmed or powerless

1) Culture is best described as society's ________.

C) personality

36) The story goes that George Washington (as a small child) cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. When asked who might have committed this act (even though young Washington was afraid of punishment for the act), George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the following functions does this myth best match?

C) psychological

11) A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

C) ritual

41) Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. This tour is best classified as an example of ________ consumption.

C) sacred

46) What term refers to desired end states that can apply to many different cultures?

C) terminal values

35) J. P. Stevens always looks perfect in his business suit. The colors are always right for the season and prevailing style. His tie has the proper knot, he does not wear a tie-tac, his handkerchief is the proper "two-fingers" above the pocket, and his socks and shoes do not distract from his overall look. Which of the following does J. P. seem to be adhering to with his "correctness"?

D) conventions

22) It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.

D) cooptation

43) The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.

D) craft products

14) Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as one of ________ exchange.

D) economic

4) Crescive norms are ________.

D) subtle rules discovered as we interact with others

50) Once a culture is established it doesn't change. An apparent change in a culture is simply the emergence of a new culture.

False

51) A metaphysical myth fulfills the cultural function of explaining how the components of the universe relate to each other.

False

62) Values associated with a long-term orientation are respect for social obligations and the need to save face.

False

63) Where you choose to sit in an almost empty movie theater is most likely determined by your culture's mores.

False

66) A professor was given a warning after he made a bad joke about Princess Diana shortly after her death. Students were likely upset because they saw Princess Di as a profane character worthy of special attention and respect.

False

67) Products appearing in retail stores are examples of the use of product placement.

False

70) The transition of Turkish tea to a mass-market product illustrates the process of sacralization.

False

73) Shira wants to prove that even the most mundane of objects can be sacralized through the process of objectification. She should use examples of hoarding to support her argument.

False

56) Casting directors, textbook authors, and retail buyers are all examples of formal gatekeepers in the culture production process.

True

57) A style typically begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people.

True

58) Romance novels often follow a cultural formula.

True

59) Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture organizes cross-cultural values based on power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence.

True

60) The indulgence versus restraint dimension of Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture deals with the extent to which a society allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life.

True

61) The extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally is referred to as power distance.

True

64) Every year, the students at a prestigious engineering school remove a car from the parking lot and place it on the highest point of the roof of the main engineering building. The students have been doing this for decades, but not once has anyone ever confided to an outsider how it was done. This is a classic example of a ritual.

True

65) Anna's best friend Aubrey was getting married. Anna spent a lot of time thinking of the perfect gift. She was so excited about the gift that she gave it to Aubrey before the wedding. Aubrey cried and told Anna that she would never in her life have a better friend. Reformulation is the proper term for the new bond between Anna and Aubrey.

True

68) Creolization occurs when foreign influences integrate with local meanings.

True

69) The worldwide popularity of McDonald's suggests that there is a global consumer culture that unites people around the world by their common devotion to brands.

True

71) People occupy sacred time and space when they travel on vacation.

True

72) In the modern holiday rituals of Christmas, the figures of Christ and Santa can be seen as binary opposites; one promotes selflessness while the other promotes materialism.

True

25) Which of the following statements is most likely true about styles?

B) Styles are often a reflection of more fundamental societal trends.

5) We explicitly decide on ________ norms, such as the rule that a green traffic light means "go" and a red one means "stop."

B) enacted

19) Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.

D) contamination

48) Which of the following best supports the argument that tourism is a sacred experience?

B) Tourism involves seeking authentic experiences that differ from daily, mundane activities.

29) Promoters attempt to have their products shown prominently in full-length films. This type of promotion is referred to as ________.

C) product placement

39) Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?

C) the reciprocity norm

9) Myths serve four interrelated functions in a culture. All of the following are among those functions EXCEPT the ________ function.

D) anthropological

17) A special ritual marking a person's change in social status is called a ________.

D) rite of passage

52) In many cultures, stories feature talking animals that act as mediating figures.

True

53) Most holidays commemorate a cultural myth.

True

54) Passing a driving test to receive a driver's license is an example of a rite of passage.

True

55) Profane consumption involves consumer objects and events that are ordinary.

True