Human Genetics Chapter 1-6
A child has a genetic disease caused by a single gene. Neither parent has the disease. The allele that causes the genetic disease is _____.
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A daughter inherits a) more genes from her mother b) more genes from her father c) one copy of each gene from her mother and one copy from her father
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A man who is heterozygous for the albino allele is married to a woman who is homozygous for normal skin color (Aa x AA). What fraction of their children would you expect to be albino?
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A mother has type 0 blood and her husband has type AB blood. What blood types can their children have?
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A striped fruit fly is crossed with a non-striped fly. All 100 offspring are non-striped. N=non-striped is dominant, n=striped is recessive What is the genotype of the non-striped parent?
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A striped fruit fly is crossed with a non-striped fly. N=non-striped is dominant, n=striped is recessive What is the genotype of the striped parent?
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An allele of a single gene causes a disease that affects many more males than females. This allele is a) autosomal dominant b) autosomal recessive c) X-linked dominant d) X-linked recessive
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An individual who has two different alleles for a gene is _____.
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An individual who has two identical alleles for a gene is _____.
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If a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between both types of homozygous individuals, the two alleles show _____ _____.
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If a son has an X-linked condition (e.g. color b lindens or hemophilia), he must have inherited the gene for this condition from his _____.
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If an allele does not affect the phenotype of a heterozygous individual, the allele is _____.
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In a heterozygous individual, the _____ allele determines the phenotype.
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Parents who are both heterozygous for the alleles for albinism (Aa x Aa) have two heterozygous children. Now, the mother is expecting fraternal twins. The most likely genotypes for these twins are _____ and _____.
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State two differences between meiosis and mitosis.
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The 'B' gene controls the color of a dog's coat. The 'R' gene controls the texture. (B=black-dominant, b=white-recessive, R=rough-dominant, r=smooth-recessive) Which trait would occur in all the offspring of the following parents? bbRR x BbRr
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The 'B' gene controls the color of a dog's coat. The 'R' gene controls the texture. Which alleles (B, b, R, and/or r) would occur in all the offspring of the following parents? BbRR x bbRr
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The law of independent assortment describes the inheritance of genes on different chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes at the beginning of a) meiosis 1, b) meiosis 2, c) mitosis, d) all of the above
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Type AB blood is an example of _____.
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What does it mean if an allele is dominant?
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What is a gene?
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What is an allele?
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What problem would result if sperm and eggs were produced by mitosis instead of meiosis?
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What types of cells are produced by meiosis?
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When a haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg, they produce a _____ zygote.
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If Miss Piggy (pink-homozygous dominant) had a kid with Kermit (green-homozygous recessive), what is the chance that all 4 of the kids are pink? 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%?
100%
A dihybrid cross would need how many boxes in its Punnett square?
16
If two heterozygous (Rr) parents mate, what will their genotype ratio be? (Hint: Do a Punnett square)
1:2:1
For each trait, there are _____ allele possibilities.
2
Most humans have _____ copies of each chromosome.
2
Kathy's brother has cystic fibrosis. Her husband has no family history of CF. What is the chance that Kathy's child has inherited the cystic fibrosis allele and is a carrier of the CF mutation?
2/3 x 1/2 = 1/3
The sex of the offspring is determined on the _____ chromosome.
23rd
A true-breeding tall plant is crossed to a true-breeding dwarf plant. The offspring in the F1 generation are all tall plants. The F1 generation is then crossed to yield a F2 generation. What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation?
3 tall : 1 dwarf
Two parents are both carriers for a genetic trait. What is the chance that their offspring will inherit the trait?
3:1 or 25%
A species that had 100 pairs of chromosomes in their diploid cells. At the end of meiosis, their gametes (sex cells) would have how many chromosomes to pass on during fertilization?
50
Consider a group of 100 individuals (50 couples), all of whom carry a recessive disease allele. If 200 children were born to these couples, what percentage of the children would, theoretically, be heterozygous carriers like their parents?
50%
Punnett square: Use the letter 'a', where both parents are heterozygous.
Aa - Aa (top and left) AA, Aa, Aa, aa
The main component of all chromosomes is a polymer known as _____.
DNA
Explain the difference between diploid and haploid. Give an example of each.
Diploid: full set (pair) - muscle cell Haploid: half set - egg, sperm
Which genotypes represent the dominant traits? Recessive traits?
Dominant traits: AA, Aa Recessive traits: aa
A recessive allele masks a dominant allele. T/F
FALSE
Offspring of sexual reproduction are identical to the parents. T/F
FALSE
What scientist first studied the patterns of heredity?
Gregor Mendel
What occupation did Gregor Mendel have and what country was he from?
He was an Austrian monk.
Which one of his laws stated that the inheritance of one trait has no effect on the other traits?
Law of Independent Assortment
Which law states that alleles separate of each other during meiosis?
Law of Segregation
A device for predicting possible offspring crosses.
Punnett square
If a genetic trait was represented by the letter 'a', how would you represent the recessive condition? The dominant condition?
Recessive: aa Dominant: Aa, AA
The offspring of sexual reproduction get their genetic information from _____. Offspring of asexual reproduction from _____.
Sexual reproduction: two parents Asexual reproduction: one parent
Single cell organisms can reproduce asexually. T/F
TRUE
The offspring of asexual reproduction produces an identical clone. T/F Is it an identical clone if a genetic mutation occurred?
TRUE, No
A trait can be determined by the environment? One gene? Many genes? T/F
TRUE, TRUE, TRUE
Why do scientists use fruit flies or flowers to study genetics?
They reproduce quickly to provide many samples.
Which genotype is normally not found in a gamete? a) AB, b) Ab, c) aa, d) ab
aa
_____ are the different forms of a gene for any given trait.
alleles
The occurrence of affected individuals in every generation in a family suggests ____ trait.
an autosomal dominant
Chromosomes 1-22 are called _____.
autosomes
Name the three methods that can be used to study human genetics.
breeding/Punnett square, pedigree, DNA fingerprinting
Put these words in order from largest to smallest: DNA, cells, chromosomes
cells, chromosomes, DNA
Mendel's laws are explained by _____.
chromosome behavior in meiosis
Genes are located on _____.
chromosomes
A term that describes two chromosomes "exchanging" material for variation.
crossing over
Which of the following alleles are homozygous recessive? Hh, dd, AA, Gg
dd
A heterozygous genotype is when the alleles present are _____, such as Bb.
different
It is proper to put the _____ allele before a recessive allele when determining the genotype of the offspring in a Punnett square.
dominant
When an allele masks the presence of another allele, it is said to be _____.
dominant
The allele that masks the effects of the other is ____ and the masked allele is ____.
dominant; recessive
What is the process called when a haploid egg unites with a haploid sperm?
fertilization
What is another term for sex cells?
gametes
Diseases that are inherited are caused b y which: viruses, genes, environmental conditions?
genes
Each cell of a Punnett square represents one possible _____ outcome for any offspring of two specific parents.
genetic
Genotype refers to the _____ make-up of an organism.
genetic
What are some trade-offs of choosing to be tested for a genetic disease?
genetic discrimination, worrying, limitations
Genetics is the study of _____.
heredity
The process in which traits are passed from parents to offspring is called _____.
heredity
What is the process called where traits are passed from one generation to the next?
heredity
A test cross is conducted between an individual with a dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype, and a homozygous recessive individual. The phenotypes of the offspring are 50% dominant and 50% recessive. What was the genotype of the unknown parent?
heterozygous
Are the following alleles homozygous or heterozygous: Gg?
heterozygous
True-breeding plants are always _____.
homozygous
When both alleles of a parent of offspring are identical, one is said to be _____.
homozygous
Name an organism that reproduces sexually.
humans, plants
What is DNA fingerprinting used for?
identification, genetic diseases
If a dominant red flower 'mates' with a dominant white flower and their offspring turn out pink. What is that a sign off?
incomplete dominance
Mendel's law of ____ states that a random assortment of maternally and paternally derived chromosomes in meiosis results in gametes that have different combinations of alleles.
independent assortment
Name the six steps in the cell cycle (mitosis).
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
The female's genes should usually b e placed along the _____ side of the Punnett square.
left
One diploid cell goes through what process to end up with 4 haploid cells?
meiosis
Give an example of asexual reproduction
mitosis
In a cell, genetic information is stored in the _____
nucleus
_____ is the physical trait that is expressed in an individual.
phenotype
Big nose, dimples, brown eyes are examples of genotypes or phenotypes?
phenotypes
For an offspring to _____ a recessive trait, both parents must have at least one _____ allele in their genotype.
receive, recessive
When the expression of one allele is masked by the presence of another, it is said to be _____.
recessive
Mendel's idea that "elements" separate during gamete formation is called the law of _____.
segregation
When observing a Punnett square for red-eyed fruit flys, we were observing _____ traits.
sex traits
A Punnett square is used to determine the probability of traits in offspring through sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction?
sexual reproduction
Egg and sperm combine during _____
sexual reproduction, fertilization
Traits are characteristics that can be passed only from a _____ organism to its _____.
single, offspring
Which of the following crosses is a test cross? a) unknown x AA, b) unknown x Aa, c) unknown x aa, d) unknown x unknown
unknown x aa
What term describes the most common expression of a particular allele combination in a population? a) dominant, b) recessive, c) genotype, d) wild type
wild type
