Geography W-12 Final Study Guide
The first benchmark for mapping heights in the US was called:( 16.2.2-6 ) "Cassini" "Buttermilk" "Snell" "Milktoast" "Hassler"
"Buttermilk"
The motto for the 1942 Montana State Highway Commission map was:( 23.2-7 ) "Conserve gasoline for the war effort" "Loose lips sink ships" "A chicken in every pot" "Planes and tanks in the sky" "Travel strengthens America"
"Travel strengthens America"
Google Earth's Mike Jones said of Google Earth:( 22.2-1 ) "Its about location, location, location." "Google your own house, you'll see." "We were way before Microsoft." "We are like an iPod for Earth images." "Wear sunscreen."
"We are like an iPod for Earth images."
Which of the following values for Yule's Q describe two point patterns that have no apparent spatial association with each other?( 18.6-4 ) -1 0 1 2 It is impossible to tell.
0
Azimuths range from:( 7.4-5 ) 0 to 2 PI 0 to 90 0 to 100 0 to 360 0 to 6400
0 to 360
A perfectly straight road would have [blank] zero crossings and a sinuosity value of [blank].( 18.2-3 ) 0...0 0...1 1...0 1...1 -1...-1
0...1
If the RF is 1:50 000, and the ground distance is 1km, what is the map distance?( 3.3.1-3 ) 0.02 m 0.05 m 0.1 m 20 m 0.02 km
0.02 m
The human eye can resolve objects that are about how big?:( 9.1-2 ) 0.01mm 0.1mm 1mm 1m 10m
0.1mm
A lake that is approximately square-shaped would have an area-perimeter ratio approaching( 18.2-10 ) 0 0.25 0.28 0.5 1
0.25
Approximating the great circle route between New York's JFK airport and London's Heathrow with three segments of constant bearing is how much further in distance?( 11.2-6 ) 3.14159% 2.0% 0.74% 1.14% They are the same distance
0.74%
Clownfish often live in association with sea anemones. Which of the following values for Yule's Q might you expect to see when comparing the distribution of sea anemones and the distribution of clownfish?( 18.6-1 ) -0.868 0.019 0.751 1.880 none of the above
0.751
At the scale of 1:40M, a map of the earth would be how long at the equator?( 3.3-8 ) 4 m 40 m 0.1 m 1 m 0.1 mm
1 m
If a point is at (1,1) in an arbitrary coordinate system using meters, and another point is at (2,2). The distance between them is:( 8.2-5 ) 1m 2m 1.414m 2.828m 10 000 000m
1.414m
A fully connected aspatial planar graph has 20 links. Compared to this a second network that has the same number of links and a connectivity of 0.5. How many nodes does the second network have?:( 19.3-7 ) 20 15 10 n (n - 1) /2 impossible to tell
10
The direct distance between points on two contours is 150m on the ground, and the contour interval is 15m. What is the slope?:( 14.3-4 ) 150% 100% 15% 10% 5%
10%
A letter/number designator in the MGRS, such as 16TDM, references a cell that is how big on a side?( 5.5.2-13 ) 100m 1000m 10,000m 100,000m 1,000,000m
100,000m
The approximate length of a degree at the equator and the earth's circumference are:( 5.6-3 ) 100,000m; 40,000km 500,000m; 93 million miles 250,000m; 1,000,000 km 111,111m; 40,000,000m 360 degrees; 24 hours
111,111m; 40,000,000m
The contour interval is 10m, and the index contour is 100m. What contour is the second one crossed going uphill after leaving the index contour?:( 13.4-6 ) 80m 90m 100m 110m 120m
120m
Which of these is the coordinate for Nowhere, Oklahoma in Military Grid coordinates?( 5.5.2-1 ) 14SND5080090837 202621 559709 OK S NAD83 550800mE 3890837mN 14N YZG8054562827 14SND5080090837 (NAD83)
14SND5080090837
Which of these is the coordinate for Nowhere, Oklahoma in US National Grid coordinates?( 5.5.5-5 ) 14SND5080090837 202621 559709 OK S NAD83 550800mE 3890837mN 14N YZG8054562827 14SND5080090837 (NAD83)
14SND5080090837 (NAD83)
If a measured length on a map is 10 millimeters, and the object on the ground is 100m long, what is the RF?( 3.3-7 ) 1:1 1:1 000 1:10 000 1:1 000 000 1:5280
1:10 000
Some standard map scales are:( 9.2-2 ) 1:400 000 000 and 1:1 250 1:40 000 000 and 1:5 000 1: 4 000 000 and 1:10 000 1:400 000 and 1:20 000 1:100 000 and 1:24 000
1:100 000 and 1:24 000
Countries such as Mexico and Canada and the US Department of Defense use what standard scale maps:( 9.2-2 ) 1:1 250 1:50 000 1:10 000 1:20 000 1:24 000
1:50 000
Tiny, Virginia is at 17SLB8986407347. This coordinate resolves to what resolution on the ground?( 5.6-7 ) 1mm 1cm 1m 10m 100m
1m
On a map with 30mm between successive contours, you measure to a point that is 6mm from the lower contour. The contour interval is 20m, and the lower contour is 520m. What is your best estimate of the elevation?( 14.2-4 ) impossible to tell 20 x (6/30) + 520 = 524 30 x (6/20) + 520 = 529 520 x (6/30) + 20 = 124 greater than 520m and less than 540m
20 x (6/30) + 520 = 524
The bearing to a tower is Azimuth 20 degrees. What is the back bearing in degrees?( 10.2-3 ) 20 160 200 360 120
200
Which of these is the coordinate for Nowhere, Oklahoma in State Plane coordinates?( 5.5.4-1 ) 14SND5080090837 202621 559709 OK S NAD83 550800mE 3890837mN 14N YZG8054562827 14SND5080090837 (NAD83)
202621 559709 OK S NAD83
A true (map) bearing is read as 45 degrees, where the magnetic declination is 14E. What is the corresponding magnetic bearing in degrees?( 11.1-9 ) 14 31 45 59 0
31
How many sections are there in a Township?( 6.4.2-14 ) 1 16 36 100 64
36
Two streams, both of order 3, meet to form a single stream. This stream's order is:( 15.5-3 ) 2 3 4 6 impossible to determine without additional information
4
If your eyes are at about 1.7m high, about how far away can you see a golf ball on the ground on a perfectly clear day in a flat open area:( 2.6-6 ) 1 998 m 9.81m 4 998m 10 000 000m 111 111m
4 998m
Cave painting first appeared:( 1.2-2 ) Last Friday 15 000 years ago 40 000 years ago 120 000 years ago In the late Cretaceous period
40 000 years ago
Two successive index contours are labelled 500 and 700 feet. Counting the contours between the two lines (and not the lines themselves) gives 4 intermediate contours. What is the contour interval?:( 14.1-7 ) 100 feet 80 feet 60 feet 40 feet 20 feet
40 feet
Which of these is the coordinate for Nowhere, Oklahoma in Civilian UTM coordinates?( 5.5.1-1 ) 14SND5080090837 202621 559709 OK S NAD83 550800mE 3890837mN 14N YZG8054562827 14SND5080090837 (NAD83)
550800mE 3890837mN 14N
How many numbered UTM zones are there?( 5.5.1-5 ) 12 2 end zones, 20 main zones 60 110 111,111
60
Humans first migrated out of Africa:( 1.2-2 ) 15 000 years ago 60 000 years ago 60 000 000 years ago 6 000 years ago After the end of Apartheid
60 000 years ago
Which is the steepest slope?:( 14.3-5 ) 1000% 1:10 45 degrees -45 degrees 90 degrees
90 degrees
What is "An information or entertainment service accessible through portable devices via a mobile network that is capable of making use of the geographical position of the device"?( 12.1-2 ) the world wide web Google Maps Google Earth NASA Worldwind A Location Based Service
A Location Based Service
A system that allows locations on earth to be described by at least two numbers is called:( 5.4-2 ) A map projection. An ellipsoid. A land partitioning system. A coordinate system. Zip plus four.
A coordinate system.
What is an analemma?( 2.1-5 ) A mathematical proof that can be shown to be incorrect A species of bird found in Equador at Mitad Del Mundo A diagram showing the highest position of the sun at every day during the year, often shown on globes A figure that looks like a "6" The last word left in a crossword puzzle
A diagram showing the highest position of the sun at every day during the year, often shown on globes
Stephanie Meese in a 2006 paper claimed the mural actually showed:( 1.2.1-9 ) A geometric design and a leopard skin Two maps A view of a goddess A hunting plan How to exit the room in an emergency
A geometric design and a leopard skin
What streams spatially relevant geo-information from a static or mobile device to the web for further integration?( 12.3-2 ) A river Location based services A geobrowser A geosensor Intelligent agriculture
A geosensor
After the scale transformation, the earth is represented as:( 3.2-3 ) A map A projection A globe A smart car A model in Queens, New York
A globe
Three ways of stating map scale are:( 3.3-1 ) A graphic scale, level of detail and datum A graphic scale, a verbal statement, such as "one inch to a mile" and the RF A graphic scale, a scale bar, and a meter A graphic scale, the legend and the furlong A verbal statement, a legend, and a foor
A graphic scale, a verbal statement, such as "one inch to a mile" and the RF
What would you expect of a minor road on a map at 1:24 000?( 3.3.3-1 ) Minor roads could not be shown It would be greatly simplified, perhaps as just one or two line segments It would be colored blue A great deal of detail would be shown, such as curves and angles The symbol for the road would be the exact scaled width of the actual road
A great deal of detail would be shown, such as curves and angles
Land partitioning systems assign what to each land parcel?( 6.1-7 ) A price A height A township A dominion A label (or code)
A label (or code)
What landscape metric best described the complexity of the boundaries of the 50 states?:( 8.4-3 ) Area Perimeter Perimeter squared A shape index The east-west extent
A shape index
The reference point used for mapping the USA on the NAD27 datum was:( 2.10-2 ) The International Date Line The Top of the Washington Monument The Paris Meridian A single point at Meades Ranch, Kansas The tip of George Washington's nose
A single point at Meades Ranch, Kansas
What object is the maximum size that can be represented by a fine pencil dot at 1:24 000?( 3.3.1-4 ) A baseball A beachball A smart car An amphibious landing craft LaGuardia airport
A smart car
On a conformal gnomic projection, the great circle route between New York's JFK airport and London's Heathrow is:( 11.2-5 ) A circle An ellipse A series of straight line segments A straight line A complex curve
A straight line
An example of a perceptual region is:( 6.7-1 ) A street gang's territory A congressional district A USPLSS township A school district A Municipio
A street gang's territory
What two features does the Catalhoyuk map allegedly show?( 1.2.1-7 ) A river and a swamp A hill and a valley A volcano with two peaks and a town plan A town plan and a swamp The lost gold mines of the Ottoman empire
A volcano with two peaks and a town plan
The accuracies of geodetic grade, mapping grade, and recreational grade GPS receivers in meters, respectively, are:( 10.4-4 ) About 0.001, 0.5-2, and 5-20 About 0.1, 2-10, and 60-120 About 1, 15-30, and 100-200 About 1, 2, and 10 About 100, 200, and 1000
About 0.001, 0.5-2, and 5-20
Which statement is false?( 24.1-12 ) Some people have better inherent spatial thinking skills than others Spatial knowledge can be stored and passed on People with less spatial ability can learn from those with more All human spatial knowledge is related to navigation Methods exist for transfer of sailing, flight and web navigation knowledge
All human spatial knowledge is related to navigation
Why are maps so important? We use them all the time We use both paper and digital maps Maps are everywhere Maps tap into innate human knowledge called spatial thinking All of the above
All of the Above
On an equivalent projection:( 4.15-9 ) All the Tissot's indicatrix circles are circular All of the Tissot's indicatrix circles are elliptical All of the Tissot's indicatrix circles are different area All of the Tissot's indicatrix circles are the same area It is impossible to draw Tissot's indicatrix circles
All of the Tissot's indicatrix circles are the same area
A map is:( 7.1-2 ) A scaled model of all or part of the earth's surface Features are converted to symbols Involves simplification Is very critical for spatial reasoning All of the above
All of the above
Distances on the ground can be measured with:( 7.5-1 ) Pacing A tape A surveyors wheel A chain All of the above
All of the above
Geography 12 is intended to teach you:( 1.3-2 ) Spatial reasoning and thinking Map geometry, construction and content, practical map use, reading and navigation Map representation, Cartometry and map analysis Basics of cartography's sister disciplines All of the above
All of the above
Grid systems use projections because:( 5.4.1-2 ) Geographic coordinates are based on angles, not distances They need to minimize or account for error due to the earth's curvature They need to be tied to a specific datum The earth is not flat All of the above
All of the above
On the equatorial aspect of Mercator's projection:( 4.18-3 ) Lines of any fixed compass bearing are straight All parallels and meridians are straight lines Local direction and shape is preserved The poles cannot be shown All of the above
All of the above
Other examples of land partitioning are:( 6.6-1 ) Cadastral or land ownership maps Voting districts Counties School districts All of the above
All of the above
The Canadian Dominion Land Survey differs in which of the following ways from the USPLSS?( 6.5-2 ) Townships are given arabic numerals, Ranges Roman. The section numbers start in the lower right, instead of the upper right It covers western Canada, rather than the US A subdivision of a section into 16 parts is possible, called a Legal Sub-Division All of the above
All of the above
The earliest maps were probably used for:( 1.2-3 ) hunting reconnaissance avoiding hazards route finding All of the above
All of the above
The expectations of you for Geography 12 are to:( 1.3-5 ) Review online modules on schedule Attend lab, and submit labs in a timely fashion Read the book and materials, ask questions and provide evaluations Think spatially All of the above
All of the above
To follow a bearing to a target in the field:( 7.5-3 ) Use a compass or map to select a target on the right bearing Calculate how many paces to take Carefully count down the paces Walk around obstacles, using side-steps out and then back when you are around the obstacle All of the above
All of the above
Using geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) is insufficient for grids because:( 5.4.1-2 ) You get different locations depending on the choice of ellipsoid Geographic coordinates are angles at the center of the earth, not distances The length of a degree of longitude depends on its latitude Geographic coordinates work for the sphere and ellipsoid, not a flat plane All of the above
All of the above
We need to account for magnetic declination because:( 7.9-2 ) It changes over time It changes depending on where you are It can vary both east or west of True North It can be accounted for on a compass All of the above
All of the above
What impact does land partitioning have on the landscape?( 6.1-7 ) It determines the shape of fields It assigns people to police, fire, school and voting districts It can lead to long straight roads It impacts land ownership, property inheritance and taxation All of the above
All of the above
What is true of discrete geographical data:( 17.7-2 ) it is based on features, e.g. a county value is assumed even within the feature it is suited to choropleth mapping it often uses the unit of data collection or aggegation, such as a state All of the above
All of the above
What is true of secant projections?( 4.19-1 ) They can be used for azimuthal, cylindrical or conic projections They can be used for equatorial, oblique or transverse aspect The projection surface cuts through the globe surface If the line of secancy is a parallel, it is called a standard parallel All of the above
All of the above
What is true of the Madrid loop?( 8.2-10 ) It is in Kentucky, but is surrounded by Missouri It was close to the center of a massiv earthquake in 1812 It is on the Mississippi River It is where the course of the river was changed by the 1812 earthquake All of the above
All of the above
What should be true of a map legend?( 7.2-2 ) All the symbols used in the map should also be on the legend The symbols set should contain none that are unused on the map or map series There should be an explanation of how the map deals with missing or unavailable data The text should be clear and worded unambiguously All of the above
All of the above
Where do we absolutely need coordinates?( 5.2.2-1 ) Where there are no landmarks Where all landmarks are the same as each other Where landmarks have been removed or destroyed When you are lost All of the above
All of the above
Which characterizes Google Street View?:( 22.5-2 ) Street view images are collected by driving specially equipped cars (bikes, etc) around using GPS for position and with multiple cameras Images are seamed together so that the Google Street View application can simulate a view, and allow navigation Street view uses the little man icon on the navigation toolbar Web sites, geotagged photos, web cams also can be shown All of the above
All of the above
Which is true of a great circle when going from A to B?( 11.2-4 ) Every crossing angle for a meridian is different, bearing changes constantly Conformal projections show direction correctly only at an immediate position, so do not always show A to B as a straight line Mercator's projection was the first to allow great circle approximation by legs Following this path is the shortest distance on a globe All of the above
All of the above
Which is true of geobrowsers?( 22.1-2 ) A geobrowser is a search engine for the world wide web that conducts searches based on some characteristic of location At a geobrowser's highest level it can browse imagery anywhere on earth, act as a virtual globe, integrate information Can search geotagged photos, videos and panoramas Can see oblique views and 3D models of landscapes and buildings All of the above
All of the above
Which of these "experiments" proved that the earth was round?( 2.4-2 ) Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation (1519-1521). The Bedford level experiments and sequels 1870 Cambridge University Geography professor H. Yule Oldham repeat of the Bedford Level experiment in 1901 Direct observation from a balloon in 1931 All of the above
All of the above
Which of these are part of the planet earth's motion?( 2.1-4 ) Rotation around the sun Rotation around the polar axis Rotation within the Milky Way galaxy Movement of the Milky Way group All of the above
All of the above
Which of these is an example of a spatial search strategy?( 24.2-9 ) Start at the most likely places, e.g. place where last seen Use systematic search, e.g. by grid or quadrat Do a sweep search, e.g. volunteers arms length apart through brush Wander at random through the search area All of the above
All of the above
Why are place names not completely adequate for describing locations?( 5.1-2 ) They depend on language They are not unique They vary over time There are many places with the same name All of the above
All of the above
Which of these is the correct way to write a latitude and longitude position?( 4.12-2 ) 38.8998339 -77.0463660 385359N 0770247W N385359W0770247 38.8998339N 77.0463660W All of these are correct
All of these are correct
The Catalhoyuk mural/map is in a museum in what city?( 1.2.1-5 ) Ankara Istanbul Paris London The map did not survive
Ankara
Which definition is that of a map projection?:( 4.2-2 ) Any method used in cartography to represent the two dimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane The inverse of the representative fraction A conformal aspect The transverse of the secant Mercator The device invented by John Harrison
Any method used in cartography to represent the two dimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane
To measure map distances directly off the map, use:( 7.0-1 ) A map wheel The paper strip trick Calculate from coordinates Use the TerraGo toolbar Any of these
Any of these
Grids and coordinate systems refer only to points and squares. What do land partitioning systems refer to?( 6.1-2 ) Points Lines Areas, polygons and parcels Topography The earth's core
Areas, polygons and parcels
GPS works:( 10.4-2 ) At night During rain At high latitudes During sandstorms At all of these
At all of these
GPS makes use of:( 10.3-8 ) Water, Fire and Air Radio, Wind and the Ionosphere Atomic clocks, microwave and trilateration Polaris, sextants and calculators The telephone time signal
Atomic clocks, microwave and trilateration
The bearing 325 degrees uses which measure of direction?( 7.7-3 ) Azimuths Clock face Compass points Common bearings Mils
Azimuths
Which of these is not a global navigation satellite system (GNSS)?( 10.3-2 ) BeiDou GPS Galileo Baidu GLONASS
Baidu
John Harrison perfected the chronometer. This allowed the accurate measurement of longitude because:( 4.10-5 ) Of the 1884 International Meridian Conference It created Greenwich mean time Because the earth turns through 15 degree of longitude every hour Because it made the lunar distance method possible of the Harrison projection
Because the earth turns through 15 degree of longitude every hour
Which two geobrowsers are supported by Microsoft?:( 22.1-8 ) Google Maps and Google Earth Bing Maps 3D and Worldwide Telescope ArcGIS Explorer and World Wind 3rd Planet and MapJack Earthbrowser and Open Web Globe
Bing Maps 3D and Worldwide Telescope
The software from which Google Earth developed helped to end what war in December 1995:( 22.2-1 ) World War II the First Gulf War the invasion of Iraq Bosnia and Herzegovina Afghan
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The first space remote sensing program which ran from 1958-1972 was called: ( 21.4-2 ) Landsat NASA CORONA Aster GeoEye
CORONA
Making measurements from maps is called:( 7.1-4 ) Mapology Cartography Cartosophy Cartology Cartometry
Cartometry
The Roman land partitioning system that allocated fields of 20 x 20 actus was called:( 6.2-5 ) Centuriation Dominionation Pax Romanus The Public Land Survey System Metes and Bounds
Centuriation
The US Public Land Survey System used what units for length and area?( 6.3-6 ) Meters and hectares Feet and furlongs Poles and Actus Chains, miles and acres Stones, pounds and kilograms
Chains, miles and acres
The North American Datum of 1927 used which Ellipsoid?( 2.10-2 ) WGS84 Clarke 1866 ITRF GEOID12 GRS80
Clarke 1866
When features of the same type, such as islands, are merged together and some eliminated we call this:( 9.3.3-2 ) Selection Simplification Combination Displacement Duplication
Combination
The bearing N25W uses which measure of direction?( 7.7-7 ) Azimuths Clock face Compass points Common bearings Mils
Common bearings
Of the six basic instruments found in almost all light aircraft, which give navigational information?( 11.6-11 ) Compass, air speed indicator, altimeter Compass, vertical speed indicator, artificial horizon Fuel gauge, clock and turn coordinator Roll, pitch and yaw Paper map, pilots hands, and wing mirror
Compass, air speed indicator, altimeter
The majority of projections used for mapping the United States are:( 4.20-5 ) Oblique Conic Tangent, not secant Conformal Equivalent
Conformal
Which of these projection types preserves direction and shape locally?( 4.5-5 ) Transverse Secant Equivalent Conformal Equidistant
Conformal
The best way to get the area of the 50 United States is to:( 8.3-1 ) Call 1-800-ASK-MAPS On a conformal projection, add the areas of the 50 states computed by formula Trace the outline of the coast from the USA Topo maps Use cell counting Consult the CIA world fact book
Consult the CIA world fact book
Which is the third and last cartographic transformation?( 7.1-5 ) The scale transformation The projection transformation The choice of coordinate system Convert features to symbols Printing the map on paper
Convert features to symbols
The conversion of US mapping in 1983 associated with the new NAD83 datum:( 3.5-2 ) Converted grids from feet to meters Maintained use of feet in thousands Changed the size of the earth Restored the rod, chain and furlong as the basis of US mapping Led to street riots and rebellions
Converted grids from feet to meters
An example of a mixed feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:( 7.3-11 ) School National Park Boundary Railroad yard Coral Reef USPLSS Section Numbers
Coral Reef
The error in GPS attributable to the geometry of the overhead satellites when taking a position is called:( 10.4-7 ) DOP GLO DEM PDQ BBOP
DOP
Moving features apart to make the map more clear, or to allow room for labels is called?:( 9.3.4-2 ) Selection Simplification Combination Displacement Qualification
Displacement
Three types of cartograms are:( 20.2-5 ) point, line and area nominal, ordinal and interval connected, disconnected and partially connected ambiguous, contiguous and systematic Dorling, contiguous, non-contiguous
Dorling, contiguous, non-contiguous
Congressional districts are a land partitioning such that:( 6.6-6 ) Each state has the same number All political parties get equal land area Each state gets at least one, but otherwise all contain equal numbers of voters The boundaries follow major rivers Red and blue states alternate across the map
Each state gets at least one, but otherwise all contain equal numbers of voters
Which statement about UTM is true?( 5.5.1-1 ) The earth is divided into 120 zones. Zones are numbered west to east, starting at the prime meridian. Each zone is drawn on an equatorial Mercator projection, centered on the central meridian. Eastings in zones are in meters with the central meridian set at 500,000. The system only can resolve locations within 100m.
Eastings in zones are in meters with the central meridian set at 500,000.
The English units of the rod and the chain were standardized as 16.5 and 66 feet by:( 3.5.2-7 ) Edmund Gunter in 1620 The French Academy of Sciences The US congress Thomas Jefferson Mr. Rodney Chain, in 1998
Edmund Gunter in 1620
Which of these projection types preserves area?( 4.5-6 ) Transverse Secant Equivalent Conformal Equidistant
Equivalent
The scholar who estimated the Earth's radius using a camel train, a well, and an obelisk was:( 2.5-2 ) Ibn Syene Alexandria Alexander Ross Clarke Eratosthenes Ptolemy
Eratosthenes
Differential correction for GPS is based on what principle?( 10.5-6 ) Errors on a roving receiver will be less than on a static receiver Errors on a static receiver can be subtracted from the reading on a roving receiver Errors on a static receiver can be added to the reading on a roving receiver Errors on a static receiver will be different from a roving receiver All of the errors cancel out in the end
Errors on a static receiver can be subtracted from the reading on a roving receiver
Why not use globes instead of maps?( 4.1.3-1 ) Globes are easy to store. You can see all of a globe's surface at once. Globes on an icosahedron can easily be unfolded flat. Flat maps can be printed, stored and displayed on a computer with ease. Globes are much cheaper than maps.
Flat maps can be printed, stored and displayed on a computer with ease.
To walk from Catalhoyuk to Hasan Dagi would take:( 1.2.2-1 ) Fourteen minutes Fourteen hours Fourteen days Fourteen months Fourteen years
Fourteen days
Metes and Bounds were also used to partition:( 6.3-8 ) French long lots and Spanish/Mexican land grants The Wind River district in Wyoming Ohio's seven ranges Illinois Western Canada
French long lots and Spanish/Mexican land grants
Which GNSS was the first to be fully operational in 1994?( 10.3-8 ) GLONASS GPS Galileo GeoPOS The Chinese Compass system
GPS
Most large and even small ocean vessels now use:( 11.5-4 ) iPhone and the Internet VFR and RDF CORS and Radar solar powered digital maps GPS and digital chart systems
GPS and digital chart systems
The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) uses an ellipsoid that is almost identical to:( 2.10-5 ) GRS80 and WGS84 NAD27 WGS72 WGS66 EGM96
GRS80 and WGS84
Which projection has been optimized for covering the 50 United States?( 4.20-2 ) Lambert conformal conic Winkel Tripel Robinson Mollweide GS-50
GS-50
Planned to be operational in 2014 with 30 satellites, operated by the Europeans is:( 10.3-7 ) BeiDou GPS Galileo IRNSS GLONASS
Galileo
A list of places ordered alphabetically and including their latitudes and longitudes is a:( 10.1-3 ) Harrison Lunar Distance Maskelyne GNSS Gazetteer
Gazetteer
What is defined as: the study of the size and shape of the earth and the properties of its magnetic and gravity fields( 2.1-2 ) Geography Geology Geophysics Cartography Geodesy
Geodesy
Which geometric model gives the most accurate and precise description of the earth's surface, but is only occasionally used in mapping?( 2.12-2 ) Sphere Oblate ellipsoid Geoid Prolate ellipsoid Witch's hat
Geoid
Which computer software allows you to zoom into an image of anywhere on earth?( 1.2.2-1 ) Google scholar Google Earth Map Builder Windows 9 GPSap
Google Earth
Which method of human reasoning makes most use of spatial reasoning?( 1.1-3 ) Oracy Literacy Numeracy Graphicacy Catalhoyukacy
Graphicacy
What is located at 51 degrees 28' 38"N 0 degrees 0' 0"E?( 5.4.1-4 ) Moscow, Idaho. Greenwich, England. Greenwich, Connecticut. Hong Kong. Nowhere, Oklahoma.
Greenwich, England
A location in a UTM zone has an easting of 500 000mE. What is true on this meridian?( 11.1-6 ) Scale is equal east-west and north-south Grid north is east of true north Grid north is the same as true north Grid north is west of true north Grid north is the same as magnetic north
Grid north is the same as true north
The instrument Romans used to lay out towns, roads and fields that measured right angles was called the:( 6.2-4 ) Ruler Gunter's chain Plumb bob Gromon Triangle
Gromon
Using direct environmental observation, how accurately is it possible to determine latitude and longitude?( 10.1-2 ) To one degree (111km) Half a degree (55km) A quarter of a degree (27km) A sixteenth of a degree (7km) A minute (1.8km)
Half a degree (55km)
The Des Moines panoramic view in Andreas' Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa 1875 was promoted by the:( 23.2-6 ) Burlington & Missouri RR Co Microsoft Corp QUaker Oats Hawkeye Insurance Company Major League Baseball
Hawkeye Insurance Company
Geographer Mark Monmonier is the author of which book? ( 23.1-5 ) Maps and Web Mapping Getting Started with GIS How to Lie With Maps Mapping the Nation: History & Cartography in 19th Century America Maps, Yo!
How to Lie With Maps
The world's oldest map was probably used for:( 1.2.5-6 ) Fishing Taxation Conquest of other tribes Decoration Hunting
Hunting
When using letters for 6 x 8 degree grid cell designators, and for 100,000 grid cells in MGRS and the US National grid, what letters are excluded?( 5.5.2-7 ) A, E, I, O, U G, R, I, D A, B, Y, Z I, O N and S
I, O
Bhuvan is the equivalent of Google Street View for which country?: ( 22.1-8 ) Canada China Indonesia India Yemen
India
What three countries are in dispute over Jammu and Kashmir?( 23.3-3 ) Iraq, Afghanistan and the United States China, Taiwan and the Philippines Pakistan, India and Bangladesh Kazakstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan India, Pakistan and China
India, Pakistan and China
Computer mapping increasingly uses what tool?:( 21.2-5 ) stadia poles Internet and the world wide web stereoscope paper and ink magnetic compass
Internet and the world wide web
Taking multiple bearings with a compass, then tracing their back bearings from their features on the map to the point where they all come together is called:( 10.2-4 ) Intersection Compass Declination Resection Inspection
Intersection
Which of the following statements about RADAR is false?( 16.5-2 ) It is an active remote sensing technique, using signals that bounce off the ground and are then sensed back at the instrument. It passes through clouds, smoke, and vegetation. It can be used day or night. Polarized RADAR signals can be used. It can be used to map underwater features.
It can be used to map underwater features.
Which of the following statements about LiDAR is false?( 16.6-2 ) Both airborne and terrestrial versions are used in mapping. It is an active remote sensing technique, using pulses of laser light that bounce off the ground and are then sensed back at the instrument. It is used in mapping, geophysics, construction, and archaeology. It is generally less accurate than RADAR. It uses a simultaneous GPS signal to process the data.
It is generally less accurate than RADAR.
An advantage of using a virtual model of terrain is:( 13.6-2 ) You can get a better view of the relief You can use hypsometry You can use relief shading It supports stereo viewing It is easier than mapping
It supports stereo viewing
The file format to save or write Google Earth scripts into is called:( 22.6-3 ) Word DOC KML (Keyhole Markup Language) and KMZ (compressed) Rich Text Format (RTF) Executable (EXE) Bing
KML (Keyhole Markup Language) and KMZ (compressed)
Google Earth was reengineered from what prior product in 2005?:( 22.2-1 ) Keyhole Earthviewer NASA World Wind Falconview MicroDEM Google Pavement View
Keyhole Earthviewer
The Census map of the 1860 distribution of slave population in the South influenced:( 23.4-4 ) the Battle of Shiloh Lincoln's issuance of the emancipation proclamation the 1870 map the stock market Jefferson Davis
Lincoln's issuance of the emancipation proclamation
The three norths are:( 11.1-5 ) Geodetic, parallel and meridional Magnetic, grid and true Magnetic, geodetic and false Magnetic, aspect and true A comedy act in Reno, NV
Magnetic, grid and true
What would you expect to be labeled on a world map at 1:5M?( 3.3-1 ) Every single stream All of the worlds cities, towns, and villages Only places starting with "H" Major cities and rivers Nothing could be labeled on such a map
Major cities and rivers
What is the name of the current National grid system in Australia?( 5.5.5-10 ) Australian National grid system Map Grid of Australia Wallaby Grid System of 1996 (WGS96) State Plane Coordinate System MGRS
Map Grid of Australia
A lesson from this module concerning cartometry is:( 9.4-1 ) Don't give up your day job If only cartographers could do cartometry, all errors could be eliminated Friends don't let friends measure maps inaccurately Cartographers rule the map Map measurement error is a function of how much generalization has been applied to a map
Map measurement error is a function of how much generalization has been applied to a map
Who said "Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts"?( 24.5-4 ) George W. Bush Jon Stewart Waldo Tobler Mark Twain George Harrison
Mark Twain
One of the reasons Meese believed this about the mural is that:( 1.2.4-2 ) Mellart changed his own interpretation The colors clashed Leopards are cuter The drawing was upside down All of the above
Mellart changed his own interpretation
To convert radians to degrees:( 7.4-9 ) Multiply by 180/PI Add 90, 180 or 270 depending on the quadrant Multiply by 0.3048 Pick any number between 0 and 10 Convert both to mils first
Multiply by 180/PI
The first geobrowser was:( 22.1-6 ) Keyhole Google Earth NASA World Wind Worldwide Telescope ArcGIS Explorer
NASA World Wind
Which is a legitimate Township and Range description:( 6.4.2-13 ) 14SMG8644387036 NE1/2SW1/2 Section 37, Township 2N Range 3E, 5th Principal Meridian NE1/4SW1/4 Section 5, Township 2W Range 5S, 7th Principal Meridian NE1/4SE1/4) of Section 35, Township 25S Range 17W, 6th Principal Meridian All of the above
NE1/4SE1/4) of Section 35, Township 25S Range 17W, 6th Principal Meridian
Federal agencies responsible for paper, digital and online marine mapping are:( 11.5-2 ) USGS and DOD FRGS and Falconview NOS and NGA NOAA and FAA NOAA and Census Bureau
NOS and NGA
An example of a line feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:( 7.3-6 ) School National Park Boundary Railroad yard Coral Reef USPLSS Section Numbers
National Park Boundary
Mercator's projection was and is most useful for( 4.17-2 ) Showing population statistics Making historical maps Navigation out of sight of land Its equal spacing of parallels Its unequal spacing of meridians
Navigation out of sight of land
An example of a claim to territory due to discovery is:( 23.3-5 ) Australia's claim to part of Antarctica Pakistan's claim to parts of Jammu and Kashmir Argentina's claim to the Malvinas/Falkland Islands Norway's claims to Antarctica (Amundsen first to South Pole) the United States claim to the American West
Norway's claims to Antarctica (Amundsen first to South Pole)
Any particular star appears to advance its position against the sky's daily cycle by:( 2.1-4 ) One degree per day 365 degrees per decade 10 000 000 meters a year One astrological sign a day 111 111m a month
One degree per day
The scale model of New York in the Queens museum is at 1:1 200. This means that:( 3.3-7 ) One meter corresponds to 12 meters One meter corresponds to 120 meters One inch corresponds to 1200 feet One inch corresponds to 100 feet One inch corresponds to one meter
One inch corresponds to 100 feet
The meter was originally defined as:( 3.5.1-2 ) One yard and one hand 100th of a stone's throw The distance between King Henry I's nose and the tip of his thumb One ten millionth of the distance from the equator to the north pole, along the Paris meridian. Half a perch
One ten millionth of the distance from the equator to the north pole, along the Paris meridian.
What software is a user-contributed free road map of the whole earth? ( 1.2.5-3 ) Streemap ClosedStreetMap Openstreetmap GoogleMap YouTube
Openstreetmap
You calculate the nearest neighbor statistic for two point distributions, A and B. Distribution A yields a value of 0.94, while distribution B yields 1.75. Which of the following is true?( 18.5.2-0 ) Points in A form an approximately square grid pattern, while points in B form an approximately hexagonal grid pattern. Points in A are more randomly distributed than points in B. Points in B are more randomly distributed than points in A. Points in B are more clustered than points in A. Distributions A and B would be indistinguishable.
Points in A are more randomly distributed than points in B.
The star around which the night sky appears to revolve is called:( 2.1-3 ) Astrolabe Ptolemy Pluto Copernicus Polaris
Polaris
Which statement is true about the State Plane Coordinate System?( 5.5.4-1 ) Projections used are the oblique and transverse Mercator, plus the Lambert conformal conic It is based on feet, with artificial grid origins 500,000 feet west of the central meridian It covers the United States, Great Britain, and Australia. It covers the whole world It divides the nation into 110 zones, using their grid cell designators from UTM
Projections used are the oblique and transverse Mercator, plus the Lambert conformal conic
The revenue from Section 16 in each township was set aside for:( 6.4.2-8 ) Road construction To subsidise the growing of corn and wheat The sheriff of the County Public education A rainy day
Public education
Coordinates can be used to compute the distance between two points by using:( 7.4-2 ) estimation Eratosthenes' theorem Pythagoras' theorem the strip of paper trick stadia
Pythagoras' theorem
[Blank] is suitable for mapping large areas of terrain at medium resolution, while [blank] is suitable for mapping smaller areas at hight resolution.( 16.0-1 ) LiDAR...RADAR RADAR...LiDAR plane table survey...levelling photogrammetry...triangulation rubber sheeting...dead reckoning
RADAR...LiDAR
An example of an area feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:( 7.3-10 ) School National Park Boundary Railroad yard Coral Reef USPLSS Section Numbers
Railroad yard
Correction for the earth's curvature was made by:( 6.4.2-8 ) Remarking the principal meridian every 24 miles (2 sections) along the base line. Estimation Making every 24th Township a hexagon instead of a square Making the squares longer and thinner as they got further north and south Remarking the base line every 24 miles (4 sections) along the Principal meridian.
Remarking the base line every 24 miles (4 sections) along the Principal meridian.
Taking a bearing with a compass, then tracing its back bearing on a map from the same feature is called:( 10.2-3 ) Intersection Compass Declination Resection Inspection
Resection
The surveyors who measured fields after the Nile floods in Egypt thousands of years ago were called:( 6.2-3 ) Gunter's People Pharaohs Nileometers Rope stretchers Tomb robbers
Rope stretchers
An example of a point feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:( 7.3-5 ) School National Park Boundary Railroad yard Coral Reef USPLSS Section Numbers
School
What map generalization process reduces the number of points used to represent lines and areas?:( 9.3.2-2 ) Selection Simplification Combination Displacement Dispersal
Simplification
Why is a graphic scale often graded differently to the left and right of the central zero point?( 3.3.3-1 ) Cartographers sometimes make mistakes So that English and metric units can both be used So that left and right handed people can use the map So that large distances can be marked off first using the paper strip trick, and the remainder measured in more detail on the left. The scale is usually printed in China.
So that large distances can be marked off first using the paper strip trick, and the remainder measured in more detail on the left.
School maps in North Korea don't have:( 23.5-11 ) graticules internal regions shown the map scale labeled the projection correctly labeled South Korea
South Korea
Where is Abauntz cave?( 1.2.5-3 ) France Spain Turkey Turkmenistan Greece
Spain
A method used in surveying that reads values from a pole where two horizontal cross hairs fall on the scale is called:( 7.5-7 ) Meters and bounds Leaps and bounds Gunter's Chaining Stadia Electronic distance measurement
Stadia
Which of these was decided at the International Meridian Conference?( 4.14-5 ) That all maps are created equal That longitude shall be counted in two directions up to 180 degrees, west longitude being plus and east longitude minus. That longitude shall be counted in two directions up to 180 degrees, east longitude being plus and west longitude minus. That latitude shall be counted in two directions up to 90 degrees, north latitude being plus and south latitude minus That the conference supports the multiplicity of initial meridians
That longitude shall be counted in two directions up to 180 degrees, east longitude being plus and west longitude minus.
The metes and bounds system was used to partition which parts of the US?( 6.3-2 ) the Mid-west California, Oregon and Washington Only New England The 13 original colonies The rust belt
The 13 original colonies
In 1870, what experiment to prove the earth's curvature involved a bet between John Hampden and Alfred Russel Wallace? ( 2.2.1-8 ) The oil rig leg experiment Eratosthenes's well experiment Measuring a meridional arc The Bedford Level experiment The big bang theory
The Bedford Level experiment
The version of the metric system we now use was standardized in 1960 and renamed:( 3.5.1-2 ) The International Earth Rotation Service Imperial units The International System of Units The Unted Nations MS60
The International System of Units
A geobrowser that allows you to search and download any of the USGS's map information is:( 12.2-3 ) googleGS the Geographic Names Information System The National Map Viewer possible within 50 years the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
The National Map Viewer
Which statement is correct for the USPLSS?( 6.4.2-2 ) The baseline stretched east-west, and the principal meridian north-south from the principal point The baseline stretched north-south, and the principal meridian east-west from the principal point The baseline and the principal meridian met at 45 degrees The baseline was always kept fixed The geographers line always was more important than the base line
The baseline stretched east-west, and the principal meridian north-south from the principal point
The distance of 10 000 000 meters is approximately:( 2.5-8 ) The radius of the earth The length of the polar axis around which the earth rotates The circumference of the earth The distance from the equator to the North Pole, on the meridian passing through Paris The length of the longer axis of the ellipsoid
The distance from the equator to the North Pole, on the meridian passing through Paris
Which definition is that of a geoid?( 2.12-2 ) A set of reference points on the Earth's surface against which position measurements are made An ellipse rotated about its minor (shorter) axis The equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense, global mean sea level Is the angle north-south measured at 90 degrees to the earth's surface Spherical masses of mineral matter that were deposited syngenetically within the rock formations they are found in.
The equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense, global mean sea level Is the angle north-south measured at 90 degrees to the earth's surface
Who were the Zeno brothers?( 23.1-2 ) A comedy act that still plays late night television in Italy The publisher of the 1558 book "Around the World in 80 Days" Circus tight-rope walkers The fictitious discoverers of fictitious Frisland, an island in the North Atlantic in 1390 None of these, they never existed
The fictitious discoverers of fictitious Frisland, an island in the North Atlantic in 1390
What is a graticule?( 4.6-2 ) The pattern of tiny circles drawn on a map projection The line around the edge of the map, shaped by the gores and interruptions The grid of parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude shown on the map The grid of parallels of longitude and meridians of latitude shown on the map A very small grat
The grid of parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude shown on the map The grid of parallels
Geoids are usually described as:( 2.12-2 ) The positional distance from the same point on an ellipsoid The height above or below an ellipsoid Rock formations Angular deviations between geodetic and geocentric latitudes Geoids cannot be described
The height above or below an ellipsoid
What might you expect of a mapped area covered in hills that were once sand dunes?( 8.8-1 ) The roads would all be straight Land partitioning would use metes and bounds There would be many lakes The hills would have similar directional orientation The area would be unsettled
The hills would have similar directional orientation
What is a representative fraction?( 3.3-7 ) The map distance, divided by the ground distance in the same units The map distance, divided by the ground distance in different units The ground distance, divided by the map distance in the same units The ground distance, multiplied by the map distance in the same units The map distance divided by 100 000
The map distance, divided by the ground distance in the same units
If the graticule on a projected map has lines that meet at right angles:( 4.15-1 ) The projection is secant The map has two standard parallels The projection is equivalent The projection is conformal It is impossible for the graticule to meet at different angles
The projection is conformal
What would you expect of a projection in which x depends only on longitude and y only on latitude?( 4.4-3 ) The graticule would form curves The projection would be cylindrical The projection would be transverse It would be a Mollweide projection The projection would be conic
The projection would be cylindrical
Meades Ranch, Kansas is known as:( 2.10-2 ) The place where cattle were introduced into Kansas Where Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis measured the length or a meridian arc The headquarters of the USGS The point that Google Earth zooms into by default The single point or "datum" that defined the North American Datum of 1927
The single point or "datum" that defined the North American Datum of 1927
Which of these was among Aristotle's proofs for a round earth?( 2.2.1-2 ) The star Polaris is seen lower in the sky as one travels South The moon appears in the sky in the daytime Ships can be seen to drop off the edge of the earth Eclipses can be seen with the earth casting a straight line shadow Aristotle never proved the earth is round
The star Polaris is seen lower in the sky as one travels South
Hutchins alerted the president to what fact?( 6.4.1-5 ) Ohio is a swing state They needed rods marked in meters The job would be done in two weeks The survey would have to compensate for the curvature of the earth Help was hard to find out there
The survey would have to compensate for the curvature of the earth
What happens to the islands in the northern end of Chelsea Lake, Wisonsin as you go from the 1:24 000 to 1:100 000 maps?( 9.3.3-5 ) They all sink They each turn into 2 new islands They are combined into a single island They dissolve into clouds of mosquitos All of the above
They are combined into a single island
What is true of compromise projections?( 4.15-6 ) They preserve local direction and shape They preserve area They preserve both direction/shape and area They preserve neither direction/shape nor area They are cylindrical
They preserve neither direction/shape nor area
Who sent Thomas Hutchins to Ohio to start the Public Land Survey?( 6.4.1-5 ) John Hancock George Washington Thomas Jefferson Richard Nixon None of these
Thomas Jefferson
Which map projection statement is false?( 4.15-9 ) No flat map can be both equivalent and conformal Conformal projections preserve local shape and direction Equivalent projections preserve area Map projection distortion can be seen at confluences on the graticule Tissot's indicatrixes are always circles
Tissot's indicatrixes are always circles
The maxim, "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related to each other" is known as:( 18.3-5 ) friction of distance the Law of Geographic Distribution Tobler's First Law distance decay agglomeration
Tobler's First Law
Catalhoyuk is in modern day:( 1.2.1-2 ) France Texas Turkey Turkmenistan Greece
Turkey
Responsibility for place names in the United States lies with the:( 12.6-2 ) President Representatives Betty Sutton and Tim Ryan of Ohio US Board on Geographic Names National Geospatial Intelligence Agency VGI
US Board on Geographic Names
What is the correct difference between the US National Grid and the Military Grid system?( 5.5.5-6 ) USNG uses different numbering for the UTM zones. MGRS uses different letters for the 100,000m grid cells. MGRS is based on the equivalent 6 x 8 degree cells. MGRS uses NAD27, USNG uses WGS84 USNG uses NAD83, not WGS84
USNG uses NAD83, not WGS84
8. Slicing the earth (or an apple) along parallels of latitude divides the earth into?( 4.9-1 ) Unequal sized slices Equal sized slices Hemispheres Meridians Oranges
Unequal sized slices
Understanding mapping history, unencoding maps' meaning, knowing how maps are constructed, and seeing how maps are structured and the rules they follow will help you:( 1.1-5 ) Win friends and influence people Fill your spare time Finish the Sunday crossword puzzle Travel to Turkey Unlock your graphicacy
Unlock your graphicacy
To calculate the length of a line with 10 straight segments given by 11 coordinates:( 7.4-10 ) Plot the line on a map, and use the paper strip trick Take the average of the x and y values Calculate the length of the line from the first point to the last Use Pythagoras' theorem on each segment individually, then add the lengths together Use Pythagoras' theorem on each segment individually, then multiply the lengths together
Use Pythagoras' theorem on each segment individually, then add the lengths together
A prudent navigator does which of the following:( 11.1-2 ) Always takes plenty of water Stays within sight of land Follows a great circle at all times Uses multiple means of navigation with backup navigation aids Avoids left turns against traffic
Uses multiple means of navigation with backup navigation aids
With which of these can you determine south, given a sunny day?( 7.6-3 ) Observing Polaris Using an analog watch A strip of paper A slice of pizza Noticing which side the bark grows on trees
Using an analog watch
How can spatial changes be detected and interpreted?( 24.3-2 ) Using a time line Using a changeometer on a map Using multiple co-registered maps or images Using wikipedia By waiting for change to happen
Using multiple co-registered maps or images
Graphicacy and spatial reasoning make use of:( 1.1-3 ) A dictionary, a thesaurus and a pad of paper A debate coach, a rhetoric class and voice lessons A pocket calculator, on-line computing tool and a ruler Visual aids, maps, photographs, charts and graphs Stucco, pigments and a paint brush
Visual aids, maps, photographs, charts and graphs
What was found in Abauntz cave?( 1.2.5-2 ) What may be the world's oldest map A guru Another cave The Dead Sea scrolls A living Neanderthal woman
What may be the world's oldest map
The ultimate spatial literacy question is:( 24.1-13 ) Who was John Harrison? What is at the top of the mountain? How do you state latitude and longitude? Where is Paris? Where am I?
Where am I?
Which of these coordinates is NOT either the North or South Pole?( 5.5.3-1 ) AZM9999999999 YZG8054562827 YZG9999999999 2 000 000mE 2 000 000mN Zone NP 2 000 000mE 2 000 000mN Zone SP
YZG8054562827
Are all map projections distorted?( 4.5-1 ) No, because no flat map can be both equivalent and conformal Only equatorial projections are distorted, secant projections are error free Yes No, because projections are based on mathematics Most are distorted, some are just contorted
Yes
When using cell counting:( 8.3-7 ) You count the full cells, add half the partial cells and multiple by the cell area You add the full and the partial cells and multiply by the cell area You multiply the full cells by the cell area You count the number of cell intersections inside the area, then multiply by the cell area You count the edge cells, and multiply by the cell area
You count the full cells, add half the partial cells and multiple by the cell area
What is true of using maps or images from different times to detect and understand spatial change? ( 24.3-11 ) You need time-complete data with a short enough temporal step There is no need for the maps or images to be co-registered Two images is enough It is unnecessary to compare images, just maps will do The rules of chess must apply
You need time-complete data with a short enough temporal step
Zooming ends when:( 3.6.1-1 ) You reach the limits of the map's resolution Features are 0.1mm across The map extent is the same as the screen size The level of detail is lowest Zooming never ends
You reach the limits of the map's resolution
Which of the following can be used to compare the level of correspondence between two distributions?( 18.6-4 ) the nearest neighbor statistic Tobler's First Law Yule's Q statistic sinuosity zero crossings
Yule's Q statistic
Which type of area feature is clearly defined and can be mapped unambiguously:( 8.3-2 ) a marsh the Mid-West an oil field a sand bar a Section within a Township
a Section within a Township
What is "a map in which the geometry of the map has been transformed by uneven rescaling to show some other variable as being represented by geographic space?"( 20.2-2 ) a glyph an isoline a choropleth a cartogram a bar chart
a cartogram
What is a fictitious entry of a misrepresented street on a map for the purpose of "trapping" potential copyright violators?( 23.6-4 ) cartographic error a random error a cartographic trap Mistake Point An A-Z map
a cartographic trap
A quadrat is:( 18.4-2 ) a cell within a grid, often used in spatial analyses a measure of shape a latitude and longitude grid that often appears on a map a mathematical equation a square
a cell within a grid, often used in spatial analyses
A decision point in a maze is where:( 24.1-5 ) all paths intersect the end/exit point is found a pixel is green a choice must be made with respect to which way to go a yellow line reachess a red pixel
a choice must be made with respect to which way to go
What is a list of placenames, with their coordinates:( 12.6-2 ) a phone directory a gazetteer a thesaurus a GeoHack a WorldWind
a gazetteer
What is "a search engine for the world wide web that conducts searches based on some characteristic of location"?:( 12.2-2 ) Catalhoyuk a geocacher a location based service a geobrowser AskJeeves
a geobrowser
What is an automated system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data? ( 21.5-2 ) photogrammetry computer assisted cartography visual analytics remote sensing a geographic information system
a geographic information system
The line that follows the shortest path connecting the origin and destination over a long distance is:( 11.2-2 ) the semi-minor ellipse axis the semi-major ellipse axis a great circle a small circle a parallel
a great circle
The most inexpensive compass suitable for hiking is:( 11.1-3 ) a dry compass a gyrocompass a magnetometer a liquid filled magnetic compass an iPhone
a liquid filled magnetic compass
What is a cycle within a network? ( 19.3-9 ) a loop that separates a polygon an aspatial network a non-planar part of a planar graph Dykstra's method a disconnected segment of the graph
a loop that separates a polygon
Navigating on foot across country, the simplest navigation aids are:( 11.1-2 ) a map and a compass a sextant and a set of mathematical tables radar and RDF an altimeter and an air speed indicator a good pair of boots and a hat
a map and a compass
A fly-through animation involves:( 13.6-4 ) a static observer and a static frame a static observer and a moving frame a moving observer and a static frame a moving observer and a moving frame using a headset
a moving observer and a static frame
Which geographic data value and its cartographic element is nominal only?:( 17.3-1 ) traffic flow along a road population density within a county a place name rents shown on a prism map none of the above
a place name
Which of these is a small multiple:( 20.1-4 ) a single frame of an animation an animated map showing different dates for the same map base a series of small similar graphics or maps, allowing them to be easily compared choropleth maps with differential color schemes choropleth maps with monochrome shade sequences
a series of small similar graphics or maps, allowing them to be easily compared
Arthur Strahler is known for developing what?( 15.5-2 ) a common metric of landscape complexity a stream order classification system the levee the chronometer the modern-day study of tectonics
a stream order classification system
What is "an urban scene imaged by oblique or ground level photograph or video"?( 24.4-2 ) a street view an everyscape a Flickr image a streetscape a YouTube video
a streetscape
A contour added usually at half the contour interval to show detail in low relief areas is called :( 13.4-3 ) an index contour an enclosed depression another contour a supplemental contour a bonus contour
a supplemental contour
A Warntz Network is:( 15.2-2 ) constructed using soil maps a transportation network of rail lines a social network of geomorphologists who study a particular landform a subterranean network of fault lines a surface network connnecting significant landform elements
a surface network connnecting significant landform elements
In Google Earth, you navigate using:( 22.3-3 ) a toolbar that shows and controls orientation, tilt, pan and zoom a steering wheel pull down menus your hands thought waves
a toolbar that shows and controls orientation, tilt, pan and zoom
What is "a video camera that inputs to a computer connected to the Internet, so that its images can be seen by Internet users"?:( 12.2-14 ) the Google car a digital camera Google streetview a geobrowser a webcam
a webcam
Google Earth Hacks is:( 22.4-2 ) how you make Google Earth run on a Mac where you are sent when you click on geographic coordinates on the web a tool to georectify images a website that provides links to interesting content found or created by Google Earth users the name of a soccer player from Chile
a website that provides links to interesting content found or created by Google Earth users
HDOP, PDOP, GDOP and TDOP are measures of GPS:( 10.4-7 ) easting northing accuracy position none of these
accuracy
A GIS can add street addresses to automatically assigned geocodes. This is called:( 21.5-6 ) map overlay address matching data tabling rasterizing bundling
address matching
On a dasymetric map, what is true:( 17.7-4 ) the surface is smooth the values inside the areal units are assumed equal adjacent areas need not have values in the next higher or lower class all lines point north declination is zero
adjacent areas need not have values in the next higher or lower class
Imhof shading involves:( 13.3-9 ) using Adobe Photoshop adjusting regular hill shading to enhance terrain features such as ridges and peaks anaglyphic enhancement adding photographic images head mounted virtual displays
adjusting regular hill shading to enhance terrain features such as ridges and peaks
A geological map shows:( 20.6-3 ) point symbols such as strike/dip markers line symbols such as fault lines area symbols such as surface outcrops greyed out base topographic information all of the above
all of the above
A multivariate map can show:( 20.1-2 ) one theme over time two or more themes relationships among variables use of animation, small multiples, or choropleths all of the above
all of the above
A sky survey map:( 20.3-6 ) is available from the Sloan Sky Survey shows the sky as visible from earth includes all the known and observed stars, planets, galaxies, etc. is visible in Google Earth all of the above
all of the above
A telescopic alidade can be used:( 16.2-1 ) to measure vertical angles to spot views to different locations with a plane table in triangulation all of the above
all of the above
A way to improve GPS accuracy is to use:( 10.5-1 ) WAAS Differential correction Post processing Carrier phase tracking all of the above
all of the above
Acquiring spatial knowledge requires:( 24.5-3 ) integrating knowledge and being inquisitive about the world around you using the power of geobrowsers and the web being informed by other disciplines using maps whenever you can all of the above
all of the above
Examples of landscape properties include:( 15.2-4 ) stream density number of peaks length of ridgelines number of enclosed depressions all of the above
all of the above
In a non-symmetric planar graph:( 19.2-6 ) one or more of the links can only be traveled in one direction the diameter depends on the start point the graph is constrained to a 2D plane no links can cross all of the above
all of the above
Information about using Google Earth can be found in:( 22.3-6 ) newsletters Google Lat Long blog Google Earth hacks video tutorials all of the above
all of the above
LiDAR can be used to map( 16.6-1 ) vegetation buildings coastlines vertical cliff faces all of the above
all of the above
Mapping using triangulation uses:( 16.2.2-8 ) multiple stations on the landscape, between which there are clear lines of sight precise measurements of vertical and horizontal angles between stations measurement instruments such as the theodolite, a telescope with vertical and horizontal angle scales inclusion of a base line of known length in the network of resulting triangles all of the above
all of the above
Maps have been used in the US to promote what?:( 23.2-8 ) settlement farming transportation business all of the above
all of the above
Metrics of compactness include:( 18.2-7 ) the area-perimeter ratio the Miller shape index the Schumm elongation measure the Lee Sallee index all of the above
all of the above
On maps showing networks:( 19.1-4 ) places or point features are represented as nodes roads, rivers or some other line features are shown as links the nodes are often moved to make interpretation easier the links lengths can be changed to make the map less cluttered all of the above
all of the above
Precision or intelligent agriculture uses:( 12.4-2 ) GPS geosensors the wireless web geotags all of the above
all of the above
Prior to GNSS, observations of what were used for positioning?( 10.1-2 ) Polaris the moon the sun shadows all of the above
all of the above
Slope:( 14.3-4 ) is the rise over the run can be expressed as a ratio can be expressed as a percentage can be expressed as an angle all of the above
all of the above
Some elements of selection are:( 9.3.1-3 ) pruning stream and road networks selecting only cities above a certain population to display eliminating crowding applying elimination rules all of the above
all of the above
Special contours rules and alternate symbols are used for:( 14.1-2 ) enclosed depressions flat areas and lakes railroad cuts vertical cliffs all of the above
all of the above
Street images are available on the web through:( 24.4-2 ) Flickr Panoramio Google Streetview Google Maps all of the above
all of the above
Studying which of the following can help you read a landscape?( 15.7-3 ) the presence of man-made features the height of a river the orientation of roads and railroads the composition and seasonal stage of vegetation all of the above
all of the above
Tectonic forces include:( 15.6-2 ) earthquakes volcanoes extrusions orogenies all of the above
all of the above
Terrain depiction methods for maps can be absolute, relative or both. Which is most true?( 13.3-1 ) absolute height methods show heights above a datum absolute height methods are more useful in cartometry relative height methods show the pattern and structure of the terrain relative height methods cannot show heights at all locations all of the above
all of the above
The measured length of a line is impacted by:( 8.2-1 ) how well the end points are located how many points are used to represent the line how straight or wiggly the line is the scale of the map all of the above
all of the above
Using cartometry, we can measure characteristics of:( 18.1-11 ) line features patterns distributions shapes all of the above
all of the above
What are some of the conventions associated with contours?:( 13.4-3 ) the contour interval is a round number only reference contours are labeled enclosed depressions have contours with hatch lines pointing downslope when contour lines are too close together, a carrying contour is used all of the above
all of the above
What is the advantage of having a map on paper? ( 20.4-3 ) it works without power it works in all weather conditions and even when folded or ripped it can hold color and line work for centuries at low cost it is easy to use and interpret all of the above
all of the above
What is true of continuous geographical data:( 17.7-5 ) it can be measured anywhere in geographic space it forms a field it forms a surface it can be mapped by any of the terrain mapping methods, such as isolines all of the above
all of the above
What is true of multi-themed maps?:( 20.1-10 ) As time sequences become long or as more variables are shown, pattern is harder to see It is better to show only change, and leave unchanged areas blank It is better to use maps placed together than to combine themes Animation is the most effective way to show change and relationship among variables. all of the above
all of the above
Which involves using a network solution, such as a heuristic:( 19.5-2 ) navigating from node A to node B finding the shortest route finding the fastest route finding the path with the fewest links all of the above
all of the above
Which method can be used for measuring area:( 8.3-1 ) cell counting cell intersection counting planimeter coordinates and a formula all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following have contributed error to height measurements throughout history?( 16.1-2 ) imprecise geodetic models imprecise measurement methods atmospheric conditions local gravity variation all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is true of photogrammetry for mapping?( 16.3-5 ) A geometric model of the camera, its lenses and its field of view are necessary. The height above ground of the aircraft carrying the camera must be known. Photographs taken at nadir are desirable. It is almost as old as photography. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is true of quadrat analysis?( 18.4-0 ) It is sensitive to the size and orientation of the quadrats. It is a simple method of investigating and measuring distributions. It uses point counts within a grid, or pattern of cells. It compares expected with observed counts within quadrats. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is true of the Deccan traps?( 15.6-11 ) They were formed by a single flow of tectonic material across the landscape. They are found in India. In ancient times, temples were carved out of them. They are primarily comprised of basalt. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following properties are desirable for a measure of shape?( 18.2-16 ) applicable to all shapes independent of scale and orientation dimensionless intuitive all of the above
all of the above
Which of these are environmental clues in maps and images? ( 24.2-6 ) shadow illumination time of day and year patterns of vegetation all of the above
all of the above
has been called the inclined contour method works on both topography and bathymetry was devised by Japanese cartographer Kitiro Tanaka in the 1920s uses white to grey, but only along contour lines all of the above
all of the above
Cartography's sister disciplines are:( 21.6-2 ) photogrammetry computer assisted cartography visual analytics remote sensing all of the above plus geographic information systems/science
all of the above plus geographic information systems/science
A typical GIs workflow includes:( 21.5-4 ) locate input data display and reproject the map conduct a point-in-poygon analysis, add the count to the data table select the result and create a map display all of these
all of these
Maps are used to claim territory due to what factors?: ( 23.3-2 ) history discovery ethnicity occupation all of these
all of these
The number of nodes, number of links, total length of links and number of circuits in a network can be used to compute:( 19.3-13 ) the alpha index the beta index the gamma index the eta index all of these
all of these
What kinds of maps are "invisible"?:( 20.8-2 ) images of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum invisible to humans thematic maps of complex social or economic variables virtual travel tactile maps all of these
all of these
What spatial reasoning skills are deeply embedded in humans?( 24.1-2 ) positioning direction-finding navigation spatial search all of these
all of these
Which are important properties of remotely sensed data?( 21.4-7 ) spectral resolution spatial resolution swath width encoding depth all of these
all of these
Which of these measures distance within a network?:( 19.1-8 ) the number of nodes encountered the sum of the lengths of all the links traversed the number of links traveled the diameter all of these
all of these
Geobrowsers share which common elements?:( 22.1-5 ) Navigate (zoom, pan) Search by place name Search by coordinate Select and display all of these and more
all of these and more
Social networking web sites that use geographical location include:( 12.1-6 ) Facebook Twitter Google Latitude Friendster all of these and more
all of these and more
Uses for paper maps include:( 20.4-4 ) navigation route planning education recreation all of these and more
all of these and more
What is true of maps in wartime?:( 23.5-2 ) they are major instruments of warfighting they are media for propaganda they can both inform and spread misinformation they can create fear and anxiety all of these and more
all of these and more
Which of the following was NOT a topic of this class?( 24.0-1 ) spatial reasoning spatial knowledge spatial thinking spatial literacy all of these were topics of the class
all of these were topics of the class
What happened in Broughton, UK, (52.05399N, 0.6953W) in April 2009 when the Google Car showed up?( 22.5-4 ) an "angry mob" blocked the car, concerned about loss of privacy residents held up signs supporting Google, still visible in streetview thieves used the images to break into 8 houses a loss of power resulted in Broughton being shown in shades of black a flat front tire caused the images to build up at one spot
an "angry mob" blocked the car, concerned about loss of privacy
The term nadir describes:( 16.3-5 ) an aerial view looking straight down an aerial view looking towards the horizon a view from the ground looking straight up a view from the ground looking towards the horizon a politician who repeatedly runs for President
an aerial view looking straight down
A stereo view that must be viewed with red and blue glasses is called:( 13.6-3 ) terrain fly-by anaglyphic stereo animation contour intervals X3D
anaglyphic stereo
A choropleth map uses data that are:( 17.6-4 ) point line area volume temporal
area
A digital planimeter is a device for measuring what from maps:( 8.3-12 ) the scale positions distances areas text
areas
A radial drainage pattern might be expected: ( 19.4-5 ) near airports in folded hills around a single peak in West Virginia none of the above
around a single peak
How many images are necessary for viewing in stereo?( 16.3-8 ) at least 1 at least 2 at least 3 at least 4 it depends on the distance between the camera and objects in the image
at least 2
A map that has an inclination to present or hold a partial perspective at the expense of (possibly equally valid) alternatives shows:( 23.4-2 ) spirit bias random error disputed territories all of the above
bias
A saddle point is:( 14.6-5 ) a peak a pit a slope both a peak and a slope both a peak and a pit
both a peak and a pit
What is a connection between the Interstate highway system and the zero milestone marker in Washington DC?:( 20.9-5 ) both involved measuring highways both involved Dwight D. Eisenhower both cost the same amount of money both were completed in the same year there is no connection
both involved Dwight D. Eisenhower
How do most people have contact with remotely sensed imagery?:( 21.4-4 ) on open day at NASA bases by using Google Maps and Google Earth through coffee table books when passing red-light cameras by joining the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
by using Google Maps and Google Earth
The four processes of map generalization:( 9.4-3 ) never happen together only apply in Wisconsin are selection, qualification, quality control and implementation do not impact online maps can happen together
can happen together
Examples of geographic units for discrete data mapping are:( 17.7-2 ) cells, grid cells, and sections points, lines and areas nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio census tracts, counties and states daysmetric
census tracts, counties and states
The name used for maps for ocean and air navigation is:( 11.5-2 ) maplet chart nos low altitude carta
chart
Two weaknesses common in maps showing climate change and its consequences are:( 20.5-8 ) an inability to show change the means of displaying the two poles choice of projection and use of colors the map scale and legend the amount of generalization
choice of projection and use of colors
The most compact shape possible is a:( 18.2-7 ) triangle square circle five-pointed star hexagon
circle
Simple slope maps show slopes as:( 14.4-3 ) classes, using colors point symbols contours saddle point zones hacure lines
classes, using colors
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was an effort to:( 16.5-5 ) map trenches during World War I. measure small changes in terrain elevation in the Three Sisters volcano zone, Oregon. collect terrain information over most of the earth. create a digital map of the US coast, led by NOAA. update FEMA's flood maps.
collect terrain information over most of the earth.
Measurable properties of an area include:( 18.2-2 ) sinuosity zero crossings compactness clustering all of the above
compactness
In what sister discipline were computer tools first used to automate tedious and error-prone manual tasks, such as drawing graticules on maps? ( 21.2-2 ) photogrammetry computer assisted cartography visual analytics remote sensing a geographic information system
computer assisted cartography
If successive contours, going uphill, are closer and closer together, the slope is:( 14.3-6 ) flat linear concave convex vertical
concave
In a tree, links meet at:( 19.4-2 ) alternate nodes confluences points of peak accessibility points of maximum slope none of the above
confluences
A map showing today's air temperature using colors between isolines of the 70s, 80s, 90s, etc shows what type of data?:( 17.7-5 ) continuous discrete nominal reference indiscrete
continuous
A dasymetric map is part way between what two mapping types:( 17.7-3 ) nominal and interval thematic and reference black/white and color continuous and discrete dimension and scaling level
continuous and discrete
The vertical distance between two successive contours is called the:( 14.1-2 ) hachure spacing aspect profile relief contour interval
contour interval
An impact of simplification is that as the map scale gets less detailed:( 9.3.2-2 ) the cartographer gets more relaxed more features get eliminated features become joined together curves get smoother and wiggles disappear features have to be deliberately moved apart
curves get smoother and wiggles disappear
In New York, if you take the 2 train from 241st Street in the Bronx, and transfer to the Far Rockaway-bound A train, you'll travel over 38 miles, the longest trip possible. In networks, this is called the:( 19.3-10 ) bomb connectivity shortest path diameter asymmetric non-planar
diameter
A map showing this week's unemployment rate by state as a shaded choropleth map shows what type of data:( 17.7-2 ) continuous discrete nominal reference indiscrete
discrete
US maps during the Cold War often showed?:( 23.5-9 ) distance rings and attack paths for bomber aircraft and missiles survival shelters in cities South America Antarctica countdown clocks to nuclear anihilation
distance rings and attack paths for bomber aircraft and missiles
A distance table only shows half of the distance matrix because:( 8.2-14 ) it saves printing cost return trips are unnecessary distances from A to B are assumed to be equal to B to A federal law prevents showing the whole matrix all of the above
distances from A to B are assumed to be equal to B to A
Geobrowsing is best learned by: ( 22.6-4 ) reading the manual taking a special class purchasing a textbook running World Wind doing it yourself
doing it yourself
When in Google Maps, how do you initiate Google Street View?( 22.5-5 ) hit Cntrl-Alt-Delete use the Alt key, or the Apple key on a Mac drag the little yellow man onto the road network where you want to view from using a microphone, simply say "Little Yellow Man" you can only use Street View from Google Earth
drag the little yellow man onto the road network where you want to view from
The limits of visibility mean that at about 25dpi, map features suffer:( 9.1-4 ) generalization projection distortion drop in wipe out drop out
drop out
Surface features created underneath moving ice include:( 15.3-10 ) alluvial fans sinkholes dunes drumlins all of the above
drumlins
A tree with a branching ratio of 2.0 means that:( 19.4-4 ) each link divides into two links at the next level links reconnect every two nodes the graph is non-planar the graph is aspatial water flows back uphill
each link divides into two links at the next level
Google Earth can be installed by visiting:( 22.3-6 ) your local map library Washington DC www.nga.mil earth.microsoft.com earth.google.com
earth.google.com
To convert true bearings to magnetic bearings, recall which rhyme?( 11.1-8 ) east is best so add, west is worse so subtract east is least so subtract, west is best so add true is new, so add the west subtract the east from the west and take the rest east, west, magnetic is best
east is least so subtract, west is best so add
What type of data are often shown on a cartogram based on state population?( 20.2-4 ) unemployment rates stock prices election results the rise and fall of nations state income taxes
election results
Using the travel speed by land type table and Naismith's rule, we can:( 11.3-4 ) estimate the elevation at the start and end of a hike follow a great circle navigate the route plan the route estimate the travel time enroute
estimate the travel time enroute
Slope has both magnitude and direction. The direction of maximum slope is called the:?( 14.4-5 ) peak fall line saddle zenith the line of zero slope
fall line
Areas that have to be build up in height to carry a railroad or road are called:( 13.4-9 ) landslides cut emigrants gaps fill
fill
On the map, you see a road crossing a small stream. To the left and right of the road are tightly spaced contours with small hatch lines at 90 degrees to the contour facing the stream. This symbolizes a:( 14.5-4 ) peak saddle enclosed depression cut fill
fill
Hypsometric coloring:( 13.3-6 ) shades the terrain on the map requires the use of transparency fills the areas between successive contours with graded color sequences only works in the northern hemisphere only works in the oceans
fills the areas between successive contours with graded color sequences
An example of a "pull" use of LBS would be:( 12.1-3 ) the tug-of-war at the London olympics finding and navigating our way to a flower shop a flower shop advertizing a daily special to nearby customers selecting the most powerful wireless signal all of the above
finding and navigating our way to a flower shop
GeoHack is a service that:( 12.2-9 ) for any location, integrates all the web mapping services downloads viruses onto your computer gives the latitude and longitude for places by state allows viewing of web cams none of the above
for any location, integrates all the web mapping services
Selection generalizes a map by:( 9.3.1-3 ) a factor of two one zoom level changing the map extent for each feature type, deciding which features are worthy of appearing on the map eliminating all of the labels
for each feature type, deciding which features are worthy of appearing on the map
Landscape [blank] are typically visible as terrain, while landscape [blank] shape the surface of the earth.( 15.1-2 ) forces...networks forms...processes processes...forms contours...boundaries designs...architects
forms...processes
What is an example of a geoenabled, location based sport?:( 12.5-6 ) baseball track and field the Web Soil Survey geocaching channel surfing
geocaching
What is an interdisciplinary field on the use and theory of GIS that examines how the methods can be better applied and improved?( 21.5-2 ) photogrammetry computer assisted cartography visual analytics remote sensing geographic information science
geographic information science
The study of how the earth's form changes and evolves is the primary focus of:( 15.1-2 ) cartometry geomorphology cartography archaeology drumlins
geomorphology
The US Fish and Wildlife service tracking of shearwaters in the Gulf of Maine is an example of:( 12.3-5 ) intelligent farming geosensing geobrowsing marine navigation cruelty to animals
geosensing
Placing a coordinate on a photograph, often done automatically by a digital camera is called:( 12.2-11 ) illegal fracking tagging geotagging geobrowsing
geotagging
Cirques, nunataks, and aretes are features associated with which type of landscape? ( 15.4-8 ) glaciated coastal irrigated morraine alluvial
glaciated
The study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pair-wise relations between objects within a network, is called:( 19.3-2 ) mathematics cartometry geometry graph theory cartography
graph theory
A location in a UTM zone has an easting of 600 000mE. What is always true at that location?( 11.1-6 ) grid north is east of true north grid north is equal to true north grid north is west of true north grid north is east of magnetic north grid north is west of magnetic north
grid north is east of true north
A terrain display method used on maps that uses lines following the run of slopes downhill is:( 13.1-7 ) anaglyphs petroglyphs hachures Tanaka shading Imhof shading
hachures
Many online mapping programs deal with zooming by:( 9.1-10 ) ignoring it applying selection, simplification, combination and displacement in real time while the map is drawn having precomputed ranges over which a particular generalized map is displayed using supercomputers sending requests to Google Maps
having precomputed ranges over which a particular generalized map is displayed
A popular form of continuous field map used on the web, for example for crime mapping, is the:( 17.7-8 ) flow map heat map temperature map dasymetric map choropleth map
heat map
Road symbols on maps are usually:( 8.2-2 ) little shields unmarked brown hierarchical by road type diamond-shaped
hierarchical by road type
Terrain inversion, differential of darkness/contrast, and lack of absolute heights are true of which terrain depiction method?:( 13.3-10 ) wiggly worms hill shading anaglyphs spot heights contours
hill shading
An old map such as Waaldemuller's map showing America is what kind of map?( 20.7-2 ) digital historical Atlas historical map map of history a time line
historical map
Which is true?:( 13.3-7 ) hypsometric colors often go from green to red, while bathymetry is shaded with deepening blues hypsometric colors often go from brown to white, while bathymetry is shaded with deepening greys hypsometric colors often go from white to purple, while bathymetry is shaded with deepening magentas hypsometric colors often go from green to black, while bathymetry is shaded with deepening greens
hypsometric colors often go from green to red, while bathymetry is shaded with deepening blues
GPS does not work well:( 10.4-10 ) deep under water inside buildings in forests in urban canyons in any of these places
in any of these places
Sinkholes often form:( 15.3-7 ) in areas of karst topography as a result of folding near mud flats in association with ice flows all of the above
in areas of karst topography
Gathering together multiple air photos and maps to aid in interpretation is called:( 21.1-9 ) cartography information fusion georectification visual analytics Bonnie Claire, Nevada
information fusion
Which of the following enables mapping of tiny (on the scale of milimeters) changes in height of terrain over time?( 16.5-4 ) interferometric synthetic aperature radara (IfSAR) side-looking airborn radar (SLAR) Shuttle Imaging Radar-C aerial photographs a clinometer
interferometric synthetic aperature radara (IfSAR)
Temperatures in Fahrenheit and Kelvin are examples of what two data levels?:( 17.2-1 ) nominal and ordinal ordinal and interval interval and ratio nominal and interval ordinal and ratio
interval and ratio
Geodetic latitude( 2.7.1-11 ) is the angle east-west measured at 90 degrees to the earth's surface is the angle east-west measured to the earth's center is the angle north-south measured at 90 degrees to the earth's surface is the angle north-south measured to the earth's center is the same as the geocentric latitude at all places
is the angle north-south measured at 90 degrees to the earth's surface
A line joining points of equal depth in the ocean is called a:( 14.1-2 ) hachure contour coastline isobath isodepth
isobath
A map showing lines joining points that take equal time to reach from a fixed location uses:( 19.5-4 ) isobaths contours isochrones colors heatmaps
isochrones
The generic term for lines joining points of equal values, of which a contour is a specific example is:( 13.4-2 ) isobar isoglyph isogone isobath isoline
isoline
A point on the map lies between the 100 and the 120m contours. What can you say about the elevation at the point:( 14.1-5 ) it is unknown it is 100m it is 110m it is 120m it is greater than 100m and less than 120m
it is greater than 100m and less than 120m
A problem with displacement is:( 9.3.4-2 ) it makes the map harder to read it can alter the map scale it leads to overlapping features and labels it slightly rotates the map it makes cartometry inaccurate
it makes cartometry inaccurate
The openstreetmap.org map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti created after the earthquake of January 2010 is historical because:( 20.7-6 ) it was funded by USAID it used a new map scale it was created by a single mapping agency its creation by volunteers was an excellent first example of volunteered geographic information it was the most expensive map ever made
its creation by volunteers was an excellent first example of volunteered geographic information
A surveying procedure in which heights at one position are used to determine heights at another by creating a line of sight along the level plane is called:( 16.2.2-11 ) centuriation gerrymandering sighting triangulation leveling
leveling
A contour is a:( 14.1-2 ) line joining points of equal depths in the ocean line joining points of equal magnetic compass declination line joining points of equal height above a datum line joining points of equal slope all of the above
line joining points of equal height above a datum
A map showing the major highways in the US as red lines is an example of what kind of map:( 17.3-5 ) area interval line nominal line interval line ratio area interval
line nominal
Wind flow vectors that show direction and speed of wind flow are what kind of symbol?:( 17.6-3 ) point ratio line ratio area ratio point interval line interval
line ratio
A way to estimate an elevation is to measure the distance between contours above and below the location, measure the distance from the lower contour to the point, divide the second by the first, multiply by the contour interval, and add this to the lower contour heigh. This is called:( 14.2-3 ) guestimation convex extrapolation linear interpolation non-linear interpolation the fall line
linear interpolation
n a planar graph:( 19.2-2 ) all links are directed all links are symmetrical links cannot cross the graph is aspatial all nodes link to all other nodes
links cannot cross
When a detailed map is generalized to create a map at a less detailed scale, unless retained, the original map detail is:( 9.4-2 ) more costly created lost forever less costly more accurate
lost forever
To activate a layer, such as 3D buildings in Google Earth, look for the button in the: ( 22.3-5 ) search window Pacific Ocean upper right of the display lower right of the display lower left of the display
lower left of the display
What is probably the oldest isoline map, the first to use contour mapping, was made in 1700 by Edmund Halley. The lines it shows are lines of equal:( 13.1-11 ) magnetic compass declination speed of earth rotation terrain height variation from the datum population
magnetic compass declination
Cartographic scale is a function of:( 3.1-7 ) map resolution and extent the shape of the area mapped the width of the map to be made how thin you can make lines on a map how much ink you have available
map resolution and extent
During World War I, aerial photography was used to:( 16.3-2 ) generate 3D terrain models detect infrared signals track carrier pigeons map trenches all of the above
map trenches
What is true of the National Geographic magazine:( 22.2-1 ) the cover has a surrounding yellow ellipse all the maps are available in Google Maps maps, articles and photographs are available through Google Earth maps, articles and photographs are available through Bing Maps none of the above
maps, articles and photographs are available through Google Earth
What are procedures used to deliberately confuse, mislead or camouflage oneself from the enemy called?( 23.5-4 ) maskirovka cheating maps that claim cartographic traps wartime maps
maskirovka
Cartometry deals with:( 8.1-3 ) broken compasses magnetic declination townships and ranges measuring features on the ground measuring features on maps
measuring features on maps
Until recently, what USGS map feature's symbol still used hachures:( 13.1-10 ) mine shafts mine tailings railroads older, more eroded mountains swamps
mine tailings
What is spatial literacy?( 24.1-2 ) minimal skill set in humans for spatial reasoning being able to outsmart a chimpanzee being able to read books being able to write your name something absent in all but a few people
minimal skill set in humans for spatial reasoning
Which of the following are associated with folding?( 15.6-8 ) strike-slip motion transform faults monoclines and anticlines offset drainage channels all of the above
monoclines and anticlines
Deposition is a process responsible for the formation of:( 15.4-6 ) caves mud flats headlands gremlins none of the above
mud flats
A system of lines or channels that cross or interconnect is a:( 19.1-3 ) planar graph Facebook network diameter all of the above
network
What kind of maps appear to minimize any bias:( 23.4-6 ) fancy maps using innovative cartographic methods maps of disputed territory war propaganda maps non-partisan, well designed, conventional, effective and simple maps web maps
non-partisan, well designed, conventional, effective and simple maps
To calculate a feature's Lee Sallee metric:( 18.2-14 ) you take the ratio of the feature's area to the square root of its perimeter you calculate the diameter of a circle with the same area as the feature, then divide this by the length of the longest axis of the feature you count the number of times the feature curves to the left and right on top of the feature you overlay a circle with the same area, then take the ratio of the intersection area to the union area you have to consider the distribution of its surrounding features
on top of the feature you overlay a circle with the same area, then take the ratio of the intersection area to the union area
Contour lines provide absolute elevations:( 14.1-2 ) only at index contours only above sea level everywhere only on the actual line symbols contours only show relative elevations, not absolute
only on the actual line symbols
The hierarchical line symbols used to show roads on US topo maps are examples of what kind of data?:( 17.4-4 ) nominal ordinal interval ratio dasymetric
ordinal
A map that shows US city populations classed by size and represented by four colored symbols is a:?( 17.4-2 ) nominal area map ordinal point map ordinal line map ratio point map dasymetric map
ordinal point map
Landscape metrics measure the values of:( 8.4-2 ) patches, feature classes and whole landscapes points, lines and areas coordinates lengths and areas Fragstats
patches, feature classes and whole landscapes
A set of increasingly high contours loops back around, forming smaller and smaller loops. The innermost loop encloses the:( 14.1-3 ) peak saddle point enclosed depression cut and fill bench mark
peak
The practice of determining the geometric properties of objects from photographic images is called:( 16.3-5 ) aerial photography spectometry photogrammetry resection photogeometry
photogrammetry
What is the practice of determining the geometric properties of objects from photographic images?( 21.1-2 ) photogrammetry computer assisted cartography visual analytics remote sensing geographic information science
photogrammetry
A portable device used in surveying that can hold paper horizontal and be repositioned to align with lines of sight is a:( 16.2-2 ) level stadia rod sextant alidade plane table
plane table
Continuous data are often measured by taking:( 17.7-7 ) point samples line samples area samples minimal samples none of these
point samples
Zero, one, and two data dimensions on a thematic map correspond to:( 17.1-3 ) legends, neat lines and text nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio highways, railroads and survey lines points, lines and area features isolines, hill shading and contours
points, lines and area features
The feature model divides a map's contents into:( 8.1-1 ) patches, landscapes and metrics features, classes and objects points, lines and areas lakes, streams and glaciers planimeters
points, lines and areas
What has the potential to reduce animal and plant disease, minimize application of water and fertilizer, and optimally harvest and plant:( 12.4-2 ) location based services geobrowsers Google global warming precision agriculture
precision agriculture
A cross section through the terrain with a straight line on the x axis and height on the y is called a:( 14.6-2 ) profile perspective view contour line datum isobath
profile
Zillow.com is an LBS relating to:( 12.2-7 ) cupcakes real estate flowers social networking anti-social networking
real estate
In the previous question, if the slope was obviously concave, you would:( 14.2-5 ) reduce the estimate back toward 520m increase the estimate toward 540m multiply the proportion by the contour interval add half the contour interval pick any number, and add it to 520m
reduce the estimate back toward 520m
Topographic and world outline maps are examples of what type of cartography?( 17.1-2 ) dasymetric thematic reference artistic all of these
reference
What is the acquisition of information about an object without being in physical contact with it?( 21.4-2 ) photogrammetry computer assisted cartography visual analytics remote sensing geographic information science
remote sensing
During the period 1957-2006, temperatures in the Western Antarctic:( 20.5-6 ) fell 0.25 degrees fell 0.1 degrees remained the same rose 0.25 degrees science is still debating global warming
rose 0.25 degrees
The three map transformations to be covered in this class are:( 3.2-3 ) RF, rods, and meters generalization, abstraction and labeling scale, projection and symbolization English, American and Australian globes, maps and charts
scale, projection and symbolization
The four types of map generalization covered in this module are:( 9.3-2 ) selection, simplification, combination and displacement selection, elimination, duplication and dispersal selection, warping, distortion and projection selection, identification, specification and anticipation selection, qualification, quality control and implementation
selection, simplification, combination and displacement
Dykstra, A-star, and Bellman-Ford-Moore are examples of:( 19.5-3 ) measures of network diameter accessibility indices network indices, such as alpha and gamma shortest path algorithms brute force solutions
shortest path algorithms
Multipath error in GPS is caused by:( 10.4-8 ) trees branching streets the ionosphere signals bouncing off of solid objects before reaching the receiver clock noise
signals bouncing off of solid objects before reaching the receiver
The metric that is calculated by dividing the actual distance by the "as-the-crow-flies" distance is called:( 18.2-3 ) sinuosity the Lee Sallee measure compactness great circleness the Schumm elongation measure
sinuosity
Why do Hindus seek to be cremated or to visit Varanasi, India?( 24.4-8 ) to drink the crystal clear water of the Ganges so that they can escape the cycle of reincarnation to buy the terrific street food it is in the geometric center of India to visit the place where the Beatles stayed in 1966
so that they can escape the cycle of reincarnation
Which of these is NOT an error found on maps:( 23.1-4 ) omission commission systematic social faux-pas attribute
social faux-pas
A stream near its [blank] is a level 1 stream; most rivers have orders [blank] or below.( 15.5-2 ) mid-course...3 outlet...12 outlet...6 source...6 source...12
source...12
Many airlines use what kind of network?( 19.4-10 ) planar non-symmetric spoke and hub mesh ring aspatial planar
spoke and hub
Which of the following are commonly represented in a Warntz Network?( 15.2-2 ) stream channels, pits, and saddle points slope, elevation, and concavity plate boundaries, folding and faulting bridges, tunnels, and rail lines all of the above
stream channels, pits, and saddle points
Both strike and dip are angles. Which is the direction from true north of the trend of a geological outcrop?( 20.6-3 ) strike direction dip angle strike and dip azimuth compass north
strike direction
Distinct landforms recognizable on the landscape are called:( 15.3-2 ) Warntz Networks metes and bounds terrain skeletons latitude and longitude surface features
surface features
Which type of area feature is usually vaguely defined when mapped:( 8.3-2 ) a road swamps fields in the Township and Range system Military bases the coastline
swamps
Forces that create, destroy and move rock through the lithosphere are called:( 15.6-2 ) eskers 1st order processes upwelling lithographic forces tectonics
tectonics
Mid-level streams: ( 15.5-9 ) tend to meander more than streams near their source generally lose elevation fast frequently form oxbow lakes often build up levees all of the above
tend to meander more than streams near their source
The first college classes in photogrammetry date from:( 21.1-4 ) 1858 the 1920s the 1950s 1934 Photogrammetry is not taught in college
the 1920s
The first generation of USGS topographic maps made using air photos date from:( 21.1-5 ) 1776 1812 1927 the 1950s the 1990s
the 1950s
An example of a feature that has changed its length over three different mappings is:( 8.2-10 ) a soccer field the Washington monument the Colorado state capitol the Madrid bar the Steinhaus longimeter
the Madrid bar
Which of the following metrics compares the area of a feature to the area of a circle with the same perimeter?( 18.2-11 ) the area-perimeter ratio the Miller shape index the Schumm elogation measure the Lee Sallee index the Olympic Ring index
the Miller shape index
The fact that cartometry depends upon the size of the spatial units used for an analysis is known as:( 18.7-2 ) the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Tobler's First Law the Cartometer's Paradox Tissot's Indicatrix the Confluence Conundrum
the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
Cold War spy satellites and balloons used aerial cameras to spy on what denied territory?( 21.1-5 ) France and Spain Texas Bolivia the Soviet Union and China Antarctica
the Soviet Union and China
The length of a line can be measured on a map with:( 8.2-11 ) a planimeter Gunter's chain stadia rods the TerraGo toolbar cell counting
the TerraGo toolbar
Maskirovka was used by what country during the Cold War on its maps?:( 23.5-4 ) South Korea Australia Austria the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics the United States
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
What mapping service is offered by the Department of Agriculture's National Resource Conservation service?:( 12.4-4 ) twitter feeds Openstreetmap.org the Web Soil Survey Seedsbymail.gov the National Map Viewer
the Web Soil Survey
Comparing Landsat images of Tehran, Iran in 1985 and 2009, the major difference is:( 24.3-8 ) the proliferation of nuclear power plants the reduction in the number of roads creation of a new island within Lake Tehran the amount of urban expansion there is no major difference
the amount of urban expansion
Shaded relief methods depend heavily on:( 13.3-5 ) the aspect and zenith angle of the illumination the slope and height of the terrain the maximum height minus the minimum the amount of stereo used where the observer stands on the terrain
the aspect and zenith angle of the illumination
The contours on the Badwater, California USGS topographic map were negative because:( 11.3-8 ) the map was a first draft of sea level rise the map used the latest Geoid the elevations are below sea level, or at least the datum the continent is sinking
the elevations are below sea level, or at least the datum
Determining position without use of a positioning aid or map requires relating ones self to what?( 24.2-2 ) the moons of Jupiter the earth's magnetic field the environment the zero milestone marker Meades Ranch, Kansas
the environment
Embedded inertial coils in the tarmac on streets allows automated traffic light switching and:( 12.3-6 ) the issuing of speeding tickets over the web the sensing of overweight trucks the geosensing of traffic flow automatically slows down cars improves tire performance
the geosensing of traffic flow
Which is a metric unit of area?( 3.5.1-3 ) the acre the square toise the fathom the hectare the ox plow
the hectare
A forest zone was measured for area using cell counting from a map and then an image. Which is probably true?:( 8.3-8 ) the map gave a larger area than the image the map and the image gave exactly the same area the image gave a larger area than the map the number of cells was incorrect the number of cell intersections was incorrect
the image gave a larger area than the map
What is critical to interpreting an area nominal map?( 17.3-6 ) a scale the map title having the map text in English the legend there is no such thing as an area nominal map
the legend
Route planning using dead reckoning means using the map to precompute:( 11.3-2 ) the bearings of segments the magnetic declination the lengths and bearings of legs the lengths and bearings of great circles the grid north
the lengths and bearings of legs
Two things used at sea that drastically improved accuracy in positioning in the late 1700s were:( 10.1-4 ) the lunar distance method and the marine chronometer calculus and analytical geometry The time clock and the radio The moons of jupiter and the telescope Trilateration and GPS
the lunar distance method and the marine chronometer
When we zoom in on a map in a computer window:( 9.1-10 ) the map extent increases and the amount of detail shown decreases the map extent decreases and the amount of detail shown decreases the map extent increases and the amount of detail shown increases the map extent decreases and the amount of detail shown increases all of the above
the map extent decreases and the amount of detail shown increases
What is the metric unit of length?( 3.5.1-2 ) the meter the kilogram the hectare the acre the decimeter
the meter
Generally speaking, the more contours on a map with a given contour interval:( 13.4-10 ) the more the azimuth the less the slope the more the slope the higher the elevation the lower the elevation
the more the slope
A distribution metric that compares the measured mean point separation to the expected mean point separation if the distribution were random is:( 18.5-2 ) the nearest neighbor statistic compactness Schumm elongation measure the quadrat statistic Yule's Q
the nearest neighbor statistic
In a fully connected planar graph:( 19.3-6 ) all nodes link directly to other nodes the number of links is less than the number of nodes - 1 links can cross each other the nodes connect with all the adjacent nodes, forming a convex hull the connectivity is less than 0.5
the nodes connect with all the adjacent nodes, forming a convex hull
Online mapping systems generalize to many levels, and show the map at the window size and zoom level that is appropriate. This means that at particular map scales during zooming:( 9.4-2 ) the map changes projections the number of features, labels, and line smoothness "jumps" the window size and zoom level stay constant all features become displaced qualification and dispersal erase the entire map
the number of features, labels, and line smoothness "jumps"
the "Map of the State of Nebraska showing the lands of the Burlington & Missouri RR Co. 1876" was used to promote:( 23.2-4 ) the railroads, by promoting settlement and agriculture the California Gold Fields exploration along rivers the Public Land Survey system traveling salesmen
the railroads, by promoting settlement and agriculture
In cartography, map scale is expressed as:( 9.1-2 ) townships and ranges the coordinate system the projection the representative fraction all of the above
the representative fraction
Slope is( 13.4-10 ) the top over the bottom the relief the rise over the run the azimuth and the zenith the height
the rise over the run
Since 2003 what problem has left parallel diagonal lines along the edges of Landsat image swaths?( 21.4-8 ) errors made when the camera lens was manufactured the increased curvature of the earth a collision with space junk interference from the increasing number of cell phones the satellite's scan line corrector failure
the satellite's scan line corrector failure
Naismith's rule allows you to calculate:( 11.3-4 ) the speed of travel when sailing the speed of travel when flying the speed of travel when driving the speed of travel when walking the heights of Scottish mountains
the speed of travel when walking
n oblate spheroid or oblate ellipsoid is:( 2.8-2 ) the three dimensional figure traced by an ellipse rotated about either of its foci the three dimensional figure traced out by an ellipse rotated about its longer axis the three dimensional figure traced out by an ellipse rotated about its shorter axis the two dimensional figured traced out by a pencil guided by a loop of string constrained by two nails a slightly dented sphere
the three dimensional figure traced out by an ellipse rotated about its shorter axis
Road distances in the United States are measured with reference to:( 8.2-15 ) the Washington meridian the zero mile marker in Washington DC Meades ranch in Kansas (0, 0) the price of gas
the zero mile marker in Washington DC
A map dedicated to showing the distribution of a pattern or distribution of a single variable is a:( 17.1-3 ) thematic map topographic map general purpose map dasymetric map choropleth map
thematic map
Why are mazes good places to test spatial ability?( 24.1-3 ) they are usually available around Halloween they have nice green hedges humans always solve them using only one strategy they deliberately remove all environmental clues to location they are cheap to make and use
they deliberately remove all environmental clues to location
Bias in old maps was often inevitable because:( 23.2-2 ) pens were wider in the old days their tools and methods implied sophistication so much empty space was available on the maps they were paid for by sponsors and patrons all of the above
they were paid for by sponsors and patrons
Rubber sheeting is used:( 16.3-7 ) in cartometry to measure the length of linear features on maps with a plane table and alidade, to determine the distance between two locations to determine the amount of radial displacement on an aerial photograph to warp an aerial photograph into the correct map geometry by disreputable cartographers to deceive map readers
to warp an aerial photograph into the correct map geometry
A network without cycles is called a(n):( 19.4-2 ) planar graph dykstra unconnected graph symmetric graph tree
tree
A graphic consisting of adjacent rectangles, sized and colored according to some value is called a:( 21.3-6 ) word cloud tag map box plot network graph tree map
tree map
What method was first used to establish accurate height measurements?( 16.1-2 ) photogrammetry triangulation RADAR LiDAR cartometry
triangulation
A bivariate choropleth map shows: ( 20.1-7 ) poverty level two variables, such as income and education, using colors and shades three variables, using the height of the column glyph multiple variables shown using pie charts at points none of the above
two variables, such as income and education, using colors and shades
A network graph with 6 nodes and 4 links is:( 19.3-5 ) connected unconnected non-symmetric aspatial non-planar
unconnected
To fully understand a streetscape, including determining the location, date and what is happening you should:( 24.4-7 ) rely on wikipedia use Google Maps do a Google image similarity search use web accounts, and all available maps and images call a friend
use web accounts, and all available maps and images
Location based services are systems that:( 10.6-2 ) send you advertisements depending on what else you have purchased use wireless mobile devices, the web, and positioning technology to provide access to applications and services depending on geographic location are based on space vehicles and receivers as aids to positioning will apply carrier phase GPS corrections for a fee take advantage of your web browser to post advertisements on your screen
use wireless mobile devices, the web, and positioning technology to provide access to applications and services depending on geographic location
The USGS's "Did You Feel It" earthquake website is an example of: ( 20.6-2 ) a social network user-contributed geographic information use of the National Map the wireless web nominal area mapping
user-contributed geographic information
A clinometer is used to measure what?( 16.2.2-4 ) altitude vertical angles atmospheric pressure distance radioactivity
vertical angles
Five lakes with different shapes are represented on a map. Which of the following lake shapes could produce a Schumm index value of 0.1?( 18.2-12 ) very long and skinny oval-shaped close to circular rectangular doughnut-shaped
very long and skinny
Being able to zoom anywhere on earth and see the location on a map of image view is called:( 12.2-9 ) virtually crazy virtual reality virtual travel virtual street viewing a virtue
virtual travel
What is the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by visual interactive interfaces?( 21.3-2 ) photogrammetry computer assisted cartography visual analytics remote sensing geographic information science
visual analytics
What is user-generated geospatial content contributed by its producers to a web based collective?( 12.5-2 ) geocaching Dijkstra's algorithm free computer programs volunteered geographic information web content
volunteered geographic information
Alluvial fans are found:( 15.5-13 ) on a beach, near cliffs at the base of headlands eroded by wave action at the Beachville Alluvials baseball games where streams pass from mountainous to flat terrain inside eskers
where streams pass from mountainous to flat terrain
A graphic consisting of jumbled text, with font size proportional to word frequency is called a:( 21.3-5 ) word cloud tag map box plot network graph tree map
word cloud
Maps showing weather and climate information can be found at:( 20.5-2 ) www.choropleth.biz www.weatherbug.com www.zillow.com www.cartogis.org all of these
www.weatherbug.com
If you follow the strategy of: always turn left, unless it is an obvious dead end in which case backtrack to a decision point and turn right, what will happen in a maze?( 24.1-6 ) you will remain in an infinite loop, unable to find the exit you will find your way back to the entrance you will find your way to the exit you will never backtrack along a segment all of the above
you will find your way to the exit
Geoprivacy is:( 22.6-4 ) your right and ability to limit knowledge of your location an mode when using Google maps only used in the UK the act of blurring license plates in Google Earth none of these
your right and ability to limit knowledge of your location