507 CITI Authorship (RCR-Basic), Conflicts of Interest (RCR-Basic), Mentoring (RCR-Basic), Peer Review (RCR-Basic), Research Misconduct (RCR-Basic), & Collaborative Research (RCR-Basic)

Which of the following is a key reason why international collaborations can be challenging? a) There are currently no international ethical guidelines for research. b) The collaborators may have different disciplinary and cultural backgrounds and practices. c) Federal agencies are not permitted to encourage international collaborations. d) International collaboration is rare and is on the decline.

b) The collaborators may have different disciplinary and cultural backgrounds and practices.

The entity that normally is supposed to determine whether an academic researcher's conflict of interest can be managed is: a) The university president b) The faculty senate c) A conflict of interest committee d) The researcher

c) A conflict of interest committee

Which of the following is true about conflicts of interest? a) A project must be funded by an external source in order for any conflicts of interest to be present. b) Researchers are not permitted to have any conflicts of interest. c) Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias. d) A financial dimension must be present in order for it to be a conflict of interest.

c) Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias.

Which of the following is represents plagiarism? a) Selectively presenting data that support the key findings of a paper. b) Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own. c) Listing someone as an author who did not actually contribute to the publication. d) Failing to report all of a study's conditions.

b) Presenting someone else's ideas or words and claiming them as one's own.

Which of the following is the most effective strategy for preventing research misconduct? a) Good mentoring b) Working unsupervised c) Creating hypercompetitive research environments d) Limiting data sharing

a) Good mentoring

The defining characteristic of a mentor is someone who: a) Takes a sincere interest in the growth and development of a trainee. b) Advises a trainee on which academic courses to take. c) Pays for a trainee's research projects. d) Advises a trainee on how to complete paperwork for graduation.

a) Takes a sincere interest in the growth and development of a trainee.

What is the main function of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 as it relates to academic institutions? a) It allows institutions to have control over the intellectual property from federally-funded research. b) It requires the ethical treatment of human subjects during research. c) It protects the confidentiality of research results. d) It guarantees researchers the right to publish their results in the journal of their choice.

a) It allows institutions to have control over the intellectual property from federally-funded research.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the mentoring relationship? a) Mentors teach trainees about aspects of academic life that are not covered in textbooks. b) Mentoring relationships happen naturally and do not require work. c) A mentoring relationship must not turn into a friendship or else it is a failure. d) Graduate students, but not mentors, gain from the mentoring relationship.

a) Mentors teach trainees about aspects of academic life that are not covered in textbooks.

Reviewers have a responsibility to promote ethical peer review by: a) Preserving the confidentiality of the submission. b) Seeking the help of others in the research team to perform the review. c) Revealing their identity to the authors of the manuscript or grant proposal. d) Using the information contained in a reviewed manuscript to further their own research.

a) Preserving the confidentiality of the submission.

The typical first main phase in response to a research misconduct allegation is called: a) The inquiry b) The adjudication c) Remediation d) The audit

a) The inquiry

In any collaboration, data ownership is typically determined by: a) The type and source of funds used to support the project. b) The relevant department chairs. c) The individual who does the most work on the project. d) The research team with access to the best lawyers.

a) The type and source of funds used to support the project.

If a researcher creates the idea for a project and is not listed in the preferred author order position on resulting publications, is this considered to be research misconduct under federal policy? a) No; instead it is a type of financial conflict of interest. b) No; instead it is a type of authorship dispute. c) Yes because it involves a form of fabrication. d) Yes because it involves a form of falsification.

b) No; instead it is a type of authorship dispute.

The main reason that grant proposal reviewers with a conflict of interest should remove themselves from the review process is because: a) Their removal lessens the chance that bias will affect the review process​. b) Having a conflict of interest means an individual does not have the time to perform the review. c) Having a conflict of interest means an individual does not have the relevant expertise to perform the review. d) The author of the proposal may learn about the situation.

a) Their removal lessens the chance that bias will affect the review process​.

If a friendship with an applicant could interfere with a hiring decision, this is typically referred to as: a) An institutional conflict of interest. b) A personal conflict of interest. c) Research misconduct. d) A financial conflict of interest.

b) A personal conflict of interest.

Which of the following is true regarding data acquisition? a) A data acquisition plan is not needed because the process can be very flexible to accommodate changes that occur as the research unfolds. b) Data acquisition should follow a detailed collection plan that is set in advance. c) Because data acquisition is often technical, the research team does not need to be involved and it can be outsourced to external professionals. d) Existing data sets from other researchers can be used without restriction.

b) Data acquisition should follow a detailed collection plan that is set in advance.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines? a) Acquiring funding for a research project is sufficient to warrant authorship. b) Individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship but who have made a noteworthy contribution are normally listed in the acknowledgments section. c) Conducting the technical aspects of the research is sufficient to warrant authorship. d) The first author is the only person who is held publicly responsible for the contents of the paper.

b) Individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship but who have made a noteworthy contribution are normally listed in the acknowledgments section.

Which of the following most accurately describes data lifecycle management (DLM)? a) It refers to the obligation to share data imposed by professional journals. b) It refers to the tools and processes for handling data during a research study and after it concludes. c) It refers to the data collection requirements of a particular organization. d) It refers to the obligation to uphold data confidentiality imposed by federal law.

b) It refers to the tools and processes for handling data during a research study and after it concludes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the regulations that govern research? a) The research of an international graduate student enrolled at a U.S. university is not governed by U.S. regulations unless the student plans to publish the results. b) U.S. funded research collaborations are often governed by U.S. regulations no matter where the research takes place. c) International research is governed by the United Nations instead of any specific country's regulations. d) International research collaborations involving U.S. funded researchers are not governed by U.S. regulations when the work takes place at a private university.

b) U.S. funded research collaborations are often governed by U.S. regulations no matter where the research takes place.

If researchers allow their moral or other personal beliefs to influence their objectivity, this is most likely an example of: a) A financial conflict of interest b) Fabrication c) A conflict of conscience d) A conflict of commitment

c) A conflict of conscience

Which of the following is true regarding data analysis? a) Data analysis methods are generally uniform across disciplines. b) Disciplines and professions do not provide guidance on data analysis. c) Data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins. d) Data analysis methods can typically be specified at the close of a study after it is clear what kind of data has been collected.

c) Data analysis methods should usually be specified in advance before a study begins.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the review process for grant proposals? a) Once one federal agency has approved a grant proposal, the other agencies do not need to review it. b) The peer review process is the same across all federal agencies. c) Funding agencies usually have committees, often with external reviewers, that assess the quality of the proposal. d) Applicants who submit grant proposals are informed in advance as to who will review their proposals.

c) Funding agencies usually have committees, often with external reviewers, that assess the quality of the proposal.

Which of the following most accurately describes the practice of ghost authorship? a) It is a situation where someone provides constructive comments on a manuscript before it is submitted. b) It is a situation where a high-profile researcher is added as an author to improve the chance of publishing a manuscript. c) It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author. d) It is a situation where someone does not publish all of the data that have been collected.

c) It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author.

Which of the following statements about mentoring is true? a) Trainees are bound to find the one individual who is the "truly complete mentor". b) Junior faculty members need no further mentoring for their professional development. c) Mentors can provide valuable advice to trainees regarding career decisions and contacts with leaders in their field of research. d) The mentor - trainee relationship is rarely of benefit to the mentor.

c) Mentors can provide valuable advice to trainees regarding career decisions and contacts with leaders in their field of research.

What is the most appropriate process for research collaborators to use in determining which journal they should submit their work to? a) It is appropriate to submit the work to any peer reviewed journal. b) Submit the work to several journals that represent the interests of all the authors. c) The research team should discuss the issue early on and while the project is ongoing. d) Obtain advice from the Technology Transfer Office.

c) The research team should discuss the issue early on and while the project is ongoing.

Which of the following is true regarding the traditional peer review process: a) Under single-blind review, the identity of the reviewer is revealed to the author. b) Under double-blind review, the identity of the reviewer is revealed to the author. c) Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer. d) Under double-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer.

c) Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer.

If there is sufficient evidence to proceed, what is the next main phase that takes place after the inquiry in response to a research misconduct allegation? a) Arbitration b) The resolution c) Mediation d) An investigation

d) An investigation

What are the three main goals of data lifecycle management (DLM)? a) Ownership, propriety, and control b) Technology, sharing, and disposal c) Secrecy, privacy, and disposal d) Confidentiality, availability, and integrity

d) Confidentiality, availability, and integrity

Which of the following most accurately describes good mentoring practice? a) Informing trainees that faculty are the only individuals who have enough experience to serve as mentors. b) Avoiding being a mentor unless one works in the same research field as a trainee. c) Informing trainees that they must rely on their adviser for all mentoring. d) Encouraging trainees to receive mentoring from a collection of individuals.

d) Encouraging trainees to receive mentoring from a collection of individuals.

The main focus of NIH's conflict of interest policy is: a) Academic conflicts of interest b) Conflicts of conscience c) Personal conflicts of interest d) Financial conflicts of interest

d) Financial conflicts of interest

Which of the following is the primary criterion for authorship? a) Correcting grammatical mistakes in the manuscript. b) Obtaining financial support for the work. c) Having read a draft of the manuscript before it is published. d) Having made a significant intellectual contribution to the work.

d) Having made a significant intellectual contribution to the work.

Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers? a) The research record is not affected by an author who publishes the same work multiple times. b) Journal editors do not require authors to obtain permission for reusing the same content. c) Authors are never allowed to publish the same content multiple times. d) If the same contents used in multiple papers, it is essential that this information be properly disclosed to journal editors and other relevant entities.

d) If the same contents used in multiple papers, it is essential that this information be properly disclosed to journal editors and other relevant entities.

According to U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, which of the following is considered to be research misconduct? a) Gift authorship b) Conflict of interest c) Harassing a co-worker d) Plagiarism

d) Plagiarism

Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of reviewers? a) Reviewers can make use of the information in a manuscript before it is published, giving them an advantage over competitors. b) Reviewers should be an advocate for the author and to help convince the editor to publish the manuscript. c) Reviewers are not supposed to turn down opportunities to review manuscripts even if they lack the relevant expertise. d) Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed.

d) Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed.

Which of the following is most directly related to successful mentoring? a) A passive mentoring relationship on the part of the trainee. b) A working relationship in which the mentor harshly criticizes the trainee's work. c) The absence of boundaries in the mentor-trainee relationship. d) Someone who is committed to the professional development of the trainee.

d) Someone who is committed to the professional development of the trainee.

In the research context, the term validity most commonly refers to: a) Whether funding has been obtained for the project. b) Whether a project has been approved by an oversight board. c) Whether a project is worth pursuing. d) Whether operationalized terms actually measure what they purport to measure.

d) Whether operationalized terms actually measure what they purport to measure.