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functional fixedness

Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates

It is very difficult to get someone to change his or her unrealistically negative self-image. This best illustrates the importance of a. the representativeness heuristic. b. belief perseverance. c. fixation. d. overconfidence. e. the framing effect.

B) belief perseverance

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce a. the framing effect. b. heuristics. c. intuition. d. confirmation bias. e. algorithms.

D) confirmation bias

genetic factors

In suggesting that our ancestral history has prepared us to fear snakes, psychologists are emphasizing that what we fear is influenced by

expertise and a venturesome personality

The components of creativity include

perceived control

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile?

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called:

babbling

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to

encoding

Stress and anxiety are most likely to contribute to:

overconfidence

Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the:

representativeness heuristic.

Which of the following best illustrates overgeneralization in a young child's speech pattern? a. "Want juice." b. "Fish, Fish! Look at the fish!" c. "Momma holded the baby." d. "Da-da, na-na, ta-ta." e. "Doggy big."

"Momma holded the baby."

the availability heuristic

After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficultly recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from

Amnesia

a heuristic

As he attempted to spell the word receive, Tim reminded himself i before e except after c. Tim's self-reminder best illustrates the use of

How many morphemes are in the word "bats"? a. 4 b. 3 c. 0 d. 1 e. 2

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short term memories for three consonants almost completely decay short a time as

12 seconds

11. In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of A) memory construction. B) long-term potentiation. C) flashbulb memory. D) sensory memory. E) mood-congruent memory.

16. After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates A) source amnesia. B) proactive interference. C) implicit memory. D) the self-reference effect. E) flashbulb memory.

23. Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia? A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature. B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding. C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events. D) Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants. E) Birth trauma prevents explicit encoding.

24. For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. A) iconic B) flashbulb C) recall D) explicit E) implicit

32. By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her college textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of A) hierarchical organization. B) the method of loci. C) the serial position effect. D) automatic processing. E) the spacing effect.

33. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term "proactive interference." Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of A) automatic processing. B) the serial position effect. C) the spacing effect. D) the method of loci. E) the next-in-line effect.

35. The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of A) semantic encoding. B) source amnesia. C) iconic memory. D) flashbulb memory. E) repression.

37. The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of A) chunking. B) the "peg-word" system. C) automatic processing. D) the spacing effect. E) the method of loci.

41. The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was A) Skinner. B) Pavlov. C) Watson. D) Bandura. E) Garcia.

56. Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via A) interneurons. B) the circulatory system. C) sensory neurons. D) the sympathetic nervous system. E) the endocrine system.

an algorithm

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

A mental set is a

creativity

A mental set is most likely to inhibit

algorithms

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

availability heuristic

A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgments are influenced by the

the availability heuristic

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by

Lavonne was careful to avoid the use of dangling participles and run-on sentences in her essay because she did not want to lose points for faulty a. grammar. b. phonemes. c. morphemes. d. algorithms. e. semantics.

A) Grammar

Which of the following best explains why Ebbinghaus found the task of learning new lists of nonsense syllables increasingly difficult as his research career progressed? a. proactive interference b. misattribution c. retroactive interference d. the spacing effect e. source amnesia

A) Proactive interference

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of a. semantic encoding. b. priming. c. the "peg-word" system. d. automatic processing. e. the serial position effect.

A) Semantic encoding

Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Anika's decision best illustrates the use of a. a prototype. b. trial and error. c. insight. d. a heuristic. e. an algorithm.

A) a heuristic

Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of:

thinking

Many successful athletes prepare for contests by imagining themselves performing their events. This mental rehearsal best illustrates the effectiveness of:

thinking without language.

In describing what he calls the seven sings of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to

transience

In testing thousands of different materials for use as lightbulb filaments, Thomas Edison best illustrated a problem-solving approach known as:

trial and error

Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates a. belief perseverance. b. fixation. c. the availability heuristic. d. trial and error. e. confirmation bias

trial and error

Children begin to demonstrate appropriate use of syntax during the ________ stage.

two word

Our capacity for thinking without language is best illustrated by a. unconscious information processing. b. fixation. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. the framing effect.

unconscious processing

Chimpanzees are capable of learning to:

understand spoken words. b. string signs together into a meaningful sequence. c. use computer keyboards to communicate with other chimps.

Chomksy suggested that diverse human languages share a a. confirmation bias. b. universal grammar. c. fixation. d. outcome simulation. e. category hierarchy.

universal grammar

Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of

visual imagery

expertise

well developed base of knowledge

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that a. all languages share a similar grammar. b. words shape the way people think. c. our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status. d. morphemes and phonemes build grammar and language. e. infancy is a critical period for language development

words shape the way people think

The integration of new incoming information with the knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

working memory

At 17 months of age, Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

19. The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful A) echoic memory. B) retrieval cue. C) implicit memory. D) spacing effect. E) mnemonic.

28. The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of A) imagery. B) chunking. C) the spacing effect. D) the serial position effect. E) the method of loci.

30. After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory. A) echoic B) short-term C) flashbulb D) long-term E) implicit

38. During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates A) the spacing effect. B) automatic processing. C) rosy retrospection. D) echoic memory. E) short term memory.

43. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of A) secondary reinforcement. B) generalization. C) shaping. D) latent learning. E) spontaneous recovery.

46. Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curve and thickness of the A) rods and cones. B) lens. C) bipolar cells. D) optic nerve. E) cornea.

49. Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called A) egocentrism. B) assimilation. C) imprinting. D) attachment. E) accommodation.

52. A child's temperament is likely to be A) difficult to observe. B) stable over time. C) a product of parenting style. D) a reflection of his or her gender schema. E) different as an infant than as a teenager.

58. The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the A) mean. B) range. C) median. D) standard deviation. E) correlation coefficient.

60. The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as A) functionalism. B) natural selection. C) behavior genetics. D) structuralism. E) introspection.

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact of a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the framing effect. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. confirmation bias. e. overconfidence.

B) the framing effect

the representative heuristic

Because Ken is 64, people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his high school basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of

confirmation bias

babbling stage

Beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. The best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

Bodys release of stress hormones

fixations

Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid

confirmation bias

Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates

the availability heuristic

By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of

12. Our schemas often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of A) long-term potentiation. B) automatic processing. C) memory construction. D) the spacing effect. E) visual encoding.

15. Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful recollections of the rare occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates A) source misattribution. B) retroactive interference. C) mood-congruent memory. D) the misinformation effect. E) repression.

18. Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to A) chunking. B) relearning. C) priming. D) repression. E) the spacing effect.

22. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________. A) short-term memory; long-term memory B) explicit memory; implicit memory C) visual stimulation; auditory stimulation D) automatic processing; effortful processing E) flashbulb memory; implicit memory

26. Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of A) the spacing effect. B) implicit memory. C) acoustic encoding. D) chunking. E) state-dependent memory.

29. The method of loci is to imagery as acronyms are to A) priming. B) rehearsal. C) chunking. D) recency. E) spacing.

34. On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items A) at the beginning of the list. B) at the end of the list. C) in the middle of the list. D) at the beginning and in the middle of the list. E) at the middle and the end of the list.

36. The organization of information into meaningful units is called A) automatic processing. B) the spacing effect. C) chunking. D) the method of loci. E) the "peg-word" system.

40. Memory is best defined as A) the conscious encoding of information. B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded. C) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information. D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded. E) recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.

42. Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate A) shaping. B) extrinsic motivation. C) classical conditioning. D) observational learning. E) negative reinforcement.

55. Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of A) association areas. B) glial cells. C) synaptic gaps. D) interneurons. E) neural networks.

57. The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is A) 6. B) 14. C) 36. D) 48. E) 100.

59. Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective. A) psychodynamic B) social-cultural C) evolutionary D) behavioral E) cognitive

Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that A) the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds. B) repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood sexual abuse. C) we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative as well as positive events. D) the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten. E) professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false childhood memories.

Research participants who were exposed to very convincing arguments about the desirability of frequent toothbrushing misrecalled how frequently they had brushed their teeth in the preceding two weeks. This best illustrates A) the self-reference effect. B) proactive interference. C) motivated forgetting. D) the spacing effect. E) semantic encoding.

Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely due to a failure in a. implicit memory. b. iconic memory. c. encoding. d. storage. e. retrieval.

C) Encoding

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially a. slow and subsequently stays slow. b. rapid and subsequently stays rapid. c. rapid and subsequently slows down. d. steady and subsequently speeds up. e. slow and subsequently speeds up.

C) Rapid and subsequently slows down

Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of a. the serial position effect. b. long-term potentiation. c. the spacing effect. d. implicit memory. e. automatic processing.

C) The spacing effect

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________. a. explicit memory; implicit memory b. automatic processing; effortful processing c. visual stimulation; auditory stimulation d. flashbulb memory; implicit memory e. short-term memory; long-term memory

C) Visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

Jacquelyn suffered symptoms so similar to those associated with appendicitis that she erroneously concluded that she needed to have her appendix removed. Jacquelyn's conclusion best illustrates the influence of a. the availability heuristic. b. fixation. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the framing effect. e. confirmation bias.

C) the representative heuristic

Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced memories following enhanced production of protein

CREB

Which linguistic theorist was most impressed by the underlying similarities of all human language systems?

Chomsky

language acquisition device

Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally

Four year old Sarah told her mom, "The doggy runned away." Which theory would most likely emphasize the significance of Sarah's misapplication of a grammatical rule?

Chomsky's language acquisition theory

13. When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________ failure. A) rehearsal B) storage C) encoding D) retrieval E) automatic processing

20. The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of A) the method of loci. B) echoic memory. C) the spacing effect. D) retrieval cues. E) implicit memory.

21. By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory. A) echoic B) flashbulb C) state-dependent D) iconic E) implicit

25. The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as A) chunking. B) the next-in-line effect. C) automatic processing. D) long-term potentiation. E) proactive interference.

27. As an aid to memorizing lengthy speeches, ancient Greek orators would visualize themselves moving through familiar locations. They were making use of A) the serial position effect. B) the next-in-line effect. C) implicit memory. D) the method of loci. E) the spacing effect.

31. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. A) iconic B) implicit C) echoic D) long-term E) short-term

39. Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively remember seeing a specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of A) the method of loci. B) the "peg-word" system. C) automatic processing. D) semantic encoding. E) the next-in-line effect.

44. The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the importance of A) difference thresholds. B) sensory adaptation. C) equilibrium. D) sensory interaction. E) accommodation.

48. Identical twins with similar values and preferences are not very strongly attracted to one another's fiancés. This fact has been used to suggest that romantic attraction is influenced by A) fluid intelligence. B) the social clock. C) secondary sex characteristics. D) chance encounters. E) basic trust.

50. Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates A) collectivism. B) individualism. C) natural selection. D) a biopsychosocial approach. E) gender-typing.

51. As members of the human family, we all share a common A) value system. B) personal space. C) gender schema. D) biological heritage. E) gender role.

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates A) retroactive interference. B) the next-in-line effect. C) source amnesia. D) proactive interference. E) repression.

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates A) state-dependent memory. B) mood-congruent memory. C) the spacing effect. D) source amnesia. E) the next-in-line effect.

Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated A) proactive interference. B) the self-reference effect. C) the spacing effect. D) the misinformation effect. E) state-dependent memory.

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates A) proactive interference. B) implicit memory. C) the self-reference effect. D) the misinformation effect. E) mood-congruent memory.

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of a. relearning. b. the serial position effect. c. priming. d. automatic processing. e. the spacing effect.

D) Automatic processing

Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would engage in a. divergent thinking. b. confirmation bias. c. framing. d. convergent thinking. e. belief perseverance.

D) Convergent thinking

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of a. implicit memory. b. priming. c. chunking. d. rehearsal. e. imagery.

D) Rehersal

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of a. linguistic determinism. b. morphemes. c. syntax. d. semantics. e. prototypes.

D) Semantics

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed? a. echoic memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. working memory e. the cerebellum

D) Working memory

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. a. long-term; short-term b. short-term; long-term c. iconic; echoic d. implicit; explicit e. explicit; implicit

D) implicit; explicit

When children are interviewed about their recollections of possible sexual abuse, their reports are especially credible if a. they use anatomically correct dolls to indicate if and where they had been physically touched. b. they express strong feelings about the memories and seem convinced that the memories are accurate. c. after responding to an interviewer, they are repeatedly asked the same question they just answered. d. involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview. e. they are asked specific, detailed questions about the issue rather than more general, open-ended questions.

D) involved adults have not discussed the issue with them prior to the interview

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory. a. implicit b. short-term c. echoic d. long-term e. iconic

D) long-term

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a junior high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of a. chunking. b. the spacing effect. c. source amnesia. d. priming. e. automatic processing.

D) priming

The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of a. automatic processing. b. parallel processing. c. flashbulb memory. d. the serial position effect. e. rehearsal.

D) the serial position effect

the availability heuristic

the representative heuristic

Dr. Bloomfield's patient was complaining of feeling worthless, lethargic, and uninterested in typically enjoyable activities. Dr. Bloomfleld simply matched those few symptoms with the textbook definition of depression and diagnosed the patient as depressed. However, her diagnosis may be incorrect as she may be ignoring other pertinent information. Dr. Bloomfield's potential misdiagnosis is likely due to which of the following?

10. The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called A) state-dependent memory. B) retroactive interference. C) the serial position effect. D) the spacing effect. E) proactive interference.

14. As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates A) the self-reference effect. B) mood-congruent memory. C) proactive interference. D) implicit memory. E) source amnesia.

17. Adults who have trouble remembering incidences of childhood sexual abuse have often been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties are due to A) memory storage failure. B) the misinformation effect. C) memory encoding failure. D) proactive interference. E) repression.

45. The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of A) temperature. B) color. C) brightness. D) pain. E) pitch.

53. Deep sleep appears to play an important role in A) narcolepsy. B) sleep apnea. C) paradoxical sleep. D) posthypnotic amnesia. E) physical growth.

54. Sleeptalking may occur during A) Stage 1 sleep. B) Stage 2 sleep. C) REM sleep. D) Stage 4 sleep. E) any stage of sleep.

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates A) the self-reference effect. B) mood-congruent memory. C) proactive interference. D) implicit memory. E) source amnesia.

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates A) the spacing effect. B) proactive interference. C) the serial position effect. D) motivated forgetting. E) state-dependent memory.

Speed-reading complex material yields little long-term retention because it inhibits A) the serial position effect. B) retroactive interference. C) the next-in-line effect. D) proactive interference. E) rehearsal.

According to Dr. Chew, which item is not a factor in deep processing? a. Distinctiveness b. Elaboration c. Personal Experience d. Appropriate to Retrieval and Application e. Memorization and re-reading notes

E) Memorization and re-reading notes

Stereotypes can often influence the form in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of a. explicit memory b. long-term potentiation. c. the spacing effect. d. automatic processing. e. memory construction.

E) Memory construction

After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of a. the framing effect. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. confirmation bias. e. the availability heuristic.

E) The availability heuristic

According to Dr. Chew, strategies for deep processing allow us to understand the material applications with greater depth. Which factors does not represent this theory? a. Concept Mapping b. Practice recalling information without your notes c. Question Generation d. Practice using the information e. Using isolated terms to assist in superficial multitasking

E) Using isolated terms to assist in superficial multitasking

reliability

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates

a mental set

In elementary school and high school, Charlie got away with copying his test answers from classmates. Because the college has test proctors who are very observant, Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of

heuristics

In trying to figure out how to copy and paste an item into a document, Arlene could try all possible key combinations or she could check the pull-down menus, a much faster way to solve her problem. Arlene is relying on

the representative heuristic

confirmation bias

Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of

an algorithm

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of

the representative heuristic

Jerome believes that his 4-year-old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy's constant movement resembles Jerome's prototype of hyperactivity. Jerome's

representative heuristic

Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the

a fixation

Kevin so frequently uses threats to get his children to help with household chores that he fails to recognize that using rewards would be more effective in gaining their cooperation. Kevin's shortsightedness best illustrates

the availability heuristic

Lyle was asked if more words start with the letter r, or have r as the third letter. Since he could think of more words that started with r, he concluded that must be the correct answer. Lyle's reasoning best illustrates

the availability heuristic

Many people overestimate how long they actually remain awake during restless nights because their moments of wakefulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep. This best illustrates the impact of

the availability heuristic

Many people underestimate the number of nonfatal heart attacks because they are not as memorable as fatal heart attacks. This illustrates the shortcoming of relying on

functional fixedness

Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates

the representative heuristic

Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an older person must be indicative of Alzheimer's disease best illustrates the impact of

confirmation bias

Myra has such low self-esteem that she typically expects critical comments about her appearance and behavior. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of

representative heuristic

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the

confirmation bias

People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency?

confirmation bias

Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce

immediate

Smokers with a greater fear of flying than of smoking's toxicity best illustrate that we often have a greater fear of risks that are

fixation

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving

the availability heuristic

State lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of

the availability heuristic

Tapes of abducted and brutalized children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of

search for information that supports our preconceptions

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

disregard probability information that is relevant to our judgments

The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to

a fixation

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called

the availability heuristic

The indelible memories of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of

are intrinsically motivated to solve problems

The most creative scientists are those who

judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype

The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to

the representative heuristic

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of

confirmation bias

The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called

functional fixedness

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called

Wernike's Aphasia

Unable to understand language: the syntax and grammar jumbled

confirmation bias

University students were asked to figure out the rule used to devise the three-number sequence 2-4-6. After generating sets of three numbers to learn whether their sets met the rule, they typically convinced themselves of the wrong rule. Their errors best illustrated the impact of

functional fixedness

When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates

extrinsic motivation

Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by

Asked to write an opinion paper on capital punishment, MacKenzie primarily searches for evidence that supports her opposition to the practice.

Which of the following best illustrates confirmation bias?

Wynona can't find a hammer and doesn't realize she could use her shoe to pound a nail into the wall.

Which of the following best illustrates functional fixedness?

Which of the following would most likely be cited as evidence in support of the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." when she asks, "are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words

Telegraphic speech is a. a grammatically correct two-word utterance. b. evident before babbling occurs. c. considered a form of receptive language. d. a system of language rules for combining morphemes. e. the smallest unit of language that carries meaning

a grammatically correct two-word utterance.

Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Anika's decision best illustrates the use of a. a prototype. b. an algorithm. c. trial and error. d. a heuristic. e. insight.

a heuristic

Ruth resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Ruth's decision best illustrates the use of:

a heuristic.

concepts

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category

a mental set

The Korean War paratrooper who fell to his death with a left handed parachute apparently suffered the consequences of:

a mental set.

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates

a recency effect

Heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

insight

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

imaginative thinking skills

ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, to make connections

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of

absent-mindedness

Superior memory for rap lyrics that include the most rhymes best illustrates the value of

acoustic encoding

The principles of learning emphasized by behaviorists would be most helpful in explaining why children:

add new words to their vocabulary.

With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

Logical, methodical step by step procedures for solving problems are called:

algorithms

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Using the mnemonic ROY G BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of

an acronym

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem-solving by means of a. the availability heuristic. b. an algorithm. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. belief perseverance. e. fixation.

an algorithm

Ashelle's car would not start. To find the problem she decided to go alphabetically through the repair checklist of all possible reasons the car will not start. Ashelle's strategy best demonstrates a. confirmation bias. b. insight. c. an algorithm. d. fixation. e. a heuristic.

an algorithm

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem-solving by means of a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the availability heuristic. c. fixation. d. an algorithm. e. belief perseverance.

an algorithm

Darla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

an algorithm.

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by a. an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules. b. the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities. c. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly. d. their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents. e. operant and classical conditioning techniques.

an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules.

Long-term potentiation refers to

an increase in a neuron's firing potential

A computer program that employs heuristics to correctly solve a crossword puzzle illustrates an application of:

artificial intelligence.

During the course of the day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the days events. This best illustrates

automatic processing

Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage. a. babbling b. grammar c. telegraphic d. one-word e. syntactic

babbling

two-word stage

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Mr. Potter thinks that all socialists are political liberals and that the governor of his state is a political liberal. Mr. Potter's fear of socialism is so strong that he readily accepts the clearly illogical conclusion that his state governor must be a socialist. His difficulty best illustrates:

belief bias.

We often consider illogical conclusions that happen to agree with our personal opinions to be logically valid. This is known as:

belief bias.

Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates a. the representativeness heuristic. b. belief perseverance. c. the availability heuristic. d. fixation. e. the framing effect.

belief perseverance

The statistical learning explanation of language development ________ claims for an inborn universal grammar and ________ claims for a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules.

challenges; supports

Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during:

childhood

The organization of information into meaningful units is called

chunking

Prototypes are especially important in the process of:

classifying objects.

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent? a. developmental psychology b. cognitive psychology c. clinical psychology d. personality psychology e. biological psychology

cognitive psychology

Professor Thompson's research activities involve the use of computers to simulate human decision-making strategies. Which specialty area does this research best represent?

cognitive psychology

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people is a(n):

concept

When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n):

concept

Broca's aphasia

condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second-grade teacher, watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates a. the availability heuristic. b. the framing effect. c. confirmation bias. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. intuition

confirmation bias

Business managers are more likely to track the career achievements of those they once hired than the accomplishments of those they once rejected. This best illustrates:

confirmation bias.

Fred cites his cousin Millie's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Fred's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects of:

confirmation bias.

Myra has such a low level of self-esteem that she is typically on the lookout for critical comments about her appearance and behavior. Myra best illustrates the dangers of:

confirmation bias.

The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called:

confirmation bias.

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

context effects

Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would engage in a. confirmation bias. b. divergent thinking. c. belief perseverance. d. framing. e. convergent thinking.

convergent thinking

Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on a. convergent thinking. b. divergent thinking. c. belief perseverance. d. the availability heuristic. e. framing

divergent thinking

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

Sounds and words that are not immediately attending to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our __________ memory.

echoic

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely do to

encoding failure

To prevent encoding failure you should

engage in effortful processing

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between

explicit memory and implicit memory

Research on memory construction indicates that

false memories often feel as real as true memories

The English language has ________ letters than phonemes, and the consonant phonemes generally carry ________ information than the vowel phonemes.

fewer; more

fixation

Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid:

fixations

Professor Santos talks very loudly in her unsuccessful efforts to get her students to listen carefully. Her failure to recognize that speaking softly would be a more effective way to gain her student's attention best illustrates the negative consequences of:

fixations

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

flashbulb memories

Short-term memory is slightly better

for auditory information than for visual information

A woman is more likely to abort a pregnancy when informed there is a 50 percent chance of producing an abnormal child than when told there is a 50 percent chance of producing a normal offspring. This best illustrates the significance of:

framing

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by a. confirmation bias. b. framing. c. the availability heuristic. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. the belief perseverance phenomenon.

framing

functional fixedness.

When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates:

functional fixedness.

Research on the language capabilities of apes indicates that they cannot:

grammatically order language symbols as well as most 3 year old children.

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the 7 dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct 7. Why might group 2 recall more names?

group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them

When Sterling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentith of a second, research participants

had a momentary photographic memory of all 9 letters

heuristics

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on:

heuristics

To promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are typically organized into:

hierarchies

Explicit memory is to __________ as implicit memory is to __________.

hippocampus, cerebellum

Karl von Frisch discovered that ________ communicate by means of an intricate dance.

honeybees

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on todays test?

how well does the word describe you?

The address for obtaining tickets to a polar quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates __________ memory.

iconic

Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This more clearly contributes to

imagination inflation

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates __________ memory.

implicit

Cerebellum is to __________ memory as hippocampus is to __________ memory.

implicit, explicit

When English-speaking Canadian children were taught by a French-speaking teacher during their early school years, researchers found that they experienced a(n):

improvement in intellectual aptitude.

grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items...

in the middle of the list

Psychologists are most likely to question whether chimps have the capacity to:

infer another chimp's mental states.

A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called:

insight

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates a. the framing effect. b. insight. c. the belief perseverance phenomenon. d. the availability heuristic. e. a mental set.

insight

In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving? a. insight b. heuristics c. algorithms d. trial and error e. framing

insight

The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a long stick, then used the long stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan's successful acquisition of the fruit was said to be the result of:

insight

The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates:

insight.

If a stranger looks like someone who previously harmed or threatened us in some way, we may—without consciously recalling the earlier experience—react warily. This illustrates that our reactions to others may be influenced by a. critical periods. b. fixation. c. intuition. d. framing. e. algorithms.

intuition

The availability heuristic refers to our tendency to:

judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered.

representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

linguistic determinism

language determines the way we think

According to Chomsky, the fact that young children overgeneralize certain rules of grammatical structure suggests that:

language skills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement.

The most exciting feature of computer neural networks is their capacity to mimic the human ability to:

learn from experience.

If our capacity to form concepts depends on our verbal memory, this would best illustrate a. universal grammar. b. telegraphic speech. c. the framing effect. d. fixation. e. linguistic determinism.

linguistic determinism.

The suggestion that language determines the way we think is known as the ________ hypothesis.

linguistic relativity

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

long-term memory

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

During the earliest stage of speech development, infants:

make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language.

The beginning of babies' receptive language development is best illustrated by their capacity to a. speak in short, telegraphic sentences. b. recognize the distinctive sound of their own voice. c. comprehend the meaning of languages they have never experienced. d. babble only sounds that are part of the household language. e. match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds.

match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds.

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as __________ is to __________.

meaning, imagery

A mnemonic device is

memory aid

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

memory construction

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for an

memory trace

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to

mood-congruent memory

Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful recollections of the rare occasions which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates

mood-congruent memory

Experimental participants reviewed two research studies, one supporting and the other refuting the crime-deterring effectiveness of capital punishment. Afterwards, the opinions of those who initially favored the use of capital punishment became ________ favorable toward its use. The opinions of those who initially opposed the use of capital punishment became ________ favorable toward its use.

more; less

In the words "lightly," "neatly," and "shortly," the "ly" ending is a(n):

morpheme

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called a. morphemes. b. concepts. c. phonemes. d. prototypes. e. heuristics.

morphemes

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called:

morphemes

The linguistic relativity hypothesis is most consistent with the suggestion that "words are the ________ of ideas."

mothers

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

In English, adjectives precede nouns. This is a rule of syntax, which is the a. logical, comparative relationship between subjects and action verbs. b. impact of words in context and their relationship to one another. c. systematic description of nouns, as modified by verbs or adjectives. d. the orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences. e. derivation of meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.

orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences

Syntax refers to the:

orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences.

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

After taking two years of college economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about business to become a millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of:

overconfidence

Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates:

overconfidence

College students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of:

overconfidence

In studies where people have judged whether another is lying or telling the truth, participants have demonstrated high levels of:

overconfidence

Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the availability heuristic. c. framing. d. fixation. e. overconfidence

overconfidence

The human tendency toward intellectual arrogance is best demonstrated by:

overconfidence

How does the brains capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common a. prototype. b. morpheme. c. algorithm. d. phoneme. e. phenotype.

phoneme

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common:

phoneme

You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing spanish helped you learn French. This phenomenon is best explained by

positive transfer

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as

priming

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambitious adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of

priming

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called

proactive interference

Unlike conventional computers, people are capable of:

processing numerous informational units simultaneously.

A best example of a category of objects, events, or people is called a(n):

prototype

Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their ________ of a mammal.

prototype

Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammal a. heuristic. b. algorithm. c. confirmation bias. d. hierarchy. e. prototype.

prototype

People more easily detect male prejudice against women than female prejudice against men because the former more closely resembles their ________ of prejudice.

prototype

When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a a. mental set. b. heuristic. c. fixation. d. algorithm. e. prototype.

prototype

When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a:

prototype

Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.

prototype; category

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure __________; matching concepts with their definitions measures __________

recall;recognition

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

rehearsal

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

rehearsal

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the persons name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called

rehearsal

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the

release of certain neurotransmitters

Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?

repeated quizzing of the information increases the chances that it will be recalled

Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression?

repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material

The process of getting information out of memory is called

retrieval

Sigmund Freud emphasized that forgetting painful experiences is caused by a process that involves

retrieval failure

The title of a song is on the top of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

retrieval failure

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

retroactive interference

Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates

rosy retrospection

Heuristics are:

rule of thumb strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently.

venturesome personality

seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles

Craik and Tulving experimentally demonstrated that people effectively rememberer seeing specific word after they decide whether that word fits into an incomplete sentence. This research highlighted the effectiveness of

semantic encoding

Most people miscall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" was "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of

semantic encoding

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label most of their experiences. This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires

semantic encoding

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of

semantic encoding

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of

semantic encoding

When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of:

semantics

Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________.

semantics; syntax

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to __________ memory.

sensory

Some information in our fleeting __________ is encoded into short-term memory.

sensory memory

The tendency to immediately recall the first in last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the

serial position

Proactive and retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the

serial position effect

Passing an electric current through brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt __________ memory.

short-term

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called __________ memory.

short-term

Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when individuals spent time

sleeping

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remember details from other's traumatic life stories as a part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

source amnesia

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes everyday for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

spacing effect

a creative environment

sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas

Language refers to the a. spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning. b. smallest distinctive sound units. c. rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes. d. rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. e. ways we think about solving problems and communicating those solutions, including framing the issues.

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.

After his last drinking spree, Fakim had hid a half empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakims pattern of recall best illustartes

state-dependency memory

After two minutes of exposure to an unbroken, monotone string of nonsense syllables, infants could recognize three-syllable sequences that appeared repeatedly. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in language development.

statistical learning

Research suggests that a memory traces is most likely to involve

synaptic changes

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.

syntax

Two year old Stephen's sentences—"Dad come," "Mom laugh," and "Truck gone"—are examples of:

telegraphic speech.

A mental set is a:

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past.

Behaviorists such as B. F. Skinner have emphasized that the acquisition of language can be explained in terms of:

the association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities. b. children's imitation of the words and grammar modeled by parents and others. c. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly.

Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of a. fixation. b. confirmation bias. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the availability heuristic. e. overconfidence.

the availability heuristic

Which of the following contributes most directly to people's exaggerated perceptions of the likelihood of air travel disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence?

the availability heuristic

After learning that her two best friends had recently lost their jobs, Julia began to grossly overestimate the national rate of unemployment. Julia's reaction best illustrates the consequences of:

the availability heuristic.

State lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million so as to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence of:

the availability heuristic.

The tendency to estimate that the letter "k" appears more often as the first letter of words than as the third letter best illustrates our use of:

the availability heuristic.

Anderson, Lepper, and Ross gave experimental participants evidence that either risk prone or cautious people make better fire fighters. Participants were later informed that the evidence was fictitious. This experiment was designed to illustrate:

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

Encouraging people to explain why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most likely to promote:

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

The difficulty involved in efforts to modify an unrealistically negative self-image best illustrates:

the belief perseverance phenomenon.

Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates:

the framing effect.

Professional pollsters and survey takers are especially likely to be aware of:

the framing effect.

Fixation

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Leland's language does not distinguish between "family love" and "romantic love," so he has difficulty realizing that he deeply loves his sister. Which of the following is most relevant to Leland's difficulty?

the linguistic relativity hypothesis

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of

the misinformation effect

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that

the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned

Because Ken is 66, people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his college's basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of:

the representativeness heuristic.

Jerome believes that his 4 year old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy's constant movement resembles Jerome's prototype of hyperactivity. Jerome's thinking best illustrates:

the representativeness heuristic.

Miss Jan De Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of a. the representativeness heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. the availability heuristic. d. the framing effect. e. the belief perseverance phenomenon.

the representativeness heuristic.

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a construction worker illustrates the use of:

the representativeness heuristic.

syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

the sequence of your days events

semantics

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

Phonemes are:

the smallest distinctive sound units of a language.

one-word stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model "connectionism?"

7

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