9.3 Where is agriculture distributed?

-six each in the Atlantic and pacific oceans -two in the Indian Ocean -one each in the Mediterranean and Antarctic

16 major fishing regions:

intensive subsistence agriculture

3/4 of the world's people live in developing countries use this type of agriculture(produce food for their own consumption)

double cropping

alternation of crops in the summer and winter

-found by the Mediterranean Sea, western U.S, southern tip of Africa, Chile -crops: olives, grapes, fruit, veggies, citrus fruits, tree nuts -borders a sea (sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter temperatures) -summers are hot and dry -land is very hilly, mountains, narrow stripes of flat land along the coast

Mediterranean things:

market oriented gardens(horticulture) and milk produces

first ring:

animal grazing

forth ring:

truck farming

from the Middle English word truck, meaning "barter" or "exchange of commodities"

plantations

is a large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops

overfishing

is capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

fishing

is the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters

aquaculture

is the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

horitculture

is the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers and tree crop form the commercial base of Mediterranean farming

mono cropping

is the practice of growing the same single crop year after year

-dry lands of western North America, southeastern Latin America, Central Asia, sub Saharan Africa, South Pacific -increasing in developing countries -china is the leading producer of meat the U.S and Brazil -uses farm animals to be killed and sold -ranching generates lower income per area of land although it has lower operating costs

livestock ranching things:

transhumance

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

wood lots

second ring:

dairy farm

specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products

-flat land is prepared by animal power -field is flooded with water (sawah or paddy) -rice seedlings grow for the first month in a nursery -rice is harvested with knives and beating the husks on the ground to separate seeds

steps for planting rice:

Von Thunen Model

the distance from the farm to the market influences the farmer's choice of crop to plant (cost of land and cost of transporting products)

-found in the U.S Midwest and Central Europe and Europe, France, Russia -is the integration of crops and livestock -livestock requires year round attention (crops don't) -most of the crops are feed to animals rather than humans -gets most of income from selling beef, milk, eggs -crops in U.S: maize made into oil, margarine, crops to feed animals (soy beans) —extends from Ohio to the Dakotas (corn belt) in U.S

things about mixed crop and livestock:

milk shed

the ring surrounding the city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

agribusiness (includes food processing, packaging, storage, distribution, retailing, tractor manufacturing, fertilizer production and seed distribution)

the system of commercial farming found in developed countries

-slash and burn -frequent relocation

the two features of shifting cultivation:

-found in southeastern U.S and southeastern Australia -is the predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern U.S -uses truck farming -long growing seasons and humid climate -some fruit and veggies are sold to processors to be carried or froze -crops: apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes

things about commercial gardening:

-found in northeastern u.s southeastern Canada northwestern Europe -sell milk to wholesalers who in return distribute to retailers then consumers -farms that are farther away sell to processors to keep products fresh -face economic difficulties because of declining revenues and rising costs -labor intensive (cows must be milked twice a day)

things about dairy:

-increase in consumption of fish (mostly in developing countries) -there are inland fishing waterways mostly in the Pacific Northwest and Asia's inland waterways -fish consumption has increased more rapidly that population growth -overfishing is mostly in North Atlantic and pacific oceans (tuna and swordfish is reduced by 90%)

things about fishing:

-found in north central U.S, south central Canada, Eastern Europe -wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet (wheat increased in developing countries -consumption for humans -China is ranked first in wheat production -heavily mechanized, conducted on large farms, oriented to consumers preferences -sell to manufactures of food products for cereal and bread

things about grain:

-found mostly in East, South, and Southeast Asia -done by hand and animal use (no machines) and families have small pieces of land they work on together -own several fragmented plots (dividing individual holdings) -uses as much as the land they can get to grow enough crops -uses double cropping to obtain two harvests per year in one field (mostly in southern China and Taiwan)

things about intensive subsistence agriculture:

-found in east and South Asia -the climate is warm mid latitude -rice is the most important food source here but occupies a small percentage of agricultural land -hard labor, time consuming, all done by hand (family members help out)

things about intensive subsistence wet rice dominant:

-found in east and South Asia -climate is cold mid latitude -hard to grow rice with summer precipitation levels too low and winters too harsh -wheat in planted in the fall and no crops are planted in the winter here -interior of china and India are devoted to growing wheat and not rice -primarily work by human power (with animals and tools) -non dominate wet rice regions use crop rotation

things about intensive subsistence wet rice non dominant:

-found in dry lands of southwest Asia North Africa and central and east Asia -herd animals in dry climates where planting crops is hard -skin and hair of animals are used to make tents -size of the herd and types of animals in the herd designates power -doesn't kill or eat animals (eats grain) sells animal products (dairy or wool) -selects number of the herd from local and cultural characteristics -some practice transhumance -is declining

things about pastoral nomadism:

-found in tropical/subtropical regions of Latin America sub Saharan Africa South Asia Southeast Asia -owned by Europeans and North Americans and crops are sold to developed countries -cash crops: cotton, coffee, rubber, tobacco, sugarcane, cocoa, jute, bananas, teas, palms oil

things about plantations:

-found in tropical regions of Latin America sub Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia -mostly in tropical rain forest -shifting from one field to another one over a matter of years -people who practice this live in small villages and grow food on the surrounding area -uses land for three years and waits six years for it to be replaced -shifting cultivation is being replaced by lodging, cattle ranching, and the cultivation of cash crops -is discouraged for a number of reasons one being that it destroys rainforest which contributes to climate change -uses hand (no tools rarely) -uses ashes from the burnt vegetation for fertilizer -crops include rice, maize, cassava, millet, sorghum, yams, sugarcane, vegetables

things about shifting cultivation:

-cattle(east Africa) valued for high milk yield -camels valued for surviving without water for a long time -goats valued for being able to survive on any vegetation -sheep valued for nothing (a lot of care, feeding, and water waste) have wool though

things about the animals in pastoral nomadism:

various crops for pasture (large farms)

third ring:

-intensive subsistence wet rice dominant -intensive subsistence wet rice non dominant -pastoral nomadism -shifting cultivation -plantation

what are the five categories in developing countries

-mixed crop and livestock -dairy -grain -livestock ranching -Mediterranean -commercial gardening

what are the six categories in developed countries

Derwent Whittlesey 1936

who created the 11 categories of different types of agricultural regions