a and p final exam

Which glands play a role in thermoregulation?

eccrine glands

The organelle that contains enzymes produced by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi apparatus is the ________.

lysosome

The small intestine has tiny, finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that help increase the surface area and aid in absorption of nutrients known as ________.

microvilli

What necessary function does muscle contraction contribute to the human body?

movement

What type of membrane is composed of epithelium resting on the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue membrane?

mucous membrane

Which cavity would be lined with a mucous membrane?

oral cavity

The specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of the cell are collectively called ________.

organelles

Which statement describes the position of the hands in the anatomical position?

palms toward the front

Which of the following is visible when viewing the anterior of a human body in anatomical position?

patellar region

What subatomic particle or particles have a mass of 1, a charge of +1, and are located in the nucleus of an atom?

proton

The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of ________ an atom contains.

protons

The atomic mass number of an atom is equivalent to the number of ________ contained in its nucleus.

protons and neutrons

Which of the following may be used in PET scans as biological tracers that can be followed through the body?

radioisotopes

Which of these is an example of kinetic energy?

skeletal muscles contracting as a person lifts weights

In our body, many salts dissociate into their ions. Which ions are essential for nerve impulses?

sodium and potassium

The main function of the respiratory system is to ________.

supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for ________.

surface tension

How is the rule of nines used by a clinician?

to estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns

The process of transcription ________.

transfers information from DNA into mRNA

What occurs when acid is added to a solution with a pH of 7?

The pH drops below 7.

The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called ________.

anatomy

Which of these determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

electrons in the valence shell

Which of these statements describes the papillary layer of the skin?

Dermal papillae contain capillary loops to nourish the epidermis.

Physical trauma to a body organ is known as blunt trauma. Organs in which body cavity account for most blunt trauma injuries?

abdominal cavity

Which organ system is the slow-acting control system of the body?

endocrine system

Which of these is an organ of the urinary system?

kidney

Which of the following are pigments that contribute to skin color?

melanin; carotene; hemoglobin

During a synthesis reaction, amino acids join to form ________.

proteins

Which of these body parts is distal to the crural region?

tarsal region

What prevents skin from becoming brittle?

sebum

Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound?

water

What is the number of neutrons in an atom with atomic mass of 35, three energy levels, and 7 valence electrons?

18

If a person has third-degree burns on both anterior and posterior surfaces of the lower limbs, what percentage of the body surface area is burned?

36 percent

Which type of skin cancer is the least malignant but most common?

basal cell carcinoma

When James shaves his face, which portion of the hair is removed?

hair shaft

Which of the properties of water is most closely associated with the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal temperature?

high heat capacity

The number of protons always equals the ________ in a neutral atom.

number of electrons

Which of the following activities represents a physiological study?

observing how the heart contracts to pump blood

The passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins is ________.

osmosis

What process does water use to move across the plasma membrane?

osmosis

Choose the best description for the term molecule.

two or more atoms combined chemically

An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass number is ________.

14

Shell 1 of an atom can hold a maximum of ________ electron(s).

2

You have tested a chemical in the laboratory and determined it to be a proton donor. How would you classify this chemical?

Acid

Why are salts referred to as electrolytes?

After salts dissolve in a solution, the resulting ions can conduct an electrical current.

Which of these statements best describes an element?

An element is composed of identical atoms.

If someone sitting at the other end of a bar is smoking, you may still breathe in some of the smoke. What process involves the movement of the smoke away from its source?

Diffusion

Where are proteins sent to be modified and packaged before being exported from the cell?

Golgi apparatus

If an atom has 10 electrons in its valence shell, how will it interact with atoms of a different element?

It will give away 2 valence electrons to other atoms.

What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?

an ionic bond

How would you classify chewing food, a type of movement that directly involves the use of energy to move matter?

Mechanical

Which structures are located in the epidermis?

Merkel cells or discs

Muscle cells need abundant ATP for muscle contractions. Which organelle must commonly be found in muscle cells to accommodate ATP production?

Mitochondrion

Matter is best described as ________.

anything that occupies space and has mass

What is the major function of the lymphatic system?

Return leaked fluids back to the cardiovascular system, so there is enough blood to circulate

What accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the body's weight, depending on the age of the individual?

Water

What organic molecule provides an immediate source of chemical energy within all cells?

adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?

being sick with the flu

The major organs of the skeletal system are the ________.

bones, cartilages, and joints

The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the ________ system.

cardiovascular

What pigment found in skin originates from outside the body?

carotene

An atom of magnesium has lost two electrons. It is known as a(n) ________.

cation

The structural and functional unit of all living things is the ________.

cell

Which of the following is the smallest unit of all living things?

cell

Which of the following is primarily composed of DNA?

chromatin

What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened?

contraction of arrector pili muscles

The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum ________.

corneum

The only dry membrane is the ________.

cutaneous membrane

Mountain climbers frequently experience a bluing of the skin at elevations above 2,500 meters. This bluing of the skin is known as __________.

cyanosis

What condition occurs when hemoglobin is deprived of oxygen?

cyanosis

Each organ system is composed of several organs. In which system is the esophagus found?

digestive

What organ system is responsible for breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed by the body?

digestive system

The system that controls and coordinates the body using hormones is the ________.

endocrine system

What process permits absorption of glucose into cells?

facilitated diffusion

Looking into a microscope, you notice cells swimming, propelled by a long tail. What cell structure must these cells have in order to be mobile?

flagella

What type of membrane junction allows ions to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell?

gap junction

The pH scale is based on ________.

hydrogen ion concentration in solution

Which system covers the external surface of the body and protects deeper tissues?

integumentary system

What type of bond results when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another?

ionic bond

Which of the following elements is needed to make a functional hemoglobin molecule?

iron

The skin prevents the loss of body fluids from evaporation. Which function necessary for life does this describe?

maintaining boundaries

Which type of skin cancer the least common but is the cause of most skin-cancer-related deaths?

melanoma

The skeletal muscles that contract and shorten to move the bones form the ________ system.

muscular

What are two types of endocytosis?

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

phospholipid "tails"

Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called ________.

polysaccharides

What is required for filtration to occur?

pressure gradient

What is the function of the keratin found within skin cells?

prevents water loss

Which system is most dependent on a normal atmospheric pressure?

respiratory system

What type of burn does a patient have if blisters are present and the affected area is painful?

second degree

The pleura and pericardium are examples of ________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior.

serous

What type of membrane lines the compartments of the ventral body cavity and produces a lubricant that allows organs to move against neighboring organs without friction?

serous membrane

The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints.

synovial

What type of burn damages the skin so severely that regeneration of the damaged tissue is NOT possible?

third-degree burn

What cavity is superior to the diaphragm?

thoracic

The complementary base to adenine in a molecule of DNA is ________.

thymine

Which cell junctions prevent substances from passing between adjacent cells?

tight junctions

Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared ________.

unequally between atoms

Which important metabolic compound is produced by skin cells?

vitamin D

Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?

water