a and p final exam
Which glands play a role in thermoregulation?
eccrine glands
The organelle that contains enzymes produced by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi apparatus is the ________.
lysosome
The small intestine has tiny, finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that help increase the surface area and aid in absorption of nutrients known as ________.
microvilli
What necessary function does muscle contraction contribute to the human body?
movement
What type of membrane is composed of epithelium resting on the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue membrane?
mucous membrane
Which cavity would be lined with a mucous membrane?
oral cavity
The specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of the cell are collectively called ________.
organelles
Which statement describes the position of the hands in the anatomical position?
palms toward the front
Which of the following is visible when viewing the anterior of a human body in anatomical position?
patellar region
What subatomic particle or particles have a mass of 1, a charge of +1, and are located in the nucleus of an atom?
proton
The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of ________ an atom contains.
protons
The atomic mass number of an atom is equivalent to the number of ________ contained in its nucleus.
protons and neutrons
Which of the following may be used in PET scans as biological tracers that can be followed through the body?
radioisotopes
Which of these is an example of kinetic energy?
skeletal muscles contracting as a person lifts weights
In our body, many salts dissociate into their ions. Which ions are essential for nerve impulses?
sodium and potassium
The main function of the respiratory system is to ________.
supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for ________.
surface tension
How is the rule of nines used by a clinician?
to estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns
The process of transcription ________.
transfers information from DNA into mRNA
What occurs when acid is added to a solution with a pH of 7?
The pH drops below 7.
The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another is called ________.
anatomy
Which of these determines the chemical behavior of an atom?
electrons in the valence shell
Which of these statements describes the papillary layer of the skin?
Dermal papillae contain capillary loops to nourish the epidermis.
Physical trauma to a body organ is known as blunt trauma. Organs in which body cavity account for most blunt trauma injuries?
abdominal cavity
Which organ system is the slow-acting control system of the body?
endocrine system
Which of these is an organ of the urinary system?
kidney
Which of the following are pigments that contribute to skin color?
melanin; carotene; hemoglobin
During a synthesis reaction, amino acids join to form ________.
proteins
Which of these body parts is distal to the crural region?
tarsal region
What prevents skin from becoming brittle?
sebum
Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound?
water
What is the number of neutrons in an atom with atomic mass of 35, three energy levels, and 7 valence electrons?
18
If a person has third-degree burns on both anterior and posterior surfaces of the lower limbs, what percentage of the body surface area is burned?
36 percent
Which type of skin cancer is the least malignant but most common?
basal cell carcinoma
When James shaves his face, which portion of the hair is removed?
hair shaft
Which of the properties of water is most closely associated with the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal temperature?
high heat capacity
The number of protons always equals the ________ in a neutral atom.
number of electrons
Which of the following activities represents a physiological study?
observing how the heart contracts to pump blood
The passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins is ________.
osmosis
What process does water use to move across the plasma membrane?
osmosis
Choose the best description for the term molecule.
two or more atoms combined chemically
An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass number is ________.
14
Shell 1 of an atom can hold a maximum of ________ electron(s).
2
You have tested a chemical in the laboratory and determined it to be a proton donor. How would you classify this chemical?
Acid
Why are salts referred to as electrolytes?
After salts dissolve in a solution, the resulting ions can conduct an electrical current.
Which of these statements best describes an element?
An element is composed of identical atoms.
If someone sitting at the other end of a bar is smoking, you may still breathe in some of the smoke. What process involves the movement of the smoke away from its source?
Diffusion
Where are proteins sent to be modified and packaged before being exported from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
If an atom has 10 electrons in its valence shell, how will it interact with atoms of a different element?
It will give away 2 valence electrons to other atoms.
What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?
an ionic bond
How would you classify chewing food, a type of movement that directly involves the use of energy to move matter?
Mechanical
Which structures are located in the epidermis?
Merkel cells or discs
Muscle cells need abundant ATP for muscle contractions. Which organelle must commonly be found in muscle cells to accommodate ATP production?
Mitochondrion
Matter is best described as ________.
anything that occupies space and has mass
What is the major function of the lymphatic system?
Return leaked fluids back to the cardiovascular system, so there is enough blood to circulate
What accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the body's weight, depending on the age of the individual?
Water
What organic molecule provides an immediate source of chemical energy within all cells?
adenosine triphosphate
Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?
being sick with the flu
The major organs of the skeletal system are the ________.
bones, cartilages, and joints
The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the ________ system.
cardiovascular
What pigment found in skin originates from outside the body?
carotene
An atom of magnesium has lost two electrons. It is known as a(n) ________.
cation
The structural and functional unit of all living things is the ________.
cell
Which of the following is the smallest unit of all living things?
cell
Which of the following is primarily composed of DNA?
chromatin
What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened?
contraction of arrector pili muscles
The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum ________.
corneum
The only dry membrane is the ________.
cutaneous membrane
Mountain climbers frequently experience a bluing of the skin at elevations above 2,500 meters. This bluing of the skin is known as __________.
cyanosis
What condition occurs when hemoglobin is deprived of oxygen?
cyanosis
Each organ system is composed of several organs. In which system is the esophagus found?
digestive
What organ system is responsible for breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed by the body?
digestive system
The system that controls and coordinates the body using hormones is the ________.
endocrine system
What process permits absorption of glucose into cells?
facilitated diffusion
Looking into a microscope, you notice cells swimming, propelled by a long tail. What cell structure must these cells have in order to be mobile?
flagella
What type of membrane junction allows ions to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell?
gap junction
The pH scale is based on ________.
hydrogen ion concentration in solution
Which system covers the external surface of the body and protects deeper tissues?
integumentary system
What type of bond results when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another?
ionic bond
Which of the following elements is needed to make a functional hemoglobin molecule?
iron
The skin prevents the loss of body fluids from evaporation. Which function necessary for life does this describe?
maintaining boundaries
Which type of skin cancer the least common but is the cause of most skin-cancer-related deaths?
melanoma
The skeletal muscles that contract and shorten to move the bones form the ________ system.
muscular
What are two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?
phospholipid "tails"
Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called ________.
polysaccharides
What is required for filtration to occur?
pressure gradient
What is the function of the keratin found within skin cells?
prevents water loss
Which system is most dependent on a normal atmospheric pressure?
respiratory system
What type of burn does a patient have if blisters are present and the affected area is painful?
second degree
The pleura and pericardium are examples of ________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior.
serous
What type of membrane lines the compartments of the ventral body cavity and produces a lubricant that allows organs to move against neighboring organs without friction?
serous membrane
The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints.
synovial
What type of burn damages the skin so severely that regeneration of the damaged tissue is NOT possible?
third-degree burn
What cavity is superior to the diaphragm?
thoracic
The complementary base to adenine in a molecule of DNA is ________.
thymine
Which cell junctions prevent substances from passing between adjacent cells?
tight junctions
Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared ________.
unequally between atoms
Which important metabolic compound is produced by skin cells?
vitamin D
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?
water