A workers life and Labor unions

1. How many children worked in the U.S. in 1900? 2. Were there any laws to prevent children from working in factories? 3. What did hiring children mean for factory owners?

1. 2 million children worked in 1900 2. Nope 3. It meant that they could pay them less money

1. How did lack of child labor laws impact the childhood of children who had to work? 2. What did they receive? 3. Most remained what type of workers for the rest of their lives?

1. Children with no childhood felt they could hardly change their circumstances. 2. They received no schooling, no play time, long work hours, and demanding physical labor 3. Unskilled workers

Jan Matzeliger (1852-1889) 1. Immigrated from __________ 2. Worked in a ________ after arriving in America 3. Designed a ________________ 4. Patented his invention in __________

1. Dutch, Guiana 2. Shoe factory 3. machine that mechanized lasting 4. 1883

1. Who was samuel gompers ? 2. What did he do?

1. First and longest serving AFL president 2. made AFL the largest and most influential labor organization

1. What was the knights of labor ? 2. What did they organize in their union? 3. Did they admit women and african americans ? 4. What were they advocating for ? 5. Who led it ? Was it well or poorly organized ?

1. First major national labor organization 2. They organized unskilled and skilled workers across different industries 3. Yes 4. advocating for an 8 hour work day and an end to child labor 5. Terence Powderly and it was poorly organized

1. Did most women work only at home? 2. What were some of their jobs? (name 3) 3. How many jobs would many women work to support their families? 4. Were they still responsible for household tasks?

1. No, many women also worked long hours outside the home. 2. Factories, sales, clerks 3. 2 jobs 4. Yes

1. Who led the American Federation of Labor? 2. What kind of workers did they bring in from different industries ? 3. Did they welcome women and african americans ? 4. What did they demand for ? 5. Well or poorly organized ?

1. Samuel Gompers 2. skilled workers 3. No, they didnt welcome women and often excluded african americans 4. Shorter hours, safer conditions, and the right to organize and form unions. 5. Well funded and organized.

1. Trade unions were organized by: 2. What did they do? What did they resent?

1. Skilled workers 2. Protested lower wages and resented use of unskilled labor.

1. What did craft guilds do? 2. Who were they?

1. They limited who could join the ranks of the workers and set prices for their members work. 2. They were skilled craftspeople

1. What did the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916) do? 2. Who struck it down?

1. banned the sale of products from any: - factory that employed children under the age of 14 - any mine that employed children under the age of 16 - any business that employed children under 16 that made them work at night or more than 8 hours a day 2. It was struck down by the supreme court

1. What was the reason why the AFL did not allow women to join? 2. What kind of issues did they focus on?

1. leaders felt that the inclusion of women would drive wages down 2. common issues

1. What did unions demand for? 2. What did unions use to negotiate?

1. shorter workdays, fair pay, and safer workplaces 2. They used collective bargaining

Terence Powderly, the leader of the KOL, supported: a. peaceful negotiations between workers and management b. union strikes across the nation c. unions for only certain groups of people d. greater work productivity among workers

A

What is one reason that workers joined together to form unions in the late 1800s? A. They believed it was unfair that factory owners were rich while workers barely had enough money to survive. b. they believed there were not enough jobs available for unskilled workers c. they believed that unions provided the only way to end strikes

A

Which group has the most economic power ? A. employers B. craft guilds C. trade unions D. Factory workers

A

Lasting Machine

A special machine that would attach the leather body of a shoe to the sole.

What is one way that the system of mass production generally affected families? a. Instead of working together at home, families worked in factories. b. Instead of working together in factories, families worked at home. c. Instead of whole families working at home, children went to work in factories. d. Instead of whole families working at factories, mothers and fathers worked at home.

A.

What is the definition of a strike A. A union strategy involving work stoppage designed to put pressure on an employer B. A union strategy in which workers stop buying an employers goods until the employer gives into their demands C. Negotiations by union leaders on behalf of a group of workers in an attempt to win better pay for workers D. The refusal of union leaders to allow certain groups of people to join unions

A. A union strategy involving work stoppage designed to put pressure on an employer

Which of the following was not a factor that children were exposed to during the work day? A. Safe machinery B. Repetitive work C. Loose clothing D. Lack of protective gear. E. Long work days

A. Safe machinery

Which of the following was NOT an effect of mass production? A. Workers were trained so they could safely perform their jobs. B. Workers were easily replaceable. C. Workers tended to make lower salaries than before the Industrial Revolution. D. New machines were replacing skilled workers in the factories.

A. Workers were trained so they could safely perform their jobs.

lockout

An attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business

Which is the best definition of a labor union? A. A group of employers who come together to advance their economic interests B. A group of workers who come together to advance their common interests C. A group of masters who come together to offer apprenticeship to skilled workers

B

When the American Federation of Labor combined with the Congress of Industrial Organizations to create the AFL-CIO, how many labor unions and approximate number of members, respectively, did the organization have? A. 55 labor unions & 10 million members B. 57 labor unions & 12 million members C. 40 labor unions & 10 million members D. 50 labor unions & 12 million members E. 60 labor unions & 20 million members

B. 57 labor unions & 12 million members

In 1900 most women held jobs in which of the following professions? A. Nursing B. Farming & domestic labor C. Factory work D. Teaching E. Clerical work

B. Farming & domestic labor

Which of the following statements about the American Federation of Labor is TRUE? A. It excluded African American workers. B. It grew out of a group of craft unions. C. It excluded women in the workforce.

B. It grew out of a group of craft unions.

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes industrialization in the U.S.? A. Workers in factories were able to maintain their focus throughout the entire work day. B. Mass production meant a growing share of the work in factories was done by less-skilled workers. C. Workers in factories performed different tasks throughout the day. D. The system of mass production displaced many unskilled workers.

B. Mass production meant a growing share of the work in factories was done by less-skilled workers.

How did industrialization impact family work? A. Most members of the family, except children were expected to find work in factories. B. Mass production meant that work increasingly took place outside of the home. C. Many families continued to work together to create products. D. It had very little effect on how families socialized and worked.

B. Mass production meant that work increasingly took place outside of the home.

Why did the AFL only allow skilled workers to become members of the organization? A. They didn't want membership to grow too large. B. They would be more difficult to be replaced by an employer. C. They could be easily replaced by an employer. D. They made a up a majority of the workforce in the factories.

B. They would be more difficult to be replaced by an employer.

In the system of mass production, unskilled workers a. were hired to help skilled workers and were paid more than skilled workers. b. were hired to tend to machines and were paid less than skilled workers. c. were hired to tend to machines and were paid more than skilled workers. d. were hired to assist skilled workers and were paid the same as skilled workers.

B. were hired to tend to machines and were paid less than skilled workers.

5. Which of the following characterizes the role of women during the Gilded Age? a. The majority of women stayed at home to take care of the children. b. Women were generally not allowed to work in factories. c. Many women had more than one job in addition to responsibilities at home. d. Women usually worked outside the home and did not have a great deal of responsibilities at home.

C.

What year was the Knights of Labor founded? A. 1889 B. 1879 C. 1869 D. 1849

C. 1869

By 1880, total membership of the Knights of Labor had grown more than ______ members. A. 38,000 B. 48,000 C. 28,000 D. 18,000

C. 28,000

Approximately, how many combined fatalities were there in the coal mine and railroad industries in 1905? A. 1700 B. 4700 C. 7700 D. 8700

C. 7700

This was an early kind of organized labor that created an apprentice system to train new craftspeople under so-called masters. A. Labor union B. American Federation of Labor C. craft guild D. apprenticeship

C. craft guild

Which statement describes employment in the late 1800s? A. jobs often required specialized training B. 12 hour workdays were unusual C. Jobs in factories were hard to get D. Working conditions were often dangerous

D

Which group organized one of the first strikes in the country ? A. The AFL B. The KOL C. The craft guilds D. The Lowell Mill girls What were they protesting ?

D & they were protesting wage cuts

All of the following were reforms that started during the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT? A. Advocating for child labor laws B. Women's suffrage C. Organization of labor unions D. Advocating for the creation of monopolies E. Safety laws

D. Advocating for the creation of monopolies

This is when a person is sent to negotiate on behalf of an entire group of workers. A. arbitration B. segregation C. negotiation D. collective bargaining

D. Collective bargaining

This organization was led by Terence Powderly. A. Congress of Industrial Organization B. American Federation of Labor C. National Federation Knights of labor D. Knights of Labor

D. Knights of Labor

Which of the following was the downfall of the Knights of Labor as its membership continued to grow? A. It was too difficult to collect membership fees. B. The K of L had too much control over the unions. C. There were too many members to keep on board with the organizations philosophies. D. Local unions connected to the K of L had too much independence.

D. Local unions connected to the K of L had too much independence.

How did mass production change the way products were created? A. Factories took longer to create products. B. More tasks in the factory needed to be done by hand. C. Skilled workers were deemed necessary for factories to run smoothly. D. New machines made production less time consuming.

D. New machines made production less time consuming.

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes child labor during the Industrial Revolution? A. By 1900, two thousand children were working in factories. B. Once they became adults, children were able to become skilled workers in the workplace. C. Children usually made the same amount of wages as their parents. D. There were very few laws, if any, that managed how children could be used in the work force.

D. There were very few laws, if any, that managed how children could be used in the work force.

When the Lowell Mill girls went on strike in 1836, which tactic did the mill owners use to break the strike? A. They fired all the employees B. They engaged in negotiations with the employees C. They hired new employees D. They refused to negotiate

D. They refused to negotiate

Industrialization affected women, children, & families in all of the following ways EXCEPT: A. Children were often denied the opportunity to play together during their breaks and after their work days. B. Children worked long hours in dangerous conditions. C. Children were denied the opportunity to attend school D. Many women worked jobs and still had responsibilities at home. E. Many families continued to work together in the factories.

E. Many families continued to work together in the factories.

The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act banned the sale of products for which of the following circumstances? (only one statement is true) A. a factory employed children under age 12 B. a business that employed children under the age of 14 and had them work longer than eight hours C. a business that employed children under the age of 14 and had them work at night D. a factory that made children under the age of 16 work longer than eight hours E. a mine that employed children under the age of 16

E. a mine that employed children under the age of 16

World Day Against Child Labor in 2002

Each year, on June 12, the plight of child laborers and what can be done to help them is highlighted.

Unions often limited their membership and excluded these large groups: (3)

Immigrants, women, and african americans

When did the Supreme Court finally pass a child labor law here in the U.S.?

In 1938

What was a major victory for unions during the 1800's?

One major victory was an 8 hour work day

Why was the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 struck down by the Supreme Court?

They argued that this law overstepped the gov's power and that the states should be able to make these decisions for themselves.

How did employers respond to the growth of labor unions ?

They hosted a lockout and also used arbitration

Were companies accountable for accidents?

They rarely were.

In comparison to Terence Powderly of the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor's Samuel Gompers: a. focused on issues important to all workers. b. believed anyone should be allowed to join a union. c. preferred negotiations rather than strikes. d. often became involved in politics.

a

Which was a major goal of early labor unions? a. fair labor practices b. greater use of the apprentice system c. better educational opportunities d. longer work hours

a. fair labor practices

Which of the following was a significant social change during the Gilded Age? a. women formed suffrage groups b. employers stopped hiring children c. employers created workplace protection for children d. women formed labor unions

a. women formed suffrage groups

Samuel Gompers, the leader of the American Federation of Labor, was least likely to approve of: a. a shorter work day, which meant less wages. b. union support of a political party. c. an increase in the number of union members. d. a workers' march to protest low wages.

b

Which of the following best describes the scope of social reform movements during the Gilded Age? a. Reform movements worked only for child labor laws, safety in the workplace, and women's suffrage. b. Reform movements aimed to organize labor unions and worked for child labor laws, safety in the workplace, and women's suffrage. c. Reform movements worked only for women's suffrage and equal pay for equal work. d. Reform movements worked only to reform labor unions and for child labor laws.

b.

National unions differed from local unions in that national unions: a. refused to use strikes as a way to achieve their goals. b. excluded craft union members and skilled workers. c. included workers from different industries. d. did not support the eight-hour work day.

c

Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers of the American Federation of Labor, membership in the union a. declined dramatically. b. became highly disorganized. c. increased dramatically. d. expanded to include unskilled workers

c. increased dramatically

What were two of the most dangerous jobs in the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution?

coal mines and railroads

As the economy grew during the Gilded Age, many workers and their families a. earned a higher income and continued working in factories. b. continued to have low incomes but were able to live more comfortably. c. became wealthier as their income increased. d. continued to have low incomes and could not escape poverty.

d.

The system of mass production in manufacturing developed rapidly a. before the Industrial Revolution. b. after the Gilded Age. c. after the Industrial Revolution. d. during the Gilded Age.

d.

What types of jobs were created by the Industrial Revolution? a. managerial positions b. farm-related positions c. government positions d. factory positions

d. factory positions

Manufacturing costs _______, production _______, and prices went ________

dropped, increased, down

Which two methods did Terence Powderly support?

negotiation & mediation

Injured workers rarely received what two things?

pay or benefits

Arbitration

settling a dispute by the decision of an outside party

lasting

the most time-consuming part of making shoes