A&P

What are the primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion? Check all that apply. - Gastrin - Insulin - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Secretin

- Gastrin - Cholecystokinin (CCK) - Secretin Explanation: The primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion are gastrin from the stomach, and secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) from the small intestine.

Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary. Check all that apply. - The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. - The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins. - The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system - Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary. - Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

- The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. - The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. - Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary. Explanation: The anterior pituitary has no nervous connection to the hypothalamus but is linked to it by a network of blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system. The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by secreting hormones. The neurohypophysis constitutes the posterior one-quarter of the pituitary. The neurohypophysis is actually nervous tissue, not a true gland. The nerve fibers arise from certain cell bodies in the hypothalamus, pass down the stalk as a bundle called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, and end in the posterior lobe. The posterior lobe secretes ADH and oxytocin. The anterior pituitary secretes FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, and GH.

What are the serous membranes of the GI tract called? Check all that apply. - Retroperitoneal - Visceral peritoneum - Parietal peritoneum - Peristalsis

- Visceral peritoneum - Parietal peritoneum Explanation: The serous membranes of the GI tract are called the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.The serous membranes of the GI tract are called the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.The serous membranes of the GI tract are called the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.The serous membranes of the GI tract are called the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.

What are the factors causing increased blood glucose by glucagon? Check all that apply. - decreased glycogenesis in the liver - increased glycogenolysis in the liver - increased gluconeogenesis in the liver - increased lipogenesis in fat cells

- decreased glycogenesis in the liver - increased glycogenolysis in the liver - increased gluconeogenesis in the liver Explanation: Factors that cause increased blood glucose by glucagon are increased glycogenolysis in the liver, increased gluconeogenesis in the liver, decreased glycogenesis in the liver, decreased lipogenesis in fat cells, and increased lipolysis in fat cells.

Choose the accurate statements about how communication by the nervous and endocrine systems differs. Check all that apply. - the nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells - the nervous system adapts relatively slowly and may respond for days to weeks - the endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days - the endocrine system stops quickly when stimulus stops - the endocrine system communicates by means of hormones

- the nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells - the endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days - the endocrine system communicates by means of hormones Explanation: Although the nervous and endocrine systems both serve for internal communication, they are not redundant; they complement, rather than duplicate, each other's function. The systems differ in their means of communication. They differ also in how quickly they start and stop responding to stimuli. Another difference between the two systems is that an efferent nerve fiber innervates only one organ and a limited number of cells within that organ.

Put the following events in the correct order. G proteins are activated. A water-soluble hormone binds with a membrane-bound receptor. cAMP molecules are synthesized. Enzymes that were already present are activated.

A water-soluble hormone binds with a membrane-bound receptor. G proteins are activated. cAMP molecules are synthesized. Enzymes that were already present are activated.

Indicate whether each effect or symptom is associated with acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) stress. - cortisol effects - increased heart rate - water retention - epinephrine effects - liver glycogenolysis - bronchodilation - immune system suppression

Alarm Reaction: - epinephrine effects - increased heart rate - liver glycogenolysis - bronchodilation Stage of Resistance: - cortisol effects - water retention - immune system suppression Explanation: The adrenal gland is critically involved with the handling of psychological and physical stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting through the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla, will dominate the immediate stress response. Persistent, chronic stress is handled by the hormones of the adrenal cortex. The cortex is largely influenced by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?

Blood calcium levels will drop.

What is the function of bile?

Break down fats to assist in their chemical digestion

Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound. Carbohydrate Protein Lipid - salivary amylase - pepsin - pancreatic lipase - lingual lipase -HCl - gastric lipasge - pancreatic amylase - trypsin - bile salts - chymotrypsin

Carbohydrate: - salivary amylase - pancreatic amylase Protein: - pepsin - HCl - trypsin - chymotrypsin Lipid: - lingual lipase - pancreatic lipase - gastric lipase - bile salts Explanation: Many enzymes and compounds play a role in the digestion of macromolecules as they pass through the digestive tract. In almost all cases, the name of the enzyme will identify the type of macromolecule that is targeted (i.e. sucrose is broken down by sucrase).

Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system: - releases neurotransmitters at synapses - stops quickly when stimulus stops - usually has relatively local, specific effects - sometimes has very general effects - react quickly to stimuli - releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution

Endocrine: - sometimes has very general effects - releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution Nervous: - usually has relatively local, specific effects - releases neurotransmitters at synapses - reacts quickly to stimuli -stops quickly when stimulus stops

Water-soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors, which initiate a signal transduction pathway with which of the following processes? Check all that apply. First messenger hormone docking with plasma receptor Activated protein kinase enzymes Second messenger pathways including G proteins and phospholipase C Second messenger pathways including G proteins and adenylate cyclase

First messenger hormone docking with plasma receptor Activated protein kinase enzymes Second messenger pathways including G proteins and phospholipase C Second messenger pathways including G proteins and adenylate cyclase Explanation: Water-soluble hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors which initiate a signal transduction pathway that includes a first messenger hormone docking with plasma receptor, second messenger pathways including G proteins and adenylate cyclase OR G proteins and phospholipase C, and activated protein kinase enzymes.

_____ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles.

Growth hormone

Match the hormone secreted by the hypothalamus with its associated effect on the anterior pituitary gland. Growth hormone-releasing hormone Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Prolactin-inhibiting hormone Prolactin-releasing hormone - decreases the release of growth hormone - stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone - decreases the secretion of prolactin - stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone - stimulates luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone - stimulates the release of growth hormone - stimulates the secretion of prolactin

Growth hormone-releasing hormone: stimulates the release of growth hormone Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone: decreases the release of growth hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone: stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: stimulates luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone Prolactin-inhibiting hormone: decreases the secretion of prolactin Prolactin-releasing hormone: stimulates the secretion of prolactin

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect. Growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Prolactin Luteinizing hormone - increased growth in tissues - follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males - milk production in lactating women - thyroid hormone secretion - ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males - glucocorticoid hormone secretion

Growth hormone: increased growth in tissues Thyroid-stimulating hormone: thyroid hormone secretion Adrenocorticotropic hormone: glucocorticoid hormone secretion Follicle-stimulating hormone: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males Prolactin: milk production in lactating women Luteinizing hormone: ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Indicate the secretion site of each hormone. Hypothalamus, Posterior pituitary, Anterior pituitary - FSH - LH -GH - TRH - OT - CRH -GnRH

Hypothalamus: - TRH - CRH - GnRH Posterior pituitary: -OT Anterior pituitary: -GH -FSH -LH Explanation: The hypothalamus regulates the activity of the pituitary through the direct hypophyseal tract system or through the hypophyseal portal system. Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus influence the secretory function of hormones of the pituitary.

Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions. Jejunum Duodenum Ileum

Jejunum: performs most chemical digestion and absorption Duodenum: receives bile and pancreatic juice Ileum: controls entry of material into large intestine

Select the correct word from the list to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to ________ receptors. Water-soluble hormones bind to ________ receptors. Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of ________-soluble hormones. Water-soluble hormones ________ pass through the cell membrane. An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is ________ hormone. One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is ________.

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors. Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of water- soluble hormones. Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane. An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is thyroid hormone. One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is epinephrine. Explanation: Water-soluble hormones cannot pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane; thus their receptors are located within the cell membrane. Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors located inside the cell.

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the corresponding blank. Then place the completed sentences in the correct order of events. Not all terms will be used. Referred to as the ___________, the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream. Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the __________ of the kidney. Causing an increased ___________ of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.

Neurohypophysis; target cells; reabsorption Explanation: Osmolarity detecting cells located in nuclei of the hypothalamus become stimulated by an increasing blood solute concentration. Action potentials are then generated in the supraoptic nucleus at the inferior edge of the hypothalamus. These action potentials travel down the length of the axons of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal tract to their destination at the posterior pituitary. Referred to as the neurohypophysis, the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream. Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the target cells of the kidney. Causing an increased reabsorption of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.

Match the swallowing phase with its description. Pharyngeal phase; Voluntary phase; Esophageal phase Bolus passes from pharynx to esophagus. Bolus passes from esophagus to stomach. Chewing forms a bolus.

Pharyngeal phase: Bolus passes from pharynx to esophagus. Esophageal phase: Bolus passes from esophagus to stomach. Voluntary phase: Chewing forms a bolus.

Match the description of the hormone interaction with the correct term. Antagonistic effect, Synergistic effect, Permissive effect 1. Two or more hormones work together to produce a result. 2. A hormone enhances an organ's response to a second hormone, or increases the activity of the second hormone. 3. One hormone inhibits the secretion and action of another hormone, or has an opposite effect.

Synergistic effect; permissive effect; antagonistic effect

Check all that are characteristics of the esophagus. The mucosa is composed of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It is composed entirely of smooth muscle. The two layers of muscle in the superior one-third of the muscularis are skeletal. It is located almost entirely in the abdomen.

The mucosa is composed of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The two layers of muscle in the superior one-third of the muscularis are skeletal. It is located almost entirely in the abdomen.

Indicate whether each condition describes hormonal up regulation or down regulation. - in response to a chronic, abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors - decreased sensitivity - greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release - increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training - decreased response to an increase in hormone - in response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors - decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels

Up regulation: - in response to a chronic lack of hormones, the target cell increases the concentration of receptors - greater response to the same magnitude of hormone release - increased number of testosterone receptors in skeletal muscle following resistance training Down regulation: - in response to a chronic, abundance of hormone, the target cell reduces the concentration of receptors - decreased sensitivity - decreased response to an increase in hormone - decreased hormone receptors resulting from chronically high insulin levels Explanation: Target cells can modulate the relative effect of a hormone by adjusting the concentration of receptors for that hormone. Down regulation refers to a decrease in the receptor population with up regulation referring to the opposite.

The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called

absorption Explanation: The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called absorption.

The hypothalamus controls the _______ pituitary gland through hormonal regulation, while it controls the ______ pituitary through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

anterior; posterior Explanation: The posterior pituitary is controlled through the use of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract (a neural pathway). Axons from the hypothalamus do not enter the anterior pituitary, however, so the hypothalamus controls it through the use of hormones.

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

conserve sodium and excrete potassium

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

humoral stimulation

An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse.

hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.

increase; decrease

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of

negative feedback inhibition Explanation: The pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone, and that hormone feeds back to the pituitary or hypothalamus and inhibits further secretion of the pituitary hormone.

The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the endocrine system because it

regulates most endocrine functions of the body. Explanation: The hypothalamus is sometimes referred to as the "master control center" of the endocrine system because it regulates most endocrine functions of the body.

Tropic hormones

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.