A&P 1: Chapter 7

What is the hand made up of?

- 5 metacarpals (palm of hand) - 5 digits with their phalanges - Thumb (pollex)

male vs female pelvis

- Inlet + outlet is more circular for men and more oval for women - Sub-pubic angle is very sharp and V shaped for men but very broad and wide for women (childbirth)

Vertebral Column functions

- Supports weight of head and trunk - Protects the spinal cord - Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord - Provides site for muscle attachment - Permits movement of head and trunk

Distal End of Radius components

- articulates with carpals and ulna - styloid process

Manubrium structure

- articulates with first rib and clavicle - jugular notch superiorly - sternal angle: point where manubrium joins body. Second rib articulates here

What are girdles?

- belt or zone where the limbs are attached - two zones are pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

nasal septum structure

- bony part is vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid - hyaline cartilage in anterior part

what is the atlas?

- first cervicle vertebra - articulates with skull and allows "yes" movement - no body and no spinous process

nasal conchae function

- form lateral walls - increase surface of nasal cavity

sagittal suture

connects two parietal bones in the midline from the superior view of the skull

neck

constriction between head and body

vertebronchal ribs

first 3 false ribs joined by common cartilage to sternum

hard palate function

floor of nasal cavity that functions w the soft palate to separate the nasal from oral cavities

cribriform plate of the ethmoid

forms floor of the olfactory fossae

Bones of the eye orbit

frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethomoid, sphenoid, palatine

spaces where paranasal sinuses are found?

frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal

Fossa

general term for a depression

what is the big toe called

hallux

acetabulum articulates with...

head of femur

Femur components

head, neck, trochanters, distal condyles, epicondyles

distal end of ulna

head, styloid process

ligamentum muchas function

helps keep head erect

foramen

hole

horn

horn-shaped process

proximal row of Tarsals

navicular, talus, calcaneus

Epicondyle

near or above condyle

Nuchal lines function

neck muscle attachment points

cranial cavity

occupied by brain

What is the carpal tunnel?

on anterior surface. Ligament from tubercle of trapezium to hook of hamate.

foramen

opening through which a nerve or blood vessel pass

foramen magnum

opening where the brain attaches to the spinal cord

what are the major structures of the posterior view of the skull?

parietal and occipital bones

what bones form most of the side of the skull?

parietal and temporal

braincase (neurocranium) bones

parietals, temporals, frontal, occipital, spheroid, ethmoid

sella turcica

part of sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland

medial and later pterygoid plates function

parts of sphenoid bone that surround posterior opening of nasal cavities

nasal cavity structure

pear shaped and open anteriorly

crista galli

point of attachment for the dura mater (one of the meninges)

vomer function

posterior portion of nasal septum

crest or crista

prominent ridge

thoracic cage functions

protects vital organs; forms semi-rigid chamber for respiration as muscles attach to help breathe

what does the capitulum articulate with?

radius

Tubercle

round projection

site of anesthesia injection

sacral hiatus

process

sharp projection

anterior crest function (tibia)

shin

mandibular fossa function

site of articulation with mandibular condyles

facet

small flattened articular surface

condyle

smooth rounded articular surface

function of tibia

supports most of weight

Function of the braincase (neurocranium)

surrounds and protects brain

coxxyx

tailbone; 3-5 semi fused vertebrae

what is located inside of the temporal bone?

the auditory ossicles.

where do olfactory nerves pass through?

the foramina of the cribriform plate

What is the lamboid suture?

the suture between the occipital and parietal bones

body of sternum

third through seventh ribs articulate

2 leg bones

tibia and fibula

symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

tingling, burning, numbness in hand

Proximal End of Ulna

trochlear notch, olecranon process, coronoid process

trochanter

tuberosities on proximal femur

canal or meatus

tunnel

What bones are in the pelvis?

two hip bones, sacrum, coccyx

what does the trochlea articulate with

ulna

spine

very high ridge

what is the squamous suture?

where parietal bone meets temporal bone

why are you taller in the morning then at night?

- intervertebral disks are swollen at night but compress with gravity throughout the day. - also explains why people shrink with age

lumbar vertebrae appearance + function

- large, thick bodies - broad posterior projecting spinous process - adds strength and limits rotation

what is the vertebral prominence?

- most prominent spinous process in area - Usually 7th cervical

acromium process function

- protective cover - attachment for clavicle - attachment for muscles

functions of intervertebral disks?

- provide support - prevent vertebrae from rubbing against each other

true ribs

- ribs that attach directly to sternum - ribs 1-7

what is the axis?

- second cervical vertebra - dens or odontoid process extends superiorly into the vertebral foramen of the atlas - allows rotation of the atlas on the axis, the "no" movement

what are the 3 parts of the thoracic cage?

- sternum anteriorly - thoracic vertebrae posteriorly - ribs laterally

cervical spine indicators

- there is a hole in the transverse foramen called transverse Forman - have very small bodies - bifid spinous processes

Sacral bone (sacrum) count

1

coccygeal bone count

1

paranasal sinuses functions

1.) decrease skull weight 2.) resonating chambers 3.) warm and humidify air

What are the features of the temporal bone?

1.) external auditory meatus 2.) mastoid processes 3.) temporal lines 4.) zygomatic process

function of the facial bones (viscerocranium)

1.) protect major sensory organs (eyes, nose, tongue) 2.) provide attachment sites for muscles of mastication, facial expression, and eye movement 3.) Maxilla and mandible have alveolar processes and sockets for tooth attachment

thoracic vertebrae count

12

how many ribs are there?

12 pairs

how many bones does the average human adult have?

206

how many skull bones are there?

22

how many bones are in the adult vertebral column?

26

how many metatarsals are there

5

lumbar vertebrae count

5

how many auditory ossicles are there?

6

cervical vertebrae count

7

how many tarsal bones are there

7

How many carpal bones are in the wrist?

8

false ribs

8-12 do not attach directly to sternum, connect to cartilage instead.

What are the parts of the upper limb?

Arm, forearm, wrist, hand

What shape is the vertebral column at birth?

C-shaped

Patella (sesamoid bone) function

Changes force relationship between femur and tibia

olfactory fossae

Lateral to the crista galli. Olfactory bulb within

carpal tunnel syndrome

Edema of connective tissue deposition may occur w/in carpal tunnel due to trauma etc --> pressure is put on nerve and vessels passing through tunnel --> leads to carpal tunnel syndrome

What is in the appendicular skeleton?

Girdles, upper limbs, lower limbs.

Proximal end of radius components

Head: rotates in radial notice of ulna Radial tuberosity: site of biceps brachia insertion

What bones form the pelvic girdle?

Hip bone and sacrum

ramus

arm or branch

What are the coxal bones?

Illium, Ischium, Pubis

nasal conchae structure

Inferior: separate bones Middle and superior: projection of the ethmoid

What are the 3 major foot arches

Longitudinal on medial and lateral side + transverse arch

Bones of the nasal cavity

Nasal cavity, Nasal septum (vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid), Nasal conchae (inferior, middle and supior)

clavicle function

articulates with acromion and with manubrium of sternum

What are the 2 girdles?

Pectoral and Pelvic

Order of carpal bones from lateral to medial for proximal row and medial to lateral for distal row.

Scaphoid (most lateral), Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium (Straight line to Pinky, here comes the thumb)

glenoid cavity function

articulates with humerus

fibula function

articulates with tibia

components of the foot

Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

occipital condyles function

articulation between skull and vertebral column

What are the parts of the lower limb?

Thigh, leg, foot

Components of tibia

Tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, condyles, medial malleolus

Hyoid bone

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue.

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often accompanied with kyphosis

Coracoid process function

attachment for muscles

Trochanters of Femur function

attachment for muscles that fasten lower extremity to hip

what makes the thoracic vertebra special?

attachment of a rib

tibial tuberosity function

attachment of quadriceps femurs

styloid processes function

attachment site for muscles that move the tongue

angle

bend

Where are intervertebral disks located?

between adjacent vertebrae

Axial Skeleton consists of...

bones of skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (rib cage)

appendicular skeleton

bones of upper limbs, lower limbs, and pectoral / pelvic girdles.

what is a herniated disk?

breakage or ballooning of the annulus fibrosus with a partial or complete release of the nucleus pulposus. May push against spinal nerves impairing function and causing pain. (some of the inner portion pushes to the outer portion)

sinus or labryinth

cavity

what happens to the vertebral column when the head is raised?

cervical curve appears

four major curvatures in adult vertebral column

cervical: anterior thoracic: posterior lumbar: anterior sacral and coccygeal: posterior

fissure

cleft or divide

groove or sulcus

deeper, narrow depression

notch

depression in bone margin

function of the arches of the foot

distribute weight of body between heel and ball of foot

scapular spine function

divides posterior surface into supra- and infraspinous fossae

nasal septum function

divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides

margin or border

edge

head

enlarged end

kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curvature (abnormal)

lordosis

exaggeration of lumbar curve (abnormal)

what bones form the hip?

ilium, ischium, pubis

Xiphoid process of sternum

inferior tip

Tuberosity

large, rough bump or knob

floating ribs

last two pairs of ribs (11-12); do not attach to sternum

lateral malleolus of fibula

lateral ankle

fovea

little pit

line or linea

low ridge

what happens to the vertebral column when sitting and walking?

lumbar curve develops

body

main part

3 parts of the sternum

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

facial bones (viscerocranium)

maxillae, zygomatics, palatines, lacrimals, nasals, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, vomer. (my mouths palate never liked zuchini in vinegar)

Distal row of Tarsals

medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms, cuboid

sinuses

mucous membrane-lined air spaces in the skull