A&P Ch 26 - Nutrition & Metabolism

Name the principal PRODUCTS in Glycolysis

2 Pyruvic acids 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 H2O

Pyridoxine is a chemical name for vitamin _____. A) B6 B) B12 C) B1 D) B2

A) B6

Which of the following does not contain vitamin A? A) carrots B) fish C) milk D) liver

A) carrots

Which of the following can be synthesized by the liver? A) cholesterol B) linoleic acid C) arachidonic acid D) linolenic acid

A) cholesterol

What is the most active form of vitamin D? A) dihydroxycholecalciferol B) cholecalciferol C) hydroxycholecalciferol D) ergocalciferol

A) dihydroxycholecalciferol

Vitamin C is closely related to _____ in structure. A) glucose B) protein C) vitamin D D) biotin

A) glucose

Which ion is most important in oxygen transport? A) iron B) Mg2+ C) Cl- D) iodine

A) iron

Which tissue cannot store glycogen or lipids for energy? A) nervous B) skeletal muscle C) liver D) cardiac

A) nervous

Which of the following would be most accurate in the assessment of a basal metabolic rate? A) oxygen consumption B) total calories consumed C) total calories burned D) blood pressure

A) oxygen consumption

Nutritional edema will develop in a _____ deficiency. A) protein B) carbohydrate C) lipid D) electrolyte

A) protein

Which of the following is derived from vitamin A? A) rhodopsin B) beta-carotene C) bile salts D) cholesterol

A) rhodopsin

Cocarboxylase is an enzyme that utilizes the vitamin _____ as part of its structure. A) thiamin B) niacin C) riboflavin D) folic acid

A) thiamin

The flow of H+ from the ICF space to the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrical current used by the enzyme _______________ to make ATP.

ATP synthase

Define nutrient

Any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance by the body.

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? A) A B) B C) D D) E

B) B

The trace mineral _____ is essential for hemoglobin and neurological functions. A) Mn2+ B) Cu2+ C) Fe2+ D) Na+

B) Cu2+

Vitamin D deficiency could result in poor _____. A) vision B) bone growth C) skin development D) neurologic functions

B) bone growth

Which of the following is most likely used for energy? A) cholesterol B) triglycerides C) phospholipids D) fats

B) triglycerides

Which has the highest caloric usage per hour? A) jogging B) walking up stairs C) vigorous exercise D) swimming

B) walking up stairs

There are _____ essential amino acids that must be included in the diet of a child. A) 20 B) 5 C) 10 D) 8

C) 10

Which of the following is the most important vitamin for carbohydrate metabolism? A) vitamin C B) vitamin A C) B-complex vitamins D) ascorbic acid

C) B-complex vitamins

Which of these is a potent anti-oxidizing agent? A) vitamin A B) vitamin E C) alpha-tocopherol D) vitamin D

C) alpha-tocopherol

Which is the best source of vitamin D? A) natural cow's milk B) enriched milk C) fortified milk D) vegetables

C) fortified milk

Which of the following does not belong with the others? A) lignin B) cellulose C) glycogen D) pectin

C) glycogen

Arginine and _____ are additional amino acids that must be provided to children. A) glutamine B) glycine C) histidine D) cysteine

C) histidine

Which organ is the last to convert vitamin D to its most active form? A) liver B) skin C) kidney D) intestine

C) kidney

Which of these factors causes vitamin A destruction? A) heat B) acid C) light D) alkali

C) light

Coenzymes I and II have _____ as part of their structure. A) folic acid B) pantothenate C) niacin D) riboflavin

C) niacin

Which of these results from niacin deficiency? A) beriberi B) rickets C) pellagra D) megaloblastic anemia

C) pellagra

Methionine and cysteine are unique amino acids because they contain the element _____. A) nitrogen B) carbon C) sulfur D) oxygen

C) sulfur

Alcoholics are particularly susceptible to develop a _____ deficiency. A) vitamin D B) vitamin E C) thiamin D) riboflavin

C) thiamin

Which of these functions is the least important for proteins? A) become blood osmotic proteins B) convert to enzymes C) utilization for energy D) component of structures

C) utilization for energy

FAD is a metabolic coenzyme that requires _____ in its structure. A) vitamin C B) thiamine C) vitamin B2 D) vitamin B1

C) vitamin B2

What is an important precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D?

Cholesterol

What are the four major categories of lipoproteins and what are their functions?

Chylomicrons - lipids are removed for use or storage HDLs - vehicle for removing waste from the body LDLs - abrorbed by receptor-mediated endocytosis for intracellular use VLDLs - transport lipids to the adipose tissue for storage

Persons are considered obese if their weight is _____ over the desired weight. A) 50 lbs B) 10% C) 19% D) 21%

D) 21%

Pernicious anemia will develop in the absence of intrinsic factor or vitamin _____. A) B6 B) folic acid C) E D) B12

D) B12

The most important vitamin which promotes normal blood clotting is vitamin _____. A) A B) B complex C) C D) K

D) K

Which of the following is not an essential adult amino acid? A) methionine B) phenylalanine C) isoleucine D) alanine

D) alanine

Which of the following does not tend to decrease basal metabolic rate? A) being female B) larger individuals C) body temperature of 97° F D) thyroxine levels

D) thyroxine levels

Which of the following is the usual precursor to the others? A) cholesterol B) lipoproteins C) phospholipids D) triglycerides

D) triglycerides

What are the functions of carbs?

Fuel Component of nucleic acids, ATP and other nucleotides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

What are the functions of lipids?

Fuel Plasma membrane structure Myelin sheaths of nerve fibers Hormones Eicosanoids Bile Acids Insulation Protective padding around organs Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin D synthesis Some blood clotting factors

Name the principal REACTANTS in Glycolysis

Glucose 2 ADP 2 P(i) 2 NAD+

_______________ is a syndrome of cramps, vomiting, and hypotension that can result from extreme electrolyte loss in hot weather.

Heat exhaustion

_______________ are blood-borne protein-lipid complexes that transport excess cholesterol and phospholipids to the liver for disposal.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

What are the eight essential amino acids?

Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

The reduced, high-energy state of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is represented by the formula _______________.

NADH

What are the functions of water?

Solvent Coolant Reactant/Product in metabolic reactions Dilution and elimination of wastes Supports blood volume and pressure

In the post-absorptive state, glycogen stores can only provide glucose for about 4 hours. True/False

True

Ketone bodies produced by ketogenesis travel to skeletal muscle and are converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid (Krebs) cycle to produce ATP. True/False

True

What are the six major categories of nutrients?

Water Carbs Proteins Lipids Vitamins Minerals

List the macro-nutrients and the amounts required in the diet.

Water - 2.5 L Carbs - 125-175 g Lipids - 80-100 g Proteins - 44-60 g

This energy-requiring process forms larger molecules by joining together smaller molecules: a. anabolism b. catabolism c. metabolism

a. anabolism

This mineral is involved in blood clotting, muscle activity, and nerve function, and a deficiency of it causes spontaneous nerve discharge and tetany: a. calcium b. chlorine c. iodine d. iron e. sodium

a. calcium

In anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is released into the blood from skeletal muscle. When oxygen is available, most of the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid and glucose in here: a. liver b. skeletal muscle c. heart d. lung

a. liver

For the first few hours after a meal, a person is in a/an _______________ state in which digested nutrients are being taken up by the blood.

absorptive

A loss of appetite, or _______________, can result from destruction of the _______________ of the hypothalamus.

anorexia; feeding center

This statement is true concerning glycolysis: a. it is an aerobic process b. a net of 2 molecules of ATP are produced c. a total of 38 ATP are produced d. 4 NADH are produced

b. a net of 2 molecules of ATP are produced

This loss of heat results from the loss of water from the body's surface: a. radiation b. evaporation c. conduction d. convection

b. evaporation

The brain relies almost entirely on this for energy production: a. sucrose b. glucose c. fructose d. fatty acids e. protein

b. glucose

Excess glucose in the body following a meal can be stored in the liver as this: a. fat b. glycogen c. glucagon d. pyruvic acid

b. glycogen

Excess glucose after a meal will first form glycogen in this process: a. glycolysis b. glycogenesis c. lipogenesis d. lipolyosis

b. glycogenesis

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy needed to keep the resting body functional, and it accounts for about this % of the energy expended during the day: a. 7 b. 20 c. 60 d. 80

c. 60

This person would mostly likely have a decreased BMR: a. a pregnant woman b. a thin, muscular, person c. a starving person d. a young child

c. a starving person

This statement best describes ammonia: a. a by-product of lipid metabolism b. formed during ketogenesis c. converted into urea in the liver d. produced during lipogenesis e. converted to keto acids

c. converted into urea in the liver

This occurs during the absorptive state: a. as glycogen is depleted, fats are used as an energy source b. fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA c. excess glucose is converted into glycogen or fats d. acetyl-CoA is used to produce ketone bodies in the liver

c. excess glucose is converted into glycogen or fats

People on strict diets or that have Type I Diabetes may check their urine periodically for ketones. Excessive production of ketones in the urine may indicate this: a. excessive carbohydrate metabolism b. excessive protein metabolism c. excessive lipid metabolism d. excessive lactic acid production

c. excessive lipid metabolism

Using the _______________ mechanism, mitochondria synthesize ATP by tapping energy from the H+ gradient between the matrix and inter-membrane space.

chemiosmotic

The temperature of organs in the body cavities is called _______________.

core temperature

The brightly colored, iron-containing, electron-transfer molecules of the mitochondrial inner membrane are called _______________.

cytochromes

This is the energy currency of the cell: a. starch b. glycogen c. glucose d. ATP

d. ATP

In beta oxidation, free fatty acids are converted to this: a. glycerol b. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate c. pyruvic acid d. acetyl-CoA

d. acetyl-CoA

All of these are examples of proteins in the body EXCEPT: a. collagen b. enzymes c. hemoglobin d. lecithin e. myosin

d. lecithin

About 99% of the body's energy storage is in the form of this: a. amino acids b. glucose c. glycogen d. lipids e. proteins

d. lipids

This statement best describes essential nutrients: a. are the only nutrients used by the body b. can be synthesized by the body from other ingested nutrients c. include most carbohydrates d. must be ingested e. all of these

d. must be ingested

These events occur during the reactions of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle except: a. ATP production b. NADH and FADH2 production c. carbon dioxide formation d. water molecule formation

d. water molecule formation

A calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of _________ one degree __________. a. water, Fahrenheit b. oil, Fahrenheit c. oil, Centigrade d. water, Centigrade

d. water, Centigrade

On a cool day, vasoconstriction of the skin's blood vessels is beneficial because of this: a. reduces skin temperature b. reduces heat loss c. prevents skin from becoming so cold that it is damaged d. all of these e. a and b

e. a and b

Vegetarians usually have to be more careful about his or her diet than a person who includes meat in the diet because of this: a. plants are not complete protein foods b. a variety of plants must be consumed to include all essential amino acids c. plants contain less protein per unit weight than meat d. a and b e. all of these

e. all of these

To produce a nonessential amino acid, keto acids are converted to amino acids by this process: a. beta-oxidation b. ketogenesis c. lipogenesis d. oxidative deamination e. transamination

e. transamination

Linoleic and linolenic acids are called _______________ because they must be present in the diet; the body cannot synthesize them from other organic compounds.

essential fatty acids

Cyanide poisoning blocks the last step in the electron transport chain and causes death for this reason: a. excess production of CO2 b. it uses up too much O2 c. no ATP is produced aerobically d. anaerobic respiration cannot keep up e. a and b f. c and d

f. c and d

The desire for food is apparently controlled in part by an area of the lateral hypothalamus called the _______________

feeding center

Synthesis of glucose from amino acids or triglycerides is called _______________.

gluconeogenesis

In the post-absorptive state, glycogen is hydrolyzed to liberate glucose. This process is called _______________.

glycogenolysis

Excessive ingestion of vitamins can cause _______________, with pathological consequences as serious as some vitamin deficiencies

hypervitaminosis

A deficiency of blood glucose is called _______________.

hypoglycemia

The feeding center, satiety center, heat-losing center, and heat-promoting center are nuclei located in part of the brain called the _______________.

hypothalamus

A/an _______________ protein lacks one or more essential amino acids.

incomplete

The absorptive state is regulated mainly by the hormone _______________.

insulin

The organ that synthesizes the nitrogenous waste in the preceding question is the _______________.

liver

When muscle is breaking down, as in starvation or muscular dystrophy, a person may have more nitrogen in the urine than in the diet and is said to be in a state of _______________.

negative nitrogen balance

Not all amino acids of a dietary protein are used by the body. The fraction that is used is called _______________.

net protein utilization

When the diet is too low in carbohydrates, fats cannot be completely oxidized because there is not enough _______________ to accept their C2 breakdown products and get them into the citric acid cycle.

oxaloacetic acid

Glycolysis decomposes glucose to two molecules of _______________ as its end product.

pyruvic acid

The feeling of having eaten enough is mediated through a/an ___________ in the ventromedial hypothalamus, and damage here causes grossly excessive eating, called ______________.

satiety center; hyperphagia

The liver's ornithine cycle serves to partially detoxify ammonia by converting it to _______________.

urea

The major nitrogenous waste resulting from protein catabolism is _______________.

urea

Some types of dietary fiber, called _______________ fiber, will lower blood cholesterol levels whereas other types of fiber will not.

water-soluble