A&P ch 4 questions

24) Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. B) Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion. C) Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. D) These glands are ductless.

A) Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.

38) Which tissue type would likely function to hold the kidneys in place? A) adipose B) dense regular C) smooth muscle D) reticular

A) adipose

44) Generally speaking, connective tissues are largely non-living extracellular matrix. Which of the following is an EXCEPTION? A) adipose B) blood C) bone D) areolar

A) adipose

31) Select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue. A) Connective tissue does not contain cells. B) Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C) Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

D) "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Endocrine glands are complex and ductless, while exocrine glands have specific ducts and are simple.

Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why?

Tendons are composed of dense regular CT. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; repair is slow. The broken ends of existing fibers will not reunite and can still slip past each other.

40) Choose which tissue type likely functions to add support to an organ. A) cardiac muscle B) hyaline cartilage C) transitional D) stratified squamous epithelium

B) hyaline cartilage

41) Your instructor gives you an unknown organ for you to examine and identify through microscopy. What should you do first with the sample? A) fix it with preservative B) cut it into sections C) stain it to enhance contrast D) examine it for artifacts

A) fix it with preservative

How is blood unique among connective tissue?

Blood doesn't give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, it carries nutrients/waste, and attaches to gases.

John, a 72-year-old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system?

The sweeping action of the ciliated epithelium is essential in order to propel inhaled dust and other debris out of the respiratory tract. Anything that inhibits this mechanism would allow foreign substances to remain in the tract, which may cause damage. Chemicals such as nicotine may inhibit the action of the cilia, allowing carbon particles found in smoke to reach the lungs.

12) Which of the following is found in hyaline cartilage? A) chondrocyte B) fibroblast C) macrophage D) mast cell

A) chondrocyte

25) Heart muscle cells would tend to separate without ________. A) myofilaments B) intercalated discs C) flana D) stroma

B) intercalated discs

28) The first step in tissue repair involves ________. A) replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells B) proliferation of fibrous connective tissue C) inflammation D) formation of scar tissue

C) inflammation

Explain what is meant by epithelial tissue being avascular but innervated.

Epithelial tissue contains no blood vessels, but is supplied by nerve fibers.

How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue?

Epithelial tissue is tight cell packing, avascular, polar no matrix, limited, and surface. While connective tissue is wide cell spacing, vascular, non-polar, matrix, numerous cell types, and subsurface purposes.

8) A ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells ________. A) lines most of the respiratory tract B) aids in digestion C) is more durable than all other epithelia D) is found in some of the larger glands

A) lines most of the respiratory tract

Since mature adipocytes rarely divide, how can adults gain weight?

Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume. Mature adipocytes are among the largest cells in the body.

A 62-year-old woman was in a car accident and suffered severe brain damage. Will the brain be able to repair the damaged tissue to a functional level? Explain your answer.

After injury, neuroplasticity allows intact areas of the brain to adapt and attempt to compensate for damaged parts of the brain. Although axons and the peripheral nervous system in the developing brain can regenerate, they cannot in the adult brain.

34) Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue. A) It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B) Its primary function is nutrient storage. C) Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. D) Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.

B) Its primary function is nutrient storage.

A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of a tumor on her thyroid gland. The surgeon informs her that she will have only a very thin scar. How could this be possible?

By making a sharp incision which minimizes the number of injured cells and wound defects once reapproximated, the amount of granulation (scar-forming) tissue will be minimal. As the scar tissue beneath matures and contracts, very little new epithelium needs to bridge the gap. The final result may be only a fine white line.

43) Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common? A) reticular fibers B) simple squamous epithelium C) elastic fibers D) simple columnar epithelium

C) elastic fibers

37) Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A) areolar B) dense regular C) embryonic D) reticular

C) embryonic

17) Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue? A) simple squamous B) transitional C) simple columnar D) stratified squamous

C) simple columnar

Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?

Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the serosal membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic wall. Pain is caused by the irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the cavity.

Explain why an infection may occur in a tissue injury.

The skin is the largest organ in the body and protects underlying tissues from injury by preventing the passage of microorganisms. The skin and mucous membranes are considered the body's first line of defense.

In terms of structure and function, compare the type of epithelium lining the trachea, air sacs of the lungs, and the epidermis of the skin.

The trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial with goblet cells. The mucus produced by the goblet cells traps dust, bacteria, and other debris and the cilia move it upwards away from the lungs. The air sacs of the lungs are lined with simple squamous that serves as a thin, efficient membrane for gas exchange between air and blood. The epidermis of the skin consists of stratified squamous which functions as physical protection against abrasion, bacteria, & drying out.

23) Edema (swelling) occurs when ________. A) areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area B) adipose cells enlarge by pinocytosis C) collagen fibers enlarge as they change from dehydrated to hydrated shape D) reticular connective tissue invades the area

A) areolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in an inflamed area

7) Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract? A) dense microvilli B) thin and permeable C) fibroblasts D) cilia

A) dense microvilli

26) Blood vessels keep clots from sticking as long as their ________ is intact and healthy. A) endothelium B) mesothelium C) transitional epithelium D) simple cuboidal epithelium

A) endothelium

13) A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type? A) epithelial tissue B) connective tissue C) nervous tissue D) muscle tissue

A) epithelial tissue

35) Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? A) goblet cells B) mast cells C) macrophages D) fibroblasts

A) goblet cells

29) What are the three main components of connective tissue? A) ground substance, fibers, and cells B) alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers D) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts

A) ground substance, fibers, and cells

27) Which is true concerning muscle tissue? A) highly cellular and well vascularized B) cuboidal shape enhances function C) contains contractile units made of collagen D) is a single-celled tissue

A) highly cellular and well vascularized

10) Which type of connective tissue serves as the universal packing material between other tissues? A) adipose B) areolar connective tissue C) reticular connective tissue D) hyaline cartilage

B) areolar connective tissue

6) Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia? A) microvilli B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) multiple nuclei

B) Golgi apparatus

32) Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A) Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C) Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. D) The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.

B) Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

15) When utilizing a transmission electron microscope, why is it necessary to stain the specimen with heavy metal salts? A) The salts provide color to the specimen so that it can be seen. B) The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue. C) The salts are acidic and attract to the specimen. D) The salts provide the three-dimensional image of the specimen.

B) The salts provide greater detailing of tissue as electrons bounce off of the tissue.

14) The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A) elastic B) collagen C) reticular D) muscle

B) collagen

2) The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________. A) hydroxyapatite crystals B) collagen fibers C) reticular fibers D) elastic fibers

B) collagen fibers

45) The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland. A) compound tubular B) compound tubuloalveolar C) simple branched alveolar D) compound alveolar

B) compound tubuloalveolar

16) The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. A) adipose tissue B) elastic cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage

B) elastic cartilage

18) Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________. A) exocrine B) endocrine C) sebaceous D) ceruminous

B) endocrine

11) Connective tissue extracellular matrix is composed of ________. A) cells and fibers B) fibers and ground substance C) ground substance and cells D) all organic compounds

B) fibers and ground substance

20) Chondroblasts ________. A) are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix C) remain in compact bone even after the epiphyseal plate closes D) never lose their ability to divide

B) within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

30) Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A) Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B) When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C) Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength. D) Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.

C) Collagen fibers provides high tensile strength.

19) Which of the following is true about epithelia? A) Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B) Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D) Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized.

C) Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

4) How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage? A) It is more vascularized. B) It contains more nuclei. C) Fibers are not normally visible. D) It allows great flexibility.

C) Fibers are not normally visible.

33) Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A) Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B) Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. D) Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.

C) Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.

1) Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone? A) living cells B) lacunae C) blood vessels D) organic fibers

C) blood vessels

3) What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels? A) cartilage tissue B) fibrocartilaginous tissue C) bone (osseous tissue) D) areolar tissue

C) bone (osseous tissue)

9) Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs? A) pseudostratified columnar B) simple columnar C) simple squamous D) simple cuboidal

C) simple squamous

46) Which tissue in the wall of the uterus is required for labor contractions? A) stratified squamous B) elastic cartilage C) smooth muscle D) skeletal muscle

C) smooth muscle

21) ________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. A) Stratified cuboidal B) Stratified columnar C) Transitional D) Pseudostratified columnar

D) Pseudostratified columnar

42) Choose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus. A) stratified squamous epithelium B) simple cuboidal epithelium C) smooth muscle D) ciliated simple columnar epithelium

D) ciliated simple columnar epithelium

5) The primary blast cell for bone is the ________. A) osteoblast B) chondroblast C) hemocytoblast D) fibroblast

D) fibroblast

36) Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair? A) inflammation B) restoration of blood supply C) regeneration and fibrosis D) formation of new stem cells

D) formation of new stem cells

39) Which tissue type is formed by many cells joining together, which are multinucleated? A) cardiac muscle B) dense regular C) smooth muscle D) skeletal muscle

D) skeletal muscle

22) A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________. A) simple cuboidal B) simple squamous C) transitional D) stratified squamous

D) stratified squamous

Explain why an open wound would need a bed of granulation tissue for wound healing to occur.

Epithelium cannot grow across a defect without a blood supply from underlying connective tissue. Granulation tissue contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and first lay down the needed capillary bed

In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved? Why do you think this is so?

Epithelium gives rise to most cancers. This is probably because epithelial cells divide more, leading to more opportunities for damage to growth control mechanisms, and because epithelia are more often in contact with environmental insults such as ultraviolet radiation and carcinogens.

Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why?

Macrophages are large, irregularly shaped cells that act as key defenders that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. This "big eater" also disposes of dead tissue cells, which helps to clean out the wound, allowing for granulation tissue to form.

Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells?

Phagocytosis is common to all macrophage-like cells.

All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one.

The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. (1) Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. (4) Granulation tissue is formed. (3) Fibroblasts connective tissue fibers to span the break. (7) Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. (6) The wound retracts. (5) Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete. (2)

How can one tell the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium?

Transitional has fewer layers and has more rounded surface cells when it is bunched up with more apparent layers.