A&P Chapter 26
Which are components of lipoproteins?
proteins and lipids
Which are dietary disaccharides?
sucrose, maltose, lactose
Which statements about dietary fat are true?
-A well-nourished adult meets 80% to 90% of his or her resting energy needs from fat. -Fat should account for no more than 30% of one's daily caloric intake. -People who ingest less than 20 g of fat per day are at risk of vitamin deficiency.
The products of complete glucose catabolism (oxidation) include:
-ATP -carbon dioxide -water
List examples of foods that contain water soluble fiber.
-Beans -Brown rice -Fruit
Which are examples of nonshivering thermogenesis?
-Break down of brown fat -Sympathetic mediated increase in metabolic rate
Which of the following produce body heat?
-Muscle contraction -ATP use -Nutrient oxidation
List the vitamins that act as antioxidants.
-Vitamin A -Vitamin E -Vitamin C
Which of the six major classes of nutrients are considered micronutrients because only small quantities are required?
-Vitamins -Minerals
Match each nutrient class to its partial list of functions.
-Water: Coolant; Solvent; reactant or product in many metabolic reactions, etc. -Vitamins: Coenzymes for many metabolic pathways; antioxidants, etc. -Lipids: Fuel; plasma membrane structure; myelin sheaths; hormones; insulation; padding around organs, etc. -Proteins: Muscle contraction; enzymes; antibodies; buffers; emergency fuel, etc. -Carbohydrates: Fuel; glycoproteins and glycolipids -Minerals: Structure of bones and teeth; electrolytes; buffers; stomach acid, etc.
When is deamination necessary?
-When using protein for fuel -When using protein for gluconeogenesis
A person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during when?
-awake but relaxed -comfortable temperature -postabsorptive state 12-14 hours post meal
List the end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose.
-carbon dioxide -water -ATP
Identify the peptides that are involved in short-term regulation of appetite.
-cholecystokinin -ghrelin -peptide YY
Match each type of heat transfer to its description.
-conduction: heat transferred molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer -radiation: emission of infrared energy (rays); contact is not required for energy transfer -evaporation: heat dissipated as it breaks bonds between water molecules -Convection: Transfer of heat to a moving fluid such as blood, air, or water.
Total metabolic rate is the sum of basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure for when?
-digestion -exercise -thermoregulation
List examples of carbohydrates.
-glucose -glycogen -sucrose
List the three pathways by which glucose can be catabolized.
-glycolysis -aerobic respiration -anaerobic fermentation
Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans?
-hereditary factors -exercise habits -eating habits
Match the liver disorder with its description.
-jaundice: yellowing of skin/eyes due to buildup of bilirubin -hepatitis: inflammation of the liver, usually viral -cirrhosis: irreversible inflammatory disease of liver with scarring
List some essential fatty acids.
-linolenic acid -linoleic acid -arachidonic acid
List examples of lipids.
-phospholipids -cholesterol -triglycerides
Which are effects of insulin?
-stimulates glucose oxidation, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis -inhibits gluconeogenesis
List compounds for which cholesterol is a precursor.
-testosterone -estrogen -vitamin D -bile acids
List factors involved in the process of protein synthesis.
-transfer RNA -ribosomes -messenger RNA -deoxyribose nucleic acids
List situations in which ketoacidosis may occur:
-untreated diabetes mellitus -during pregnancy -during starvation -with a low carbohydrate diet
How much ATP is produced by the complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of glucose?
32 moles
Humans typically use 70% to 90% of animal protein. What is the net protein utilization for plant protein?
40% to 70%
List the fat-soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, K
Which molecule functions as a universal energy carrier used to do cellular work?
ATP
For several hours during and after a meal, you are in the _______ state.
Absorptive
The process of ___ is the addition of amino group to a molecule.
Amination
What is metabolic rate?
Amount of energy released in body per unit time.
Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called:
Beta Oxidation
_______ is the term used to describe an extreme wasting due to altered metabolism and loss of appetite (anorexia).
Cachexia
The mineral ______ is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function.
Calcium
By definition, one ______ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
Calorie
Because the class of nutrients called ______ are rapidly oxidized, they are required in greater amounts in the diet than any other nutrient.
Carbohydrates
Name the major function of carbohydrates in the body.
Cellular fuel
Which is a type of lipoprotein?
Chylomicrons
_______ are lipoproteins formed in the absorptive cells of the small intestine that serve to carry dietary fats from the intestine to the body's cells.
Chylomicrons
Proteins are classified as ______ proteins if they provide all the essential amino acids for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance.
Complete
The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is known as ________ temperature.
Core
Vitamin ____ has an important role in calcium balance.
D
Before an amino acid can be burned as fuel or used to produce glucose, the process of ______ must occur.
Deamination
Plant cellulose and pectin are examples of which of the following?
Dietary fiber
Which term refers to the nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing in adequate amounts?
Essential Nutrients
What produces most of your body heat?
Exergonic chemical reactions
Which class of macronutrients provide the most energy per gram?
Fat
Daily intake of _______ should account for no more than 30% of one's daily caloric intake.
Fats
Essential ____ ____ include linoleic acid, and possibly linolenic and arachidonic.
Fatty acid
During the postabsorptive state, ______ acts to increase the blood levels of glucose and lipids.
Glucagon
The process called ______ is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids.
Gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose is called ___.
Glycogenesis
In the absence of oxygen, small amounts of ATP may be produced via an anaerobic process called:
Glycolysis
With carbohydrate metabolism, the process of ______ yields a net of 2 ATP.
Glycolysis
What is the benefit of having a high blood level of HDL?
HDL remove excess cholesterol from the circulation.
Which brain region monitors and regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus
Dietary proteins classified as _______ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.
Incomplete
The absorptive state is regulated largely by _______, which is secreted in response to elevated blood glucose and amino acid levels.
Insulin
The hormone _______ is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated serum glucose levels, and has a weak effect on appetite.
Insulin
Low carb diets and untreated diabetes mellitus are two causes of ketone body accumulation, a condition called _______.
Ketosis
One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) in dietetics and a ______ in biochemistry.
Kilocalorie
Aerobic fermentation results in pyruvic acid being reduced to ______ acid.
Lactic
Insulin and ____ work as "adiposity signals," informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing fat.
Leptin
The specific term for the catabolism (breakdown) of fat (lipids) for fuel is called ______.
Lipolysis
______ is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
Metabolism
What is the cellular location for the Krebs cycle?
Mitochondria
By definition, a _______ is any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body.
Nutrient
Iron is essential to the ability of hemoglobin and myoglobin to bind _______.
Oxygen
Name the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Oxygen
The liver oxidizes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when _______ becomes available again.
Oxygen
The process called _______ is the addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule.
Phosphorylation
During the ______ state, energy may be provided by mechanisms such as the breakdown of stored glycogen, oxidation of keton bodies, and conversion of glycerol into glucose.
Postabsorptive
Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance?
Pregnant women, Athletes in resistance training (building muscle), and Growing children
If glycogen and fat reserves are depleted, the body begins to use the macromolecule _______ as fuel.
Protein
Our chief dietary source of nitrogen is the class of macromolecules called _______.
Proteins
In the presence of oxygen, ___ acid enters the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration.
Pyruvic
_____ is an estimate of the daily intake of a specific nutrient that would meet the nutritional needs of most healthy people.
RDA
Describe the electron transport chain.
Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP.
Match each mineral to its most common dietary sources.
Sodium=Table salt, processed foods, usually present in excess Calcium=Milk, fish, shellfish, greens, tofu, orange juice Iron=Red meat, liver, shellfish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts legumes, molasses Fluoride=Fluoridated water and toothpaste, tea, seafood, seaweed
Which of the following is considered the only nutritionally significant polysaccharide?
Starch
Deamination
The removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.
State the specific term that describes homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range.
Thermoregulation
Why do higher glycemic index carbohydrates stimulate a higher insulin demand?
They are digested more quickly and raise blood glucose levels more rapidly.
Which is a characteristic of vitamins?
They are necessary for metabolism
______ is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.
Transamination
Elevated LDL is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
True
The typical American consumes about four times the sodium RDA of 1100mg/day.
True
Match each vitamin to its function.
Vitamin C: promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions as an antioxidant. Vitamin A: a component of the visual pigments; promotes proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant. Vitamin D: promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Vitamin K: essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting.
What are an examples of a trace minerals?
Zinc, Copper, and Iodine
List the components of an ATP molecule.
adenine, phosphate, ribose
In a pathway called the urea cycle, the liver combines _______ with carbon dioxide to produce urea, a less toxic waste.
ammonia
What is glycogenolysis?
breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
High dietary intake of cholesterol causes the liver to _______ its rate of synthesis of cholesterol.
decrease
Alcohol and sugary foods are considered "_______ calories", calories that do not provide nutrients that the body requires.
empty
What are some monosaccharides?
glucose, galactose, fructose
Water-_______ fiber includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
insoluble
The term _______ refers to the synthesis of fats.
lipogenesis
List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
