A&P II
What are the 3 main factors influencing blood pressure?
Cardiac output Peripheral resistance Blood volume
Where are Peyer's patches found?
Distal portion of the small intestine
What causes the redness and heat of an inflamed area?
Hyperemia because of vasodilation
Class II MCH proteins
Recruit and activate other helper T cells, B and cytotoxic cells
What is tolerance?
The process developed during fetal life that prevents an immune attack on "self"
What is chemotaxis?
The process whereby neutrophils and other wbcs are attracted to an inflammatory site.
In clonal selection, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will become cloned?
antigen
In which blood vessel is systemic pressure highest?
aorta
Which type of blood vessel controls the amount of blood directed to various organs?
arterioles
What is anaphylaxis?
An immediate hypersensitivity which may include constriction of the bronchioles and swelling of the tongue making it difficult to breathe.
What is a bubo?
An infected lymph gland
Active Immunity
Antibodies are produced Naturally- exposed to chicken pox, make own antibodies Artificially- vaccine
Where does the lymphatic system transport excess tissue fluid to?
Blood vascular system
What are the 3 important sources of resistance to blood flow?
Blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter
What causes edema?
Buildup of interstitial fluid or lymph due to blockage of the lymphatics
What is complement?
A major nonspecific mechanism that mediates destruction of foreign substances in the body
Choices: A. Antibodies, B. Antigen, C. Chemotactic facgtors, D. Complement, E. Cytokines, F. Inflammation, G. Interferon, H. Macrophage migration inhibiting factor, I. Perforin, J. Tumor necrosis factor K. Cytotoxic T cell A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps protect other body cells from viral multiplication Molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response and of binding with the product of that response Slow-acting protein that causes cell death; released in large amounts by macrophages A consequence of the release of histamine from mast cells and of complement activation by binding to antigen-antibody complexes A plasma protein complex that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens once it is :fixed: to their surface Chemicals released by activated macrophages; interleukin-1 and interferon, for example Proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement Chemical released by Tc cells that causes lysis of cellular antigens Directly attacks and causes lysis of cellular pathogens
A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps protect other body cells from viral multiplication Interferon Molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing Chemotactic factors Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response and of binding with the product of that response Antigen Slow-acting protein that causes cell death; released in large amounts by macrophages Tumor necrosis factor A consequence of the release of histamine from mast cells and of complement activation by binding to antigen-antibody complexes Inflammation A plasma protein complex that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens once it is :fixed: to their surface Complement Chemicals released by activated macrophages; interleukin-1 and interferon, for example Cytokines Proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement Antibodies Chemical released by Tc cells that causes lysis of cellular antigens Perforin Directly attacks and causes lysis of cellular pathogens Cytotoxic T Cell
What is perforin?
A protein utilized by cytotoxic T cells
Classical Pathway
Ab finds to foreign cells, exposes comblement-binding sites on ab Merges with alternate pathway at C3 C3a and C3b promote inflammation, cytolysis and opsonization
Complement is a system of at least (1) proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form. Complement may be activated either of two pathways. The (2) pathway involves proteins designated C1-C9 and depends on the binding of antibodies to invading microorganisms and subsequent binding of complement to the (3) complexes. The (4) pathway is triggered by the interaction of three plasma proteins, factors B, D and (5) with (6) molecules present on the surface of certain bacteria and fungi. Both pathways lead to the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b. Binding of (7) to the target cell's surface results in the incorporation of C5-C9 into the target cell membrane. This incorporated complex is called the (8) and its completed insertion results in target cell (9). The complement fragments bound to the target cell surface also enable it to be phagocytized more readily, a phenomenon called (10). The (11) fragment of C3 amplifies the inflammatory response by attracting neutrophils and other inflammatory cells into the area.
Complement is a system of at least 20 proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form. Complement may be activated either of two pathways. The classical pathway involves proteins designated C1-C9 and depends on the binding of antibodies to invading microorganisms and subsequent binding of complement to the antigen-antibody complexes. The alternative pathway is triggered by the interaction of three plasma proteins, factors B, D and P with polysaccharide molecules present on the surface of certain bacteria and fungi. Both pathways lead to the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b. Binding of C3b to the target cell's surface results in the incorporation of C5-C9 into the target cell membrane. This incorporated complex is called the membrane attack complex (MAC) and its completed insertion results in target cell lysis. The complement fragments bound to the target cell surface also enable it to be phagocytized more readily, a phenomenon called opsonization. The C3a fragment of C3 amplifies the inflammatory response by attracting neutrophils and other inflammatory cells into the area.
Which T cells directly attack and kill cells?
Cytotoxic cells
Which type of arteries is larger?
Elastic or conducting
What are advantages of fever?
Enhance inflammatory response Phagocytic killing by leukocytes Multiplication of lymphocytes Production of interferons and antibodies Increased fever inhibits growth of many pathogens by going above their optimal growth range
What does the clonal selection of B cells result in?
Formation of plasma cells
Class 1 MHC proteins
Found on all body cells except mature rbcs Antigens activate cytotoxic T cells when presented as peptides complexed with MHCI proteins
What stimulates the proliferation of other lymphocytes?
Helper T cells
Choices: A. Antigens, B. B cells, C. Blood, D. Cellular immunity, E. Dendritic cells, F. Humoral immunity, G. Lymph, H. Lymph nodes, I. Macrophages, J. T cells Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or (1) in the body. When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called (2). When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is called (3). The major actors in the adaptive immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the (4) and (5). Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are (6) and (7). Because pathogens are likely to use both (8) and (9) as a means of getting around the body, (10) and other lymphoid tissues (which house the immune cells) are in an excellent position to detect their presence.
Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or (1)antigens in the body. When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called (2)humoral immunity. When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is called (3)cellular immunity. The major actors in the adaptive immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the (4)B cells and (5)T cells. Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are (6)dendritic cells and (7)macrophages. Because pathogens are likely to use both (8)blood and (9)lymph as a means of getting around the body, (10)lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues (which house the immune cells) are in an excellent position to detect their presence.
Where in a lymph node would you find lymphocytes?
In the outer cortex
Do antibodies destroy antigens?
No, they flag it for destruction
Which are more permeable - lymphatic capillaries or blood capillaries?
Lymphatic capillaries
What presents the double activation signal to T cells?
Macrophage APC
Passive Immunity
Memory does not occur, antibodies given Naturally- from mother to fetus Artificially- from injection
How does Angiotensin II cause intense vasoconstriction?
Needs renin from kidneys and ACE from lungs to convert angiotensinogen from liver to antiotensin II. Therefore, when renal profusion is inadequate this doesn't occur
Concerning chemoreflex, what causes the greatest response - which chemicals?
O2 (weakly) CO2 and pH (strongly)
What determines what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist?
Our genes
Give an example of passive immunity.
Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Name the cell that releases antibodies.
Plasma cells
Name normal components of lymph.
Plasma proteins, water, electrolytes, ions
Name the four cardinal signs of inflammation.
Redness Heat Swelling Pain
Blood flow is inversely proportional to........
Resistance. If resistance increases, blood flow decreases
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Right upper limb and right side of the head and thorax
What are haptens?
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances
What is interferon?
Small proteins secreted by virus-containing cells
What are vasa vasorum?
Small vessels that supply blood to walls of larger blood vessels
What are the major determinants of peripheral resistance?
Small-diameter arterioles
What is the state of the precapillary sphincter when capillaries receive blood and exchange with tissue fluid?
Sphincter is open
Name some types of T cells.
Suppressor Helper Cytotoxic
Name structures classified as lymphatic structures.
Tonsils Thymus Spleen Peyer's patches
Which tunic is most responsible for maintaining bp and circulation?
Tunica media
Name 3 'aids' to venous blood return.
Valves Respiratory pump Skeltal-Muscular pump
Which of the blood vessels are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs?
veins