A&P Lab Final Exam

Which of the following are two primary proteins involved in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation?

- Myosin - Actin

What are the special senses that have organs specifically devoted to them?

- Optical (vision) - Gustation (taste) - Olfaction (smell) - Audition (hearing) - Equilibrioception (balance)

What are the three major internal regions of the kidney?

- Renal cortex: the space between the medulla and the outer capsule -Renal Medulla: Contains the majority of the length of nephrons, the main functional component of the kidney that filters fluid from blood -Renal Pelvis: Connects the kidney with the circulatory and nervous systems from the rest of the body

List two of the shoulder stabilizer muscles.

- Subscapularis - Supraspinatus

What are the structures located in the lower respiratory system?

- Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli

What are the structures located in the upper respiratory system?

- external nares - nasal cavity - sinuses - larynx

During a skeletal muscle contraction, a neurotransmitter is released down the T-tubules in the myofibrils stimulating a release of ____ from the ____, which causes the ____ on the ____ molecule to move, allowing the ____ protein to bind and rotate ____ degrees.

- Ca - SR - Tropomyosin - Actin - Myosin - 90

What are the two main chambers of the eye?

-Anterior chamber: containing aqueous humor -Posterior Chamber, Contains Vitreous humor

In most domestic animals the kidney is a ____ shaped structure and arranged in a ____ orientation.

-Bean -Symmetric

What are the two types of Respiration?

-External Respiration: Exchange of gases in and out of blood -Internal Respiration: Exchange between blood

What are the three principal layers of the eye?

-Fibrous (outer) tunic -Vascular (middle) tunic -Neural (inner) tunic

What are the functions of blood?

-Fluid balance and pH maintenance -Body Defense -Transport various substances around the body

Skeletal muscle Characteristics

-Movement stimulated by the nervous system -Striated -Multi-nucleated cells -3-4 cm long

What are the five different kinds of white blood cells?

-Neutrophils -Monocytes -Lymphocytes -Eosinophil -Basophil

Skeletal muscle arrangements

-Parallel muscles: strap like; parallel sets of fibers -Pennate muscles feathering of muscle fibers with tendon components ~Unipennate= tendons on a single side ~Bipennate= tendons on both sides ~Multipennate= tendons throughout the muscle

Two of the lateral thoracic muscles

-Scalenus -Dorsal Serrate

What muscles make up the hamstring?

-Semimembranosus -Semitendinosus -Biceps Femoris

What are the three muscle types?

-Skeletal -Cardiac -Smooth

What are the two areas that the Cardiovascular System can be divided into?

-The heart - The blood-vascular system

Two of the abdominal muscles

-Transverse Abdominis -External abdominal oblique

What are the two parts that the Respiratory System can be divided into?

-Upper Respiratory System -Lower Respiratory System

What are the two things that the respiratory system performs?

-Ventilation: the process of breathing which moves gases in and out of the lungs -Respiration: Distribution of gases in the alveoli and the diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream.

What are the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits?

-extensor carpi radialis -lateral digital extensor -abductor pollicis longus -ulnaris lateralis -common digital extensor

What are the functions of the upper respiratory system?

1) Conducting air (in and out) 2) Cleansing air before the body uses it 3) Humidifying air before it is used by the body 4) Transferring heat 5) Phonation (making sounds) 6) Olfaction (smelling)

What are the functions of the lower respiratory system?

1) Conduction of air into the alveoli 2) Exchange of gases with the pulmonary blood

What are the functions of the renal system?

1) Excess fluid and other solutes from the blood (primarily urea and uric acid) 2) Assisting in eliminating cellular waste 3) Regulation of blood volume and pressure (via osmoregulation) 4) Controlling of fluid levels of electrolytes (e.g. Na, K, and Cl) and metabolites 5) Maintain blood pH and acid-base homeostasis (a function shared with the respiratory system)

Below is a diagram of the Nephron. From the Selection add the correct labels. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Bowman's (Glomerular) Capsule 2. Glomerulus 3. Proximal Convoluted Tubule 4. Distal Convoluted Tubule 5. Collecting Duct 6. Descending Loop of Henle 7. Ascending Loop of Henle 8. Efferent Arteriole 9. Renal Artery 10. Afferent Arteriole

The Endocrine Pancreas Diagram: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

1. Common bile duct 2. Pancreatic duct 3. Body of pancreas 4. Duodenum 5. vein 6. Islets of langerhans 7. Alpha 8. Beta 9. Capillary 10. Acinar Cells 11. Accessory Pancreatic Duct

Below is a diagram of the kidney. From the selection add the correct labels to the diagram. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1. Hilus 2. Renal Artery 3. Renal Vein 4. Ureter 5. Renal Cortex 6. Renal Pelvis 7. Medulla 8. Renal Crest 9. Calyces 10. Renal Capsule

Events Regulating Calcium Levels Diagram: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

1. Kidney 2. Parathyroid hormone 3. Parathyroid gland 4. Calcitonin 5. Inhibit Osteoclast 6. Bone 7. Osteoblasts 8. Blood Vessel 9. Osteoclasts 10. Osteoclasts 11. Vitamin D 12. Small intestine 13. Calcium reabsorption

The Thyroid Gland - anterior view diagram 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1. Larynx 2. Follicular cells 3. Blood Vessels 4. Colloid 5. Calcitonin 6. Common Carotid 7. Parathyroid glands 8. Trachea

What is the pH of blood?

7.4

What are the normal blood glucose ranges for humans?

72-99mg/dL

What are the differences among a skeletal muscle fiber, a skeletal muscle myofibril, and a skeletal muscle protein filament?

A muscle fiber is one muscle cell. The muscle fiber is made up of many muscle myofibrils. Within the myofibrils are the protein filaments myosin and actin.

Blood makes up (A)% of body weight and is pH (B). It is red in color due to the (C) content of erythrocytes. The higher the degree of (D) saturation of hemoglobin, the brighter the color. One of the main functions of blood is to (E) substances around the body, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products. Blood is also the transport medium for the secretion of endocrine glands (F) and distributes (G) from the muscles and liver. The blood also contains leukocytes, which are involved in body (H). If the vascular system is damaged in any way, it will be repaired by the (I) mechanism. Blood osmotic pressure is maintained mainly by the plasma protein (J).

A: 5-10 B: 7.4 C: Hemoglobin D: Oxygen E: Transport F: Hormones G: Heat H: Defense I: Clotting J: Albumin

On the sarcomere label the myosin, actin, Z-line, and titin: A B C D

A: Actin B: Myosin C: Tintin D: Z-Line

Label the regions and structure of the ear: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P

A: Auricle B: Ear Canal C: External Ear D: Middle Ear E: Inner Ear F: Tympanic Membrane G: Tympanic Cavity H: Eustachian Tube I: Cochlea J: Round Window K: Cochlear Nerve L: Vestibular Nerve M: Vestibule N: Stapes (attached to oval window) O: Incus P: Malleus

Locate the following structures within a nephron in the figure below: A B C D E F G

A: Bowman's Capsule B: Distal Convoluted Tubule C: Proximal Convoluted Tubule D: Descending Limb of Loop of Henle E: Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle F: Renal Corpuscle G: Glomerulus

Label the types of papillae and parts of the taste buds: A B C D E F

A: Fungiform Papilla B: Filiform Papilla C: Foliate Papilla D: Circumvallate Papilla E: Taste Buds F: Taste Pore

At the (A), fluid from the bloodstream is filtered through the blood vessel wall into the (B) capsule. The fluid is called (C) of plasma (kor glomerular filtrate). It is very similar to blood plasma except that it does not contain blood cells or the larger plasma (D). The filtrate then moves along the nephron. As it progresses, certain portions of its constituents are taken back into the bloodstream via the capillaries surrounding the nephron. THis is called (E) reabsorption such as glucose, amino acids, and a few others to maintain optimal conditions in the (F), such as sodium and water. Metabolic waste products, such as (G) and excess amounts of water, sodium, etc, remain in the nephron and pass into the (H) ducts where they move down the ureter into the bladder as urine.

A: Glomerulus B: Bowman's C: Ultrafiltrate D: Proteins E: Selective F: ECF G: Urea H: Collecting

Identify the following structures in the figure: A B C

A: Hypothalamus B: Anterior Pituitary C: Posterior Pituitary

Label the structures and regions of the eye: A B C D E F G H I J K

A: Inferior Rectus Muscle B: Inferior Oblique Muscle C: Superior Oblique Muscle D: Lateral Rectus Muscle E: Superior Rectus Muscle F: Lateral Rectus G: Inferior Oblique H: Inferior Rectus I: Medial Rectus J: Superior Oblique K: Superior Rectus

Label the structure of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory pathway: A B C D E F G H

A: Olfactory Bulb B: Olfactory Tract C: Nasal Conchae D: Olfactory Epithelium E: Olfactory Tract F: Ethmoid Bone G: Olfactory Gland H: Olfactory Receptor

Refer to the supplemental reading and Engage material as a guide to identify each tissue in the figure. A B C D E F G

A: Pineal Gland B: Hypothalamus C: Adrenal Gland D: Ovary E: Pituitary Gland F: Thyroid and Parathyroid G: Testes

Match the letter to the component of blood they are indicating. A B C

A: Plasma B: White Blood Cells and Platelets C. Red Blood Cells

Identify the structures on the equine kidney diagram below: A B C D E

A: Renal Cortex B: Renal Medulla C: Hilius D: Ureter E: Renal Arteries

Label the muscles of the eye: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P

A: Sclera B: Choroid C: Retina D: Fovea Centralis E: Optic (II) Nerve F: Optic Disc (Blind Spot) G: Ciliary Muscle H: Ciliary Process I: Anterior Chamber J: Posterior Chamber K: Aqueous L: Pupil M: Iris N: Cornea O: Lens P: Vitreous Chamber

What neurotransmitter is released at a neuromuscular junction?

Acetlycholin

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Act as a medium for nerve impulses to travel across

It stimulates the growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland and the release of some of its hormones

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Blood glucose is tightly regulated and managed by the liver and pancreas. Insulin is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated to stimulate uptake of glucose into tissues; glucagon is released from pancreas when blood glucose is low to stimulate the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream to increase levels to normal. After a meal, would blood glucose increase of decrease? When might blood glucose be lower, stimulating release of glucagon?

After a meal blood glucose increases. Blood glucose would be lower when you don't consume a meal, which stimulates the release of glucagon to stop our blood sugar levels from dropping.

Where is blood made?

All of the cells in the blood, red blood cells, all types of white blood cells, and platelets are made in the bone marrow. This happens primarily in the flat bones in your body such as the skull, the sternum, and the pelvis

Found between the cornea and the lens

Anterior Chamber

Prevents diuresis, the loss of large quantities of water in the urine, by causing the target organ to conserve water by producing more urine.

Antidiuretic Hormone

Separate the upper and lower heart chambers, preventing backflow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria

Atrioventricular valves

What is the main structure of the middle ear?

Auditory ossicles

What part of the ear collects sound waves?

Auricle (pinna)

What are the vestibule and semicircular canals responsible for?

Balance and equilibrium

An example of an elbow flexor muscle

Biceps Brachii

Describe the route of pulmonary circulation.

Blood enters the right side of the heart and is sent to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated. Then the oxygen we breathe from the air around us diffuses through the lungs and enters the bloodstream to bind to the hemoglobin. Then this returns to the left side of the heart to complete the pulmonary circuit. The oxygenated blood leaves the left side of the heart and is sent throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all the various tissues that need oxygen to perform cellular respiration. It unloads all that oxygen and eventually makes it back to the right side of the heart, completing the systematic circuit.

What happens after the action potential ceases?

Ca2+ is reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the action potential passes through the T tubules?

Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the action potential passes through the T-tubules

Where does calcium travel?

Calcium travels through the cytoplasm of the sarcomere

In what species is the kidney multilobed?

Cattle

Tendon-like cords connected to the atrioventricular valve cusps which, along with the papillary muscles, prevent valve eversion

Chordae Tendinae

are arranged in a v shaped pattern toward the base of the tongue, on the dorsal aspect, and contain more than 100 taste buds each

Circumvallate papillae

Flexor

Closes joint

The membrane which covers the front of the eyeball and the inside of the eyelids.

Conjunctiva

This is the space between the eyelids and the eyeball that is lined by the conjunctiva

Conjunctival Sac

What type of tissue is blood?

Connective

The whole, clear front part of the eye, which you can see when you look at the animal.

Cornea

Blood flow to the heart muscle- provides oxygen and nutrition

Coronary Circulation

Blood vessels that pierce the heart muscle and supply blood to the cardiac muscle fibers

Coronary Circulation

Unique in the horse; this structure hangs from the upper region of the iris and is though to help shade the pupil from the sunlight and glare.

Corpora Nigra

What are the muscles that make up the thigh

Cranial: Sartorius, Quadriceps Femoris, Tensor Fascia Latae Medial: Gracilis, Adductor, Pectineus

What does plasma contain?

Electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+), proteins, lipids, and other nutrients such as glucose.

Endothelial cells lining the interior of the heart; are continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels.

Endocardium

Inner visceral layer of the pericardium; adheres tightly to the surface of the heart

Epicardium

What is produced in the renal cortex?

Erythropotein

The upper and lower folds of skin which cover the eye when it is closed

Eyelid

The superficial dense irregular connective tissue covering of the heart

Fibrous pericardium

Like the fungiform papillae they are found all over the tongue, however, they do not contain tast buds. Instead, their barbed shape provides the friction for moving food around during mastication

Filiform Papillae

Is the trachea stiff or flexible?

Flexible

Are found on the lateral aspects of the tongue and only contain taste buds during childhood

Foliate papillae

Female: Stimulates the growth and development of the follicles in the ovaries. It stimulates the lining of the follicles to produce and secrete estrogen. Male: It stimulates spermatogenesis

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Are found all over the dorsal aspect of the tongue and contain only about 5 taste buds each

Fungiform papillae

What muscles are indicated on the cow model by the:

Green Circle: Trapezius Muscle Yellow Circle: Deltoid Muscle

What muscles are indicated on the mare model by the:

Green Circle: Latissimus Dorsi Blue Circle: Biceps Femoris

Promotes body growth in young animals, particularly in the growth of bone and muscle. It helps regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all of the body's cells

Growth Hormone

Red blood cells are filled with this special red colored molecule. It picks up oxygen in areas where oxygen is abundant and releases oxygen in tissues where the oxygen concentration is lowest.

Hemoglobin

Venous system that blood returns from the intestines and goes to the liver before returning to the heart

Hepatic Portal System

It is a concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney?

Hilum

In what species is the kidney heart shaped?

Horses

What might cause a decrease in hematocrit from normal levels? An increase?

If the animal is sick it could cause a decrease. If the animal is excited or spooked it could cause an increase.

Light propagates from the ganglionic cells through the bipolar cells to the rods and cons, which , somewhat paradoxically hyperpolarize opposite the direction of light where in the eye?

In the Neural Tunic of the Retina

It is the pigmented muscle surrounding the pupil (determines eye color)

Iris

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

It frames the eye and coats the sclera and cornea in lacrimal fluid, a bacteriacide, which lubricates and protects them. It is made up of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct.

What is blood?

It is the only tissue that flows throughout your body. This red liquid carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body and waste products back to your lungs, kidneys, and liver for disposal. It is also an essential part of your immune system. Crucial to fluid and temperature balance, a hydraulic fluid for certain functions and a highway for hormonal messages.

What is the sliding filament theory?

It is the process of muscle contraction involving the sliding of actin and myosin myofilaments past each other to shorten the length of each sarcomere.

It is an organ that produces urine and helps the body maintain homeostasis.

Kidney

Pumps oxygenated blood to all body cells, except the air sacs of the lungs

Left ventricle

It sits behind the iris and its function is to focus and refract light onto the retina at the back of the eye.

Lens

Female: It completes the process of follicle development in the ovary that was started by FSH. High levels of this stimulate the cells left behind in the empty follicle to multiply and develop into the corpus luteum Male: It stimulates cells in the testes called interstitial cells to develop and produce the male sex hormone testosterone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

This type of white blood cell helps create antibodies that attack the invaders and mark them for destruction by the neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages.

Lymphocytes

This type of white blood cell is a form of monocyte that engulfs invaders and destroys them with powerful enzymes.

Macrophages

In healthy animals RBS represents a ____ of the blood cells

Majority

List two of the extrinsic muscles associated with the thoracic (forelimb):

Medial: Ventral Serrate, Rhomboid Lateral: Omotransverse, Trapezius

What is bound to the myosin heads?

Molecules of ATP are bound to the myosin heads.

What are myofibrils? How are they organized into sarcomeres?

Myofibrils are made up of overlapping contractile myofilaments which are then organized into units called sarcomeres. They are organized into repeating units of sarcomeres. The two different units of sarcomeres they are organized into are thinner actin filaments, and thicker myosin filaments.

This part of muscle are the smallest units and are what give skeletal muscle its striated appearance.

Myofilament

What two protein filaments are found in the sarcomere?

Myosin and Actin

What triggers a contraction?

Neurons are sent through a signal from the nervous system to the neuromuscular junction which will start action potential and therefore trigger a contraction

Are the lungs hollow bags?

No, the lungs are not hollow bags. They are made out of a spongey, flexible material that inflates when it is filled with air.

Extensor

Opens Joint

Causes contraction of the myometrium at the time of breeding and parturition.

Oxytocin

Their contraction pulls on and tightens the chordae tendineae, preventing the valve cusps from everting

Papillary muscles

The semitendinosus muscle is associated with which portion of the skeletal system?

Pelvic

What happens to Pi and ADP when myosin binds?

Pi is released and triggers pivot of the myosin head and ADP is then released.

It is the river in which the blood cells travel. It carries not only the blood cells but also nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and proteins that help maintain the body's fluid balance

Plasma

They are fragments of a much large cell, The megakaryocyte, which stays in the bone marrow after it differentiates and matures from the stem cell. They leave the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body. When stimulated by substances from damaged tissue, they release substances necessary to help blood clots. Which helps initiate the clotting sequence and protects the integrity of the vasculature.

Platelets

The space between the lens and the retina containing a clear jelly

Posterior Chamer

Agonist

Primary mover

It helps trigger and maintain lactation

Prolactin

Blood flow to and from the lungs- blood picks up oxygen and returns to the heart

Pulmonary Circulation

The black opening at the center of the iris which controls how much light is let into the eye. In bright conditions it is a small slit while in dark conditions it is large.

Pupil

Name the hypaxial muscles

Quadratus lumborum, psoas minor, iliopsoas, longus colli and capitis

Most of the cells in the blood are this. They are highly specialized cells that have been stripped of everything, including the nucleus, which might get in the way of doing their major job, transporting oxygen

Red Blood Cells

What does whole blood contain?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes that function to carry O2), White blood cells (leukocytes that function in body immune defense) and platelets.

The collecting ducts empty into this area

Renal Pelvis

The kidneys have an extensive blood supply from where?

Renal arteries

The fibrous connective tissue outer membrane of the kidney which is protective

Renal capsule

Where is the point of exit for the ureters and also where the hilum is located?

Renal pelvis

The light-sensitive layer of tissue located at the back of the inner eye

Retina

Collects deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation

Right atrium

The white of the eye

Sclera

The Somatic Nervous System regulates the activity of:

Skeletal Muscle

These type of cells can become whatever kind of blood cell that the body needs. They come under the influence of factors in their enviornment to become red cells, white cells, or platelets.

Stem cells

Blood flow to and from most parts of the body

Systemic Circulation

Where does the electrical signal propagate or travel?

THe electrical signal propagates or travels along the muscle fiber's plasma membrane and through the T-tubules.

A layer of flattened cells located at the rear of the eye found in nocturnal animals. It reflects light onto the cornea, increasing light for night and dim light vision.

Tapetum Lucidum

An example of an elbow extensor muscle

Tensor Fasciae Antebrachii

What allows the trachea to stay open and bend? Why is this important?

The C shaped cartilage is what allows the trachea to stay open to allow the passage of air into the lungs

What ion, released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a nerve impulse, starts the contraction process in a muscle fiber?

The Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a nerve impulse, starts the contraction process in a muscle fiber.

Where are the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals?

The Inner ear

What part of the ear consists of the auricle which extends through the external auditory canal and terminates at the tympanic membrane?

The Outer Ear

What are the differences between the renal cortex and the renal medulla?

The Renal Cortex is the reddish-brown outer layer that has a rough, granular appearance. The Renal Medulla is an inner layer that has a smooth appearance with a dark purple outer area that sends rays up into the cortex and a pale gray-red inner area that extends down to the renal pelvis.

What is the origin of the ureter within the kidney?

The Renal Pelvis

What happens when ATP binds to the myosin head?

The heads release the actin filaments and hydralizes into ADP and Pi

What makes blood red?

The hemoglobin content of erythrocytes

What are the functions of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle fibers?

The intercalated discs hold the cardiac muscle fibers together and enable action potentials to propagate from one muscle fiber to another.

Describe the location of the kidneys in the body. (Use landmarks and anatomical directions)

The kidneys are located in the dorsal part of the abdomen, just ventral to and on either side of the first few lumbar vertebrae

Note the difference in size, location, and thickness of the wall of the left ventricle.

The left ventricle and atrium have a thicker myocardial wall than the right ventricle and atrium. Because the left ventricle and atrium has more oxygenated red blood it is a bright red in coloring. The right ventricle and atrium have the un-oxygenated blood which makes the coloring appear darker and more blueish

What does the lung tissue look like where you cut into it?

The lung tissue is filled with air filled tubes and blood vessels.

What is the power stroke?

The movement when the actin and the myosin filaments move past each other.

Onto what what does the myosin head bind to? What is formed?

The myosin head binds to the Actin and a cross bridge is formed

What is the functional Unit of the Kidney?

The nephron

Drop the piece of lung tissue into a beaker of water- does it float or sink?

The piece of lung tissue will float in a beaker of water

The Vestibular system is involved in what?

The static position of the head and it coordinates movements of the head with movements of the eyes, trunk, and limbs

How does thickness of the myocardium relate to the workload of a cardiac chamber?

The thicker the myocardium is the greater the workload is for the cardiac chamber

How are the Z line and titin part of the sarcomere?

The titin is what connects the Z disc to the M line of the sarcomere. The Z line is on the lateral boundaries of the sarcomere and is located at both ends of it.

What is a crucial organ in mechanical digestion and taste?

The tongue

What does the total plasma protein mean? (what number is this representing?)

The total plasma protein measures the amount of specific proteins (albumin and globulin) in the blood.

Does the trachea stay as one tube or does it split as it enters the lungs?

The trachea splits into the left primary bronchus and the right primary bronchus as it enters the lungs (there is one for each lung)

Describe the basic structure of the bronchial tree in the lung.

The trachea splits to form two main bronchi (one for each lung). Each main bronchus enters the lung and divides into some big and smaller branches that are called bronchioles. The bronchioles continue to subdivide down to the smaller passageways that are called the microscopic alveolar ducts. These ducts end in groups of alveoli, also known as the alveolar sacs

Also known as the nictitating membrane, it is the pink or white/transparent inner eyelid. It removes debris from the surface of the eye and helps distribute tears, lubricating the eye.

Third Eyelid (haw)

A muscle can be named based on the number of origins it has. For example, the triceps brachii muscle has Three origins and inserts on the olecranon process of the ulna bone.

Three

It regulates the metabolic rate of a body's cells. The production of this hormone creates heat and helps the animal maintain their body temperature.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers

Trabeculae Carneae

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Transportation- blood carries oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste, electrolytes, and chemicals that are essential in maintaining homeostasis.

Name the epaxial muscles:

Transversospinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis, splenius.

Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium

Tricuspid valve

What two proteins are found on actin filaments?

Troponin and Tropomyosin are the two proteins that are found on actin filaments

For Skeletal muscle, the neuromuscular junction is located on the surface of the muscle fiber (one for each muscle fiber). - True - False

True

A smooth muscular tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

Ureter

A Caudal Continuation of the bladder neck that transports urine from bladder to outside of the animal's body

Urethra

A hollow, smooth muscular organ that collects urine from the kidneys.

Urinary Bladder

Plasma is mostly what?

Water (93%)

What happens when calcium binds to troponin?

When Calcium binds to troponin, troponin shifts position and pulls the tropomyosin aside and exposes the active sites so that the myosin head can bind to the actin filament.

How do papillary muscles prevent AV valve cusps from everting into the Atria?

When the papillary muscles contract, it pulls on the chord tendineae which prevents cusps of the AV valves from everting and letting blood flow back into the atria

Antagonist

Works against primary mover

What muscles are indicated on the sow model by the:

Yellow Circle: Triceps Brachii Blue Circle: Semitendinosus

What is the inner ear responsible for?

balance and equilibrium

Left atrioventricular valve

bicuspid (mitral) valve

The cup-shaped subdivisions of the ureter within the kidney

calyces

What is the cochlea responsible for?

hearing

Where are the renal pyramids (triangle structures that contain a dense network of nephrons) located?

in the Renal Medulla

The gap junction and desmosome connections between individual cardiac muscle fibers

intercalated discs

What is a portal system?

it is a series of vessels between two capillary beds.

What is the origin of the muscle?

it is the most stable attachment site.

What is Hematocrit

it is the percentage by volume of pack red blood cell in a given sample after centrifugation.

What is the insertion of a muscle?

it is the site that undergoes the most movement when a muscle contracts

collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation

left atrium

Cardiac muscle tissue

myocardium

Outer layer of the serous pericardium; is fused to the fibrous pericardium

parietal pericardium

Skeletal is the ____ muscle in the body

primary

the blood vessel that arises directly from the aorta and supplies the kidney

renal artery

The outer layer of the kidney where the renal corpuscles are found

renal cortex

The area where the collecting ducts merge

renal crest

The "dent" in the kidney where the ureter and blood supply is attached

renal hilus

The inner region of the kidney where the loops of Henle are found

renal medulla

The cone-shaped masses that form the renal medulla

renal pyramids

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation

right ventricle

Prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles

semilunar valves

Internal wall dividing the chambers of the heart

septum

Grooves on the surface of the heart which delineate the external boundaries between the chambers

sulci

What is the primary function of the kidney?

to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) for optimal cell and tissue metabolism

The duct that transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

ureter