Abnormal Psych 3
Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is:
the chance to get a general sense of the client.
Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well being of
the child of the person experiencing it
one limitation of the clinical interview as an assessment tool is that
the client may give an overly positive picture
Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are part of
the clinical practice of positive psychology
Which statement is NOT a reason that demonology dominated views of abnormality in Europe in the Middle Ages?
the culture rejected religious beliefs
Research on the aftermath of anorexia nervosa shows that
the death rate from anorexia appears to be declining
The effects of lithium were discovered during the investigation of:
the effect of toxic levels of uric acid.
Clinicians now recognize that one of the most important aspects of treating Alzheimer?s disease and other forms of neurocognitive disorders is to focus on:
the emotional needs of the caregivers
What aspect of dialectical behavior therapy relates to psychodynamic theory?
the emphasis on the patient-therapist relationship.
pyschodynamic
the fact that very angry people are night significantly more suicidal than other people argues most strongly against which explanation for suicide?
What is the goal of psychotherapy for those with DIDs?
the goal is fusion: which is the merging of the different sub personalities into one.
are not supported by significant body of research
the leading theories designed to explain suicie:
Which of the following is an aspect of the experimental approach?
the manipulation of a variable by the researcher
The incidence of HIV+ rates on campus tells you
the number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period.
The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you:
the number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period.
The principle of informed consent assumes that:
the participant can understand the explanation.
Electroconvulsive therapy would be MOST recommended when:
the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs.
a person with dissociative identity disorder has just experienced "switching". which of the rolling most likely has happened?
the person has changed from one subpersonality to another
In general, behavioral treatments for substance use disorders are MORE successful when:
the person receiving the therapy is highly motivated to continue
infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what freud called
the pleasure principle
The GREATEST danger of LSD use is:
the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions
Which statement is true about the participation of women in mental health professions?
the profession with the highest percentage of women is counseling
The model or paradigm an investigator uses influences:
the questions and observations the investigator uses.
Currently, the "Big-Five" approach to personality disorders is:
the recipient of recognition, with a great amount of research being done on it.
Which was NOT a factor in the decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the 20th century?
the total lack of success of moral treatment
While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year old Samir was almost struck by lightening. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example?
the trees
One who is experiencing a panic disorder would most likely also be phobic about:
traveling in public places where escape might be difficult or help unavailable
typically involves medical and psychological care
treatment for suicide attempters:
interpersonal psychotherapy
treatment that seeks to improve interpersonal functioning
Rainforest, struck by lighting... now afraid of trees.. what is the conditioned stimulus?
trees
The most common of the identified chromosomal causes of Down syndrome is:
trisomy 21
Psychodynamic theorists believe that people who develop antisocial personality disorder have failed to develop a sense of:
trust
Men are ________ as likely as women to display obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
twice
Comorbidity means that:
two disorders may occur together in an individual.
The duration of most of the effects of cannabis is about:
two to six hours.
To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:
two years
The LEAP program for treating children with autism spectrum disorder is unique because it involves the use of:
typical children as models and "teachers."
If you imagine biting into a big juicy sour lemon you are likely to salivate. the lemon is an example of an
unconditioned stimulus
If you imagine biting into a big, juicy, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. The lemon is an example of a(n):
unconditioned stimulus
When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, a mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring her. Subsequently, she has been afraid of mice. In this example, her mother's scream is the
unconditioned stimulus
Bulimia is always characterized by
uncontrollable overeating.
If someone leads a life of service to others in order to counter his hatred and contempt for the poor and destitute, this person is exhibiting what psychodynamic theorists would call:
undoing
The defense mechanism that involves doing good works in order to cancel out one's previous bad acts is called:
undoing
which of the following would lead you to suspect someone has a conversion disorder rather than is exhibiting medical symptoms?
uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand
DSM-5 includes gambling disorder as an addictive disorder, along with substance abuse disorders. This inclusion is:
unique; gambling disorder is the only disorder in the category that doesn't involve a substance
DSM-5 includes gambling disorder as an addictive disorder, along with substance abuse disorders. This inclusion is
unique; gambling disorder is the only disorder in the category that doesn't involve a substance.
Leila always feel threatened and anxious- imaging something awful is about to happen. She is able to work, but not as well as she'd like. She is probably experiencing:
unpredictable negative events
Which of the following terms was the earliest used to describe those who we now refer to as "mentally ill?"
unstable
If a clinician begins by asking, "Would you tell me about yourself?" the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n):
unstructured interview
If a clinician begins by asking, "would you tell me about yourself?," the clinician is MOST likely conducting a (n):
unstructured interview
After a fire in an isolated farmhouse, firefighters found several small propane tanks and other strong evidence of a recently abandoned "meth lab." If what the firefighters found was a meth lab, it was:
unusual—most meth labs now are relatively large operations in rural areas
which one of the following forms of therapy would you not currently expect to find in cybertherapy?
use of tweet therapy
How do sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work regarding the mind? In other words, are these truth serums? What do they actually do?
used to help regain lost memories. These drugs are often called "truth serums," but actually their effect is to calm people and free their inhibitions, thus helping them to recall anxietyproducing events Comer, Ronald J. (2013-03-11). Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology (Page 164). Worth Publishers. Kindle Edition.
learning about suicide in abnormal pysch class
which of the following does not make one at a higher risk for suicide
therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapist
which of the following is not a goal of the cultural sensitive therapy movement
experiences of sadness or anger
which of the following would be an emotional sx of depression
a lack of desire to eat
which of the following would be mostly a motivational sx of depression?
Of the following, those LEAST likely to experience specific phobias are:
white American males
If you wanted to tailor a suicide prevention program to the racial group MOST at risk, of the following, you should target which of the following:
white americans
Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people:
who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest.
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:
why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety.
"the reason for the link between substance use disorders and suicide is not clear"
why is there such a strong connection between alcohol abuse and suicide risk? asks a friend of yours. you answer:
the value of culture places in the elderly
why might the suicide rate among elderly native americans be low?
A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when he tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed:
withdrawal reactions.
Conversion disorders are more common in
women than men
Which is an example of a meta-worry?
worrying about worrying
Do different personalities of DID have different physiological responses? Is it easy to fake this?
yes they each subpersonality has its own set of memories, behaviors, thoughts and emotions. Physiological responses: blood pressure levels, allergies, and brain response patterns. easy to fake it?: No
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual cycles; lowered body temps., low blood pressure, body swelling, reduces mineral density, and slow heart rate. Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances can occur and can lead to death.
Just before 8am my young daughter did something that annoyed me as i was about to leave home for the short drive to campus. katie i said what do i always say at a time like this? she looked a the clock and said to me. what you say is where are my keys? my daughter was apparently familiar with my
absentmindedness
so called " new wave of cognitive therapy" differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes
accepting problematic thoughts
egoistic suicides
according to durkheim, suicides by people over whom society has little or no control and who are not concerned with the norms and rules of society are called:
Drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect two neurotransmitters-glutamate and __________ -in the brain.
acetylcholine
The phobia most often associated with panic disorder is:
acrophobia
Second messengers are:
active inside the neuron
Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are:
anal regressive
A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls:
anomic suicide
90-95%
anorexia and bulimia occur in females
Gestalt Theory and Therapy
another humanistic approach, guide their clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance
If a person's primary symptom was excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for them would be
antianxiety medication
Research indicates that the best therapy for treating a social phobia is:
antidepressant medications
What's the best drug for OCD? How long must it be taken?
antidepressants. They must continue forever, or they risk a relapse.
Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed
antipsychotic
Dave is confused and usually thinks he is an ancient king. The drug he needs is
antipsychotic drug
DSM-5 stipulates that a person must be at least 18 years of age to receive the diagnosis of ___________ personality disorder.
antisocial
People with ___________ personality disorder are sometimes described as "psychopaths" or "sociopaths."
antisocial
When he was five years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by:
classical conditioning
In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports
both metacognitive and intolerance of uncertainty theory
In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports:
both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.
Research supporting a Freudian view of suicide has shown that later suicidal behavior is related to:
both real and symbolic losses in childhood.
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
bottom and middle area, reduces hunger when it's activated.
The "typical" child who commits suicide is a:
boy who understands what death really is.
If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n):
brain seizure
Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve:
bringing the four body humors back into balance.
difference between bulimia and anorexia
bulimia: more concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships. mood swings. easily frustrated or bored.
Surveys throughout the world have repeatedly revealed that __________ ranks as a major problem in the minds of young people, often even more seriously than racism or AIDS.
bullying
10,000
calories/episode
behavior therapy
can be tested in the lab
An individual with retrograde amnesia:
can learn new information but does not recall events of the past.
Of the following, which has the LOWEST risk/risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change?
cannabis
Of the following, which has the LOWEST risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change?
cannabis
__________ can take a heavy toll on the close relatives of people with neurocognitive disorder.
caregiving
Concerns about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5 diagnoses are MOST likely to center on which factors?
categories based on weak research, and reflecting bias (for example, gender or racial bias)
if a patient relieves past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced___,according to psychoanalysts
catharsis
the existence of disorders such a moro,gusto, amok, and winding remind us that
classifications applied in one culture may not be appropriate in another
Perseveration of sameness
children with this disorder may react with tantrums if a parent wears an unfamiliar pair of glasses, a chair is moved to a different part of the room, or a word in a song is changed
two brain chemicals are the natural appetite suppressants
cholecystokinin (CCK) and gucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
The scarring of the liver caused by alcohol consumption is known as:
cirrhosis.
the view that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of
classic freudian psychotherapy
..during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say he acquired this fear by:
classical conditioning
According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through a process of:
classical conditioning
The existence of disorders such as koro, susto, amok, and windigo remind us that:
classifications applied in one culture may not be appropriate in another.
Those MOST often in charge of treating mental abnormality in the middle ages in Europe were
clergy
Cocaine abusers on an inpatient ward earn rewards and eventually are released from the program if they produce periodic urine samples that are free of the drug. The program they are in is a form of:
contingency management.
if you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Carl Rogers called:
conditions of worth
When children reach school age, therapists often use a family intervention called parent management training to help treat which problem?
conduct disorder
The two childhood disorders that have been related to later antisocial personality disorder are:
conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Children with _________ and an accompanying ________ disorder apparently have a heightened risk of developing antisocial personality disorder.
conduct disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Dr. martin just asked a potential client to talk about herself.....there are a few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Martin has just
conducted an unstructured interview.
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called ______ variables.
confounding
Of the following groups of people, which receives the least trust from society?
congressional members
if a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing
conjoint family therapy
DSM5 tried to ensure the validity of the new edition by using all of the following procedures except
consulting with clinical advisors
Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening news (TV) is speaking directly (and personally) to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the man. He is suffering from:
delusions of reference
Someone who has AIDS is also at risk for developing:
dementia
The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been:
demonlogical
The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been
demonological
a patients initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse mad a mistake with the test, The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is
denial
A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and ongoing need to be taken care of is:
dependent personality disorder
If a person's mental functioning or body feels unreal or foreign, the person is MOST likely suffering from:
depersonalization
An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. however, the individual has very good recall of previous life events, and has strong sense of self. the MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is:
depersonalization disorder
Which dissociative ds is most similar to one taking LSD?
depersonalization-derealization disorder: they both have a sense of detachment from reality.
Psychodynamic explanations for dependent personality disorder are very similar to those for:
depression
The drug treatment that is most effecting in treating panic disorder is like that used to treat:
depression
electroconvulsive therapy ECT is used most often in the treatment of
depression
A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none exists. Which design would prevent this problem?
double-blind
feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called
doubling
The MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally:
do not accept one definition of abnormality, and practice more than one form of treatment.
If a clinician focused on where you placed your drawing on the page, the size of the drawing and the parts you omitted, you MOST likely took which of the following tests
draw-a-person
College students who drink to the point it's mental illness are not diagnosed because
drinking is considered part of college culture
Which two treatment modalities are most commonly applied for ADHD.
drug and behavioral therapy
Which of the following treatment approaches is of limited help for sufferers of paranoid personality disorder?
drug therapy
The best treatment recommendation you could give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is:
drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy.
Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?
dysfunction
An individual has a 9-5 job. Hardly ever on time and this causes great distress. Would be considered abnormal because it is also
dysfunctional
Which statement is true about specific phobias?
each year about 12 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia
Studies show that errors in diagnosis MOST commonly involve information gathered:
early in the assessment process, and in a hospital setting.
The exact repetition of phrases spoken by others is known as:
echolalia.
Recently the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:
effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine.
The force that operates on the reality principle is an independent powerful force in human functioning. The kind of theorist who would agree MOST strongly with this statement would be an____therapist
ego
The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the
ego
"Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential." The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be:
existential
A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated depressed inauthentic---empty--would MOST likely be
existential
the model with is its roots in the philosophical idea that people are dynamic begins giving meaning to their existence through their actions is the
existential model
people with one anxiety disorder are most likely to:
experience another anxiety disorder too.
A man appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. The doctor who examined him found that the man was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication, and liked being a patient. The man is MOST likely:
experiencing a factitious disorder.
Diagnosis criteria for anorexia includes... The peak age for development of the disorder is...
fear of becoming fat and body size overestimation. 14-18 years of age.
Fear differs from anxiety in that:
fear- physiological and emotional response to a serious treat to one's well-being; anxiety- ...response to a vague sense of threat or danger
Which of the following is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?
feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities
someone who is experiencing "doubling" is:
feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her
Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is:
feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her.
Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are in response to:
feelings of demoralization
Which of the following is MOST characteristic of mass murderers?
feelings of persecution and desire for revenge
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can damage the developing embryo and fetus, resulting in:
fetal alcohol syndrome
A pattern of abnormalities, including, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder, characterizes someone with:
fetal alcohol syndrome.
If you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the United States, your therapy will last for
fewer than 5 sessions
Hypoactive sexual desire may include all of the following except:
finding sexual activity repulsive
If all you know about someone is that the person has been binge drinking in the past month, then you know the person had at least:
five drinks at a time at least once, and probably is a male.
According Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id,ego, and superego can lead to entrapment at the developmental level is, this is called
fixation
A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention in order to actually confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ____ technique.
flooding
Your fear of spiders is debilitating because because you are an entomologist. To treat this phobia, your therapist puts you in a room with spiders, even asking you to handle them. This technique might be used in:
flooding
Hispanic American vets and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than others. Most of the research regarding this issue has focused on what?
focused on culture belief system, family
Dissociative fugues usually:
follow a stressful event
reactive (exogenous) depression
follows clear-cut stressful events
white americans and native americans
for teenagers, the highest suicide rates are among
compensatory behaviors
forcing themselves to vomit; misusing laxative, diuretics, or enemas; fasting; or exercising excessively.
Judgments of abnormality depend on _______________ as well as on cultural norms.
geography
The field of psychology that is dedicated to the mental health of the elderly is called:
geropsychology
"Relational aggression" is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:
girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.
compared to projective tests, personality inventories generally have
greater reliability and greater validity
According to Freud, GAD is most likely to result when:
growing up
For people with bulimia nervosa, binge episodes produce feelings of
guilt and depression
If a client were instructed to tape-record obsessive thoughts and listen to them for two hours each day, the client would be experiencing what therapy technique?
habituation training
Families
half of the families of people with anorexia or bulimia have a long history of emphasizing thinness, physical appearance, and dieting.
Helen was just discharged from a public mental health facility. She went to live with a group of other former patients in a group-living arrangement. There were staff members to help out but the former patients controlled most of the day-to-day activities. Helen's living arrangement is a:
halfway house
The perceptual distortions some drugs produce are called:
hallucinosis.
Treatment for mental illness in the early asylums tended to be:
harsh and cruel
In the early asylums, treatment for mental illness began with the intention to provide
harsh treatment
In the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder
has increased
Support for the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy:
has increased in recent years.
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories
have higher validity
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories:
have higher validity
If one were studying the hypothesis that people with high levels of stress are MORE likely to get cancer and wanted to include a matched control group, that group would:
have low levels of stress
A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:
have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.
cognitive-behavioral approaches
help 65% of patients stop bingeing and purging
Cognitive-behavioral therapy treatment for anorexia
help clients change their attitudes about eating and weight. identify, challenge, and change maladaptive assumptions. must be supplemented by other approaches to bring better results
During his first night in the detoxification unit, Quent developed what seemed like a case of the flu. He ached all over and had diarrhea. He was probably withdrawing from:
heroin
The drug that produces effects similar to what neurotransmitters called endorphins produce is
heroin.
Which is not a description of the three clusters of DSM-5 personality disorders?
high degree of learned helplessness
Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:
high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins.
a new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people but very few people have taken the test and accurate norms don't exist. the test has
high reliability but inadequate standardization
The data from studies of the biological and adoptive parents of children who receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia as adults show that the concordance rate of schizophrenia with biological relatives is:
higher than with adoptive relatives
Twisted protein fibers are found within the cells of the ____________ and other brain areas of people who died from Alzheimer's disease.
hippocampus
Which of the personality disorders was once called "hysterical personality disorder" and involves individuals who are typically described as emotionally charged and seeking to be the center of attention?
histrionic
When the seat belt light in DiDi's car stays on for a few extra seconds, she bursts into tears. She always craves attention and reacts to even the smallest event with an elaborate show of emotion. She probably could receive a diagnosis of:
histrionic personality disorder.
What are the different kinds of Obsessive-Compulsive - related disorders in the DSM-V? For example, hoarding disorder is one of them?
hoarding (feel that them must save items) hair-pulling or trichotillomania (hair pulling) excoriation ds (skin-picking) body-dysmorphic ds (think they have a particular defect or flaw in physical apperance)
Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:
hormonal functioning (do focus on genetic factors, ion activity, and neurotransmitter activity)
abnormal chemical activity in the bodes endocrine system relates to the release of
hormones
if you consulted a pro anorexia site on the internet you would learn about
how to be a better anorexic
A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:
idiographic
A study of a single person used to explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior in that person is consistent with the ______ approach.
idiographic
The major focus of a clinical practitioner when dealing with a new client is to gather what type of information
idiographic
an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially in seratonin and norepinephrine
if a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:
raising the persons seratonin level
if a biological explanation for suicide is valid, then doing which of the following ought to lower the possibility of a person attempting suicide?
brain seizure
if you were treated with ect, you would experience
Studies of patterns of teenage sexual behavior today compared to such behavior a generation ago show today's teens having:
intercourse younger, and using condoms more.
endogenous depression
jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun 3 weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least 5 sx of depression. No unusually stressfuk events have occured in the past year, based on these date, the dx would be:
a friend says to you, i wonder how likely i am to qualify for DSM diagnosis
likely. almost half of people would ever qualify for a DSM diagnosis
How does an MRI make a picture of the brain?
it relies on the magnetic properties of the atoms in the cells scanned
Which of the following statements about the DSM-V, the most widely used classification system of mental disorders, is FALSE?
it uses dimensional information
"Cluster suicides" may involve high suicide rates among those:
living on certain Native-American reservations.
During a recent ambulance call, EMTs gave naloxone to a person who had injected an overdose of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid. This treatment is usually:
make withdrawal symptoms more severe
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
maladaptive assumptions
Cognitive therapists believe that GAD is induced by:
maladaptive assumptions
Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by
maladaptive assumptions
"What the bleep is this? Complaints about anger management" The client who says this is MOST likely voicing concern about a
managed care problem
A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:
mania
Adolescent suicides differ from suicides at other age levels in all of the following ways EXCEPT that:
many experience significant loss before the suicide.
research would lend you to believe that students who have the MOST Facebook friends have
many real friends and good relationships with them
A researcher reports that a drug directly stimulates a reward center in the brain rather than through indirect stimulation of a reward center. The drug the researcher is studying could be any of the following drugs EXCEPT
marijuana
A flash mob is MOST similar to:
mass madness
Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of
mass madness
The ancient Greeks might find a flash mob is most similar to
mass madness
A person who uses the drug Ecstasy at a crowded party begins to feel too hot, and immediately drinks lots of fluids. This person:
may be in trouble; the person may experience hypothermia or water intoxication
Recent studies show that gender-sensitive programs for treating substance abuse:
may be very useful; substance abusers of different genders have different physical and psychological reactions to drugs.
The major disadvantage of using forced tube-feeding for patients with eating disorders who refuse to eat is that the patients
may become distrustful of the therapist and uncooperative with further treatment
Which was one of the different mental disorders described by ancient Greeks and Romans?
melancholia
reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphobia
men who are muscular but see themselves and scrawny and small and therefore continue to lift. 1/3 of them display binge eating
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is MOST common among:
men with jobs
The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that
mental illness should be treated humanely and with respect
What percent of combat vets are helped by therapy? What kind of therapy might they typically receive?
most common drug therapy, behavior exposure techniques, EMDR, insight therapy, family therapy, and group therapy.
DMS-5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is:
most widely used in the U.S.
DSM 5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is
most widely used in the united states
Catatonic excitement:
move excitedly, sometimes with wild waving of arms/legss
What disorder has been described as a use of self-hypnosis?
multiple personality disorder
A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain?
orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei
The finding that syphilis causes general paresis is important because it supports the idea that
organic factors can cause mental illness
Psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, was a form of what we now would call
outpatient therapy
research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:
over estimate their chances of being harmed
If you were trying to convince a friend not to be a cocaine user, what would you cite as the GREATEST danger stemming from cocaine use?
overdose effects
When jose did not get the job he was sure that everything was going wrong that his life was completely off track this thought is an example of
overgeneralization
Psychodynamic theorists would predict that high levels of anxiety in adulthood would be positively related to earlier:
overprotectiveness?
in explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapist would focus on
prejudice and discrimination faced by women
people with anorexia
preoccupied with food; food deprivation (dreams and talk about food)
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:
preparedness
Which of the following psychological problems is LEAST likely to be associated with anorexia nervosa? substance abuse schizophrenia depression obsessive-compulsive disorder
schizophrenia
You have found enlarged ventricles during a postmortem analysis on a sample of brain tissue. This is MOST likely to be evidence of:
schizophrenia involving mainly negative symptoms.
An individual has just received a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder. That individual is MOST likely to have a parent or sibling who has:
schizophrenia.
People with _________ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities.
schizotypal
messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called
snapses
2-6%
so ill, they die
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judge negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he always makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would MOST likely be:
social anxiety disorder
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. He would most likely be diagnosed with:
social phobia
If a particularly interested in a client's family background and community influences, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation?
sociocultural
Are people ever harmed by therapy for DSM-diagnosed disorders?
sometimes; at most, about 5-10% of those treated seem to get worse
In ___________, people with intellectual developmental disorder are grouped together in a separate, specially designated educational program.
special education
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear of interfering with the life of the person is called:
specific phobia
Savant skill
spectacular ability that a person with a major mental disorder or intellectual handicap has developed
A person who has Alzheimer's although there is no family history of the disease is said to be experiencing:
sporadic Alzheimer's.
25-50%
students report periodic binge eating or self-induced vomiting. college students rates are higher.
The strongest direct support for a biological explanation for suicide comes from
studies of neurotransmitter levels.
almost none
studies show that less than 10% of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. this find provides what level of support for pyschodynamic explanation of depression?
when roschach testers ask questions like did the person respond to the whole picture or to specific details, and to the the coors of the white houses? they are interested in the ____ of the response
style
The long-term pattern of maladaptive behavior caused by the regular use of some chemical or drug is called:
substance abuse.
DSM-5 tried to ensure the validity of the new edition by using all of the following procedures EXCEPT:
substantially decreasing the number of diagnostic categories.
A modern explanation of why many anorexic people continually have food-related thoughts and dreams is that
such thoughts and dreams are the result of food deprivation
Which of the following would NOT be considered a "drug"?
sugar
According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT:
suicidal ideation
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:
superego
what we would call the conscience is most like what freud would call the
superego
The treatment that has been the MOST popular for restoring weight among anorexic persons is
supportive nursing care and a high-calorie diet
Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:
synapses
Another term for a cluster of symptoms is
syndrome
a cluster of symptoms that go together and define a mental disorder is called a
syndrome
symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a:
syndrome
While under the influence of LSD, Matilda believes that she can feel the sounds around her. This effect is known as:
synesthesia.
General paresis, an irreversible disorder that causes physical and mental symptoms including paralysis and delusions of grandeur, was found to be caused by:
syphilis
A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ____ technique.
systematic desensitization
You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear hierarchy, and finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:
systematic desensitization
Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is:
systematic desensitization.
Women who want to reduce their risk of developing Alzheimer's may benefit if they:
take estrogen for years after menopause.
Probably the WORST thing one who has "partied hard" with alcohol could do right after drinking would be to:
take some barbiturates to fall asleep.
weight gain treatments
takes place in day hospitals or outpatient settings. nursing-care: 3,000 calories/day, gain weight over 8-12 weeks
the first step in using the treatment called systematic desensitization is to
teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions
Gambling disorder is MOST common among:
teenagers and college students who are feeling distressed.
Among the brain areas most important to long-term memory are the _________ lobes and the __________. frontal; cerebellum.
temporal; diencephalon
i have just arrived in a city where i know no one and english is not spoken by very many people. I feel as though my mind is separating from my body and I am actually observing myself do things. What i am experiencing is:
temporary depersonalization
Regarding emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from prebinge, through binge, to postbinge is BEST described in sequence as:
tension, powerlessness, shame.
Which "new diagnosis" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes MOST likely receive?
terrorism terror
That many people with severe disturbances are not being treated appropriately is MOSTLY a problem with which level of prevention
tertiary
Providing treatment as soon as it is needed, so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term, is called:
tertiary prevention
providing treatment as soon as it is needed, so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long term is called
tertiary prevention
Evidence for the effectiveness of self-help programs comes MOSTLY from:
testimonials from those who have gone through such a program.
During the preclinical phase of a drug study researchers are
testing the drug on animals
Which hormone can cause decreased sexual desire when present in low, but not high levels?
testosterone
college students who always become so anxious when taking a test that they can't remember even simple things that they know quite well are experiencing:
text anxiety?
Support for the idea that mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders comes from evidence that shows:
that close relatives of people with eating disorders have a high rate of mood disorders.
Researchers believe
that the brain circuit involved in unipolar depression includes the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Bradmann Area 25.
Critics of the "reuptake theory" of tricyclic antidepressant action focus on ______ to explain the mechanism by which tricyclics alleviate depressive symptoms.
the 7- to 14-day lag between the start of its blocking reuptake and its effect on depressive symptoms
There are many obstacles that hinder psychologists' attempts to understand and treat disorders. All of the following are obstacles, EXCEPT:
the relatively rigid, unchangeable behavior and thought patterns of humans.
The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that:
the responses come from the client's unconscious
The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that:
the responses come from the client's unconscious.
which statement BEST reflects our understanding of hysterical disorders
the causes of hysterical disorders are poorly understood, with no theory predominant in aiding understanding
which of the following statements about the use of projective techniques by todays clinicians is TRUE
the centrality of projective tests has declined since their introduction
the assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that:
the responses come from the clients unconscious
In correlational research, external validity is established when:
the sample is representative of the larger population.
An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is
the severity and duration of the problem
Which item is NOT associated with hypnotism?
the somatogenic perspective
current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on
the special external pressures faced by members of a culture
Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on:
the special external pressures faced by members of a culture.
a patient looks at a series of black and white pictures, making up a dramatic story about each. The patient is taking:
the thematic apperception test
trend
Direction of change of a behavior or behaviors (for example, increasing or decreasing).
The most common of the chromosomal disorders leading to intellectual developmental disorder is:
Down Syndrome
What is the DSM-V dx for abnormalities that have both biological and psychological causes?
Factitious disorders.
What is the distinction of Bethlehem Hospital?
Popularly called "Bedlam" deplorable conditions for patients
The model emphasizing the importance of conditioning in determining human actions is the ___model
behavioral
Theory focused on learned responses to the environment is usually described as
behavioral
Theory focused on learned responses to the environment is usually described as:
behavioral
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
behavioral
Societal
more common in Western countries.
upper socioeconomic
more concerned about thinness and dieting that lower socioeconomic classes
A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become:
more outgoing
What percent of individuals use alcohol preceding suicide?
70% of people have alcohol in their system before attempting suicide
A previously neutral environmental event that becomes associated with unconditioned stimulus is called a(n):
Conditioned stimulus
Some teenagers might go on occasional eating binges. Does this mean they have Binge Eating Disorder (please define) or Bulimia Nervosa?
No, unless they meet criteria, recurrent episodes of binging continuing 1 x week for 3 months, recurrent inappropriate behavior in order to prevent weight gain, and undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation.
Which of the following is true regarding the "four Ds" of abnormality?
None of the "four Ds" is, by itself, an adequate gauge of psychological abnormality.
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. The disorder is related to levels if neurotransmitter...
Norepinephrine
Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others, is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is:
Self actualizing
"What should I look for in an effective ADHD treatment program?" a friend asks. Your BEST answer among the following alternatives is:
"Drugs generally work best."
If you believe that you can master and perform needed behavior whenever necessary, Bandura would say that you had a positive sense of:
Self efficacy
The role of the unified personality is a central theme of:
Self theory
Of the following alternatives, what would be the BEST advice to give someone who wants to retain good cognitive functioning as long as possible in old age?
"Exercise your body and your mind—use it or lose it."
Which mental disorder is the most like to commit suicide?
70% of suicide victims had been experiencing severe depression, soooo Major Depressive Disorder? Borderline personality disorder is also likely.
An abnormal-psychology instructor asks in class, "what kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), a student replies..
"Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs"
patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem on average experience improvement greater than do___ of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment
75 percent
Internet use disorder" is not in the DSM-5, but if it is included in the next edition, a research-based estimate of the percentage of people in the United States who would fit the diagnostic criteria would be about:
1 percent
patients receiving therapy for a psychological problems, on average, experience improvement greater than____of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment.
75%
personality inventories
Self-report questionnaire that assesses personal traits by asking respondents to identify descriptions that apply to themselves.
Which of the following most accurately reflects current research findings?
Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression.
Which of the following is the BEST example of dichotomous thinking?
There's only one thing to do and nothing else matters.
Roger's Humanistic Theory
Those who receive unconditional positive regard early in life are likely to develop unconditional self-regard
People who experience obsessions show...
Thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them
A phobic person exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the _____ technique.
Virtual Reality
is much higher than normal
a couple has been married for almost 50 yrs, the one dies. that probability that the surviving spouse will commit suicide :
Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:
A. psychedelics. B. antineurotics. C. psychotropics. Correct D. psychophysiologicals.
Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as:
A. psychiatric. B. somatogenic. Correct C. psychogenic. D. supernatural.
The diathesis- stress model of abnormality emphasizes that
abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition
clinical assessment
Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder.
longitudinal design
Systematic study of changes in the same individual or group examined over time (contrast with cross-sectional design).
death darer
ambivalent about dying, jay repeatedly played a dangerous game involving gas and a cigarette lighter. jay is an example of:
The medical problem that is twice as frequent in anorexic women as it is in bulimic women is
amenorrhea
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ...DSM 5 was developed by
american psychiatric association
A person would be LEAST likely to feel drowsy soon after taking a moderate dose of which type of drug?
amphetamines
Lola's physician prescribed diet pills. Which of the following drugs are they MOST likely to have contained?
amphetamines
Alzheimer's disease can only be diagnosed with certainty by means of a(n):
autopsy
the clinical interviewer most interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses would have what orientation?
behavioral
Focusing on the addition of positive activities to a depressed patient's life is a behavioral technique known as:
behavioral activation
the DSM5 is the first edition of the DM that requires clinicians to provide
both categorical information and dimensional information
If a person criticized everything that he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called...
Conditions of worth
Tomas has a normal IQ, but demonstrates complete impairment of new learning. He also confabulates when asked to provide information about recent events. Tomas most likely is suffering from:
Korsakoff's syndrome.
Media coverage that included the "Don't do it" message, phone numbers for suicide prevention centers, and interviews with suicide experts, occurred after the suicide of:
Kurt Cobain
What is the "common" name for a reading proficiency/comprehension problem?
Learning Disorder? Reading Disorder?
Which of the following statements is MOST consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression?
Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely.
The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:
Accepting problematic thoughts
State-dependent learning
Learning that becomes associated with the conditions under which it occurred, so that it is best remembered under the same conditions.
Symbolic Loss
According to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object (for example,a loss of employment that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one). Also called imagined loss.
cross-generational effect
Limit on the generalizability of longitudinal research because the group under study may differ from others in culture and experience.
A friend says, "I want to minimize my risks of organ damage and long-lasting mental change," and then asks, "What kind of drug should I most avoid?" Your BEST response is
"Alcohol."
A young woman who formerly had a fairly high sex drive, and who reports no new medical problems, nonetheless experiences an unexpected drop in sex drive. What would be an important question to ask her, before recommending some sort of psychotherapy?
"Have you recently started taking birth control pills?"
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Characterized by a combination of persistent depressive symptoms and recurrent outbursts of severe temper
Major Depressive Disorder
A severe pattern of unipolar depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition
Placebo
A sham treatment that a patient believe to be genuine.
The Cognitive Model Negative Thinking Maladaptive aptitudes
"My general worth is tied to every task I perform" "If I fail, others will feel repelled by me" Many failures are inevitable in a full, active life, so such attitudes are inaccurate and set the stage for all kinds of negative thoughts and reactions Beck suggests that later in these people's lives, upsetting situations may trigger an extended round of negative thinking
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be...
A social phobia
A person says, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. I don't know which to chose." Based on current research, the best answer would be...
"Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse."
Mania
A state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking
Mania
A state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.
effect size
A statistical process that eliminates how large a change in measure occurred. Often used before and after a clinical treatment to determine its relative success.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation
A treatment procedure for depression in which an implanted pulse generator sends regular electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve; the nerve, in turn, stimulates the brain.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
A treatment procudure for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area.
Bipolar I Disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes Most of them experience an alternation of the episodes Ex:) Weeks of mania may be followed by a period of wellness, followed, in turn, by an episode of depression
A person who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is the best advice for this person?
"Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward"
Someone you know who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is your BEST advice?
"Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder actually feel worse afterwards."
What is the difference between bell-and-battery therapy and dry-bed training for enuresis?
"Bell-and-battery therapy" is when a bell and a battery are wired to a pad consisting of two metallic foil sheets, and the entire apparatus is placed under the child at bedtime. "Dry-bed training" is when children receive training in cleanliness and retention control, are awakened periodically during the night, practice going to the bathroom, and are appropriately rewarded.
Bipolar I disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes.
How successful are jury specialists in selecting potential jurors?
"It is not clear that a clinician's advice is more valid than a lawyer's instincts or that the judgments of either are particularly accurate.
What is the relationship between substance abuse and Antisocial Personality Disorder?
***Aside from substance abuse disorders, this is the disorder most closely linked to adult criminal behavior. There are higher rates of alcoholism and other substance use disorders among ppl with antisocial PD than in the rest of the population. Intoxication and substance misuse help trigger the development of antisocial personality disorder by loosening a person's inhibitions. This disorder somehow makes a person more prone to abuse substances or perhaps antisocial disorder and substance use disorders both have the same cause, such a deep-seated need to take risks. Interestingly, drug users with this personality disorder often cite the recreational aspects of drug use as their reason for starting and continuing.
"Isn't the ABAB design pretty much a case study?" asks a friend of yours in this class. Your BEST answer would be:
"They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity."
A friend asks you for advice about how to stop smoking. Based on the data, your BEST advice to your friend would be:
"Try aversion therapy, for example, rapid smoking.
Which phrase would one by MOST likely to hear in a self-help group?
"Try this. It worked for me."
A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." Of the following choices, your MOST accurate answer would be:
"Yes—although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."
imagine that you are asked to give a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence. your BEST response would be
"although they are used widely, they are not particularly reliable"
Based on evidence from case studies, the BEST advice you could give someone who is experiencing a conversion disorder about seeking treatment is
"approaches using suggestion,reinforcement, and confrontation are often being used"
if you were a therapist with a behavioral view, which of the following questions would you be MOST likely to ask someone you suspected might have a somatic symptom disorder?
"has any friend of yours had similar symptoms recently?"
What are the correlates of someone living a long life (and reducing chances of ds)?
"longevity" genes, "robust" personalities, optimism, good frame of mind, regular behaviors (eating healthy, regular exercise, not smoking)
when i took abnormal psychology as an undergraduate, i was convinced i had symptoms of many of the earlier disorders we covered. As soon as we moved on to new disorders i was convinced i had some of their symptoms as well. my experiences were similar to those of some people with a form of illness anxiety disorder sometimes called
"medical student's disease"
weight set point
"weight thermostat", keeping an individual at a particular weight
What is the cause of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) according to Cognitive and Behavioral theorists?
"when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively in early life" (page 422)
Bodymass index
(BMI) indicate whether a person's weight is appropriate for his or her height.
What are the percentages of suicide attempts/completions with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?
***75% attempt suicide at least once in their lives; as many as 10% actually commit suicide.
Concerning Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), what are the outcomes regarding suicide/hospitalization? What does DBT emphasize? What is the technique of opposite action? Are drugs effective for BPD?
***DBT clients have significantly fewer suicidal behaviors and require fewer hospitalizations. DBT borrows heavily from humanistic and contemporary psychodynamic approaches, placing the client-therapist relationship at the center of treatment interactions, making sure that appropriate treatment boundaries are adhered to, and providing acceptance of the client. Opposite action: patients act opposite to the way they feel when an emotion is inappropriate. Many professionals believe that psychotropic drug treatment for BPD should be used largely as an adjunct to psychotherapy approaches. Effective inpatient.
Should drugs be used in the tx of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
***Drugs can be used. Antipsychotic drugs have been given to schizotypal personality disorder patients due to similarity to schizophrenia. Low doses usually reduce maladaptive thought pattern.
What are the specific sxs of Schizotypal Personality Disorder (e.g., ideas of reference)? Give examples.
***Extreme discomfort in relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, behavioral eccentricities. Anxious and distrustful. Seek isolation, few close friends. Example: Won't look at counselor, seeks jobs in isolation, answers with one-word. Does not appear lonely. Appears bland, indifferent, unmotivated, and insensitive to the external world. -Ideas of reference: beliefs that unrelated events pertain to them in some unimportant way -Bodily Illusions: sensing an external "force" or presence; see themselves as having special extrasensory abilities, and some believe that they have magical control over others -eccentricities include repeatedly arranging cans to align their labels, organizing closets extensively, or wearing an odd assortment of clothing. Emotions inappropriate, flat, humorless. Difficulty keeping attention focused.
What do BPD and eating disorders have in common?
***People with BPD often have co-occurring eating disorders. Unstable body image & impulsive
What is the object relations explanation for Borderline Personality Disorder?
***Propose that an early lack of acceptance by parents may lead to a loss of self-esteem, increased dependence, and an inability to cope with separation.
Give examples of how the behavioral school hypothesizes the causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder.
***Symptoms may be learned through modeling, or imitation. As evidence, they point to the higher rate of antisocial personality disorder found among the parents of people with this disorder. Some parents unintentionally teach antisocial behavior by rewarding a child's aggressive behavior. Example: When child misbehaves or gets violent with parent and parent gives in to restore peace.
If someone has a Paranoid Personality Disorder, what DSM-V disorder might a parent or sibling have?
***schizophrenia
Bipolar II Disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by mild manic and major depressive episodes
Bipolar II disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes.
Case managers:
Community therapist who offers a full range of services for people with schizophrenia or other severe disorders including therapy, advice, medication, guidance, and protection of patient rights
"Experience of observation teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear", The person who believes this espouses the ____ explanation of the development of phobias.
Modeling
When are paraphilic activities a ds and when are they normal according to most clinicians?
-Over a period of 6+ months, the person experiences recurrent and intense sexual arousal involving objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms (nonhuman objects, nongenital body parts, the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or children or other nonconsenting persons). -Also, significant distress or impairment over the fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
Approximately what percentage of campus arrests are alcohol related
...
Behavioral interventions for substance use disorder
...
If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then:
...
People who experience a positive event, get excited, breathe harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call:
...
Some __________ theorists believe that people can control their drinking by drinking in moderation rather than engaging in strict abstinence.
...
Studies of the effectiveness of exposure and prevention therapy most often have focused on ____ compulsions.
...
Which drug increases the activity of the central nervous system?
...
________ is the world's most widely used stimulant.
...
Which of the following is a depressant?
...opioids
A person has ingested enough ethyl alcohol to lose consciousness but has not died. The most probable alcohol concentration in that person, expressed as a percent of blood volume, is...
.40
What are the odds of the general population have a dx of bipolar ds? Close relatives? Identical twins?
1 and 2.6% of all adults suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time. Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a 40% likelihood of developing the same disorder. Other close relatives have a 5-10% chance.
goals for treating eating disorder
1) correct the dangerous eating pattern asap (regain lost weight, recover malnourishment, eat normally again) 2) address the broader psychological and situational factors that have led to and maintain the eating problem
Describe in detail systematic desensitization (the most effective therapeutic technique for a disorder!).
1)relaxation technique training+creation of fear hierarchy. 2) relaxation and fear pairing work from the bottom up. 3) work the way up the hierarchy w/exposure.
The yearly prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the US is about:
1-2%
Major Depressive Disorder treatment
1. Cognitive/cognitive-behavioral therapy (20 sessions, 60% people improve) 2. Interpersonal psychotherapy (20 sessions, 60% improve) 3. Antidepressants (indefinite duration, 60% improve) 4.ECT (9 sessions, 60% improve) 5. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (1 session plus follow up, 60% improve) 6. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (25 sessions, 60% improve)
What are the sub-goals of counselors who work at suicide prevention centers? For example, one of the sub goals is to establish a positive relationship.
1. Establishing a positive relationship. 2. Understanding and clarifying the problem. 3. Assessing suicide potential 4. Assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources 5. Formulating a plan
Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying...
A checking compulsion
Among the reasons cited for so many colleges students experiencing emotional problems are all of the following:
1. excessive pressure to do well and get into a top college 2. burnout from the competitive admissions process 3. psychiatric medication that allows more students with serious problems to go to college 4. NOT a lack of sensitivity to the issue by admissions counselors.
The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals today in the US is MOST similar to which decade?
1990
What percent of homeless individuals are mentally ill?
1/3 (33%)
The proportion of Americans over the age of 11 who smoke is about:
1/3.
What percentage of children and adolescents in North America suffer from a diagnosable psychological disorder?
1/5
The peak age range for the development of anorexia nervosa is:
14 to 18
Approximately 1 in _______ children are born with phenylketonuria (PKU).
14,000
Modern studies suggest that the average number of sub personalities in cases of multiple personality in women is about
15, and is lower for men
Johann Weyer was a physician in the
1500s
What is the rate of suicide for those that contacted a suicide hotline?
2% of callers later committed suicide.
What percent of individuals with Anorexia Nervosa die from medical problems related to the disorder or suicide? What medical problems are most likely to lead to death?
2-6% die from medical problems or suicide. Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances lead to heart failure or circulatory collapse.
What is the most common diagnosis of those found not guilty by reason of insanity (include ethnicity)?
2/3 have Schizophrenia (half are white, and 86% are male)
IQ score below _____ would indicate profound retardation.
20
a woman has close female relatives diagnosed with a somatization pattern of somatic symptom disorder. according to research, her probability of being diagnosed with the same disorder is about
20 percent
Compared to young people, what are the rates of depression in those over 65 living in a nursing home vs. those over 65 who do not live in a nursing home?
20% of people experience depression at some point during old age which is about the same (even a little lower according to some studies) as younger adults. However, it can be as high as 32% of old people in nursing homes.
Of the following, the person who would probably have the highest blood alcohol level after an hour of drinking would be a:
200-pound woman who had drunk six cans of beer.
What proportion of mental patients assault another person during hospitalization
25%
According to a large body of research with diverse populations, how many "supertraits," or factors, may describe the basic structure of personality?
5
Symptoms associated with autism typically appear before the age of:
3
As many as ________ percent of elderly people will eventually wind up being placed in a nursing home.
30
What percentage of all prescription drugs are purchased by elderly people?
30
What percentage of pts show a reduction in dementia as a result of someone paying attention to them?
30-60%
The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drug is about:
35%
At any given time in the United States, only about _____ percent of the elderly population actually live in nursing homes.
5
According to recent studies, in a random sample of 24 employed adults, you would expect that about two would be using an illegal drug. In a random sample of 24 unemployed adults, how many illegal drug users would you expect to find?
4
Surveys find that approximately _________ percent of older people, particularly men, have alcohol-related disorders in a given year.
4 to 7
About what proportion of the normal population become irritated if forced to depart from their normal routine?
40%
Multicultural Factors: Gender Differences
5-10% males. differences are losing weight and what should men and women ideally look like
As many as ________ percent of people over the age of 85 will develop some form of neurocognitive disorder.
50
Researchers have shown that in a typical year in the US nearly 1 in __ adults receive clinical treatment (Also number of adults to receive psychological therapy)
6
If a friend is considering ECT, what would you tell them about its effectiveness and possible side-effects?
60-80% of ECT patients have improved sx of depression and it is safe. Side effects include memory loss with it more with the events happening before and after tx → some pts may experience gaps in more distant memory and can become permanent
What percent of rape victims in the US are teens or younger?
61% of people 17 yo and younger.
As many as ___ percent of schoolchildren diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are boys.
70
In addition to having an IQ score of approximately _____ or below, to be diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorder a person must have poor adaptive behavior.
70
What percentage of children with autism spectrum disorder are boys?
80
The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about...
80%
What % of those with IDD falls into the Mild IDD range? What is the most likely cause and best tx for this group?
80-85% Cause: sociocultural +psychological TXS: education
People over ___ represent the fastest-growing segment of the population in the United States and in most countries around the world.
85
female college athletes
9% develop an eating disorder and another 50% display eating behaviors that put them at risk
According to reports about the population of students in the Sobriety High program, about what percent of those enrolled have mental health problems besides chemical dependency?
90 percent
If a person lives in a city, owns a home, and pays taxes, that person is least likely to experience which event next year?
A cancer diagnosis
idiographic strategy
A close and detailed investigation of an individual emphasizing what makes that person unique. (Compare with nomothetic strategy.)
How might a cognitive therapist treat someone who has negative self-statements? (I think I do this a lot with students! Please feel free to take my pos psych course.)
A cognitive therapist would manipulate the negative self-statements into positive self-statements by changing the patient's maladaptive thought pattern.
Factitious Disorder
A disorder in which an individual feigns or induces physical or psychological symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person.
Conversion Disorder
A disorder in which medically unexplained bodily symptoms affect voluntary motor and sensor functions.
Illness anxiety disorder
A disorder in which persons are chronically anxious about and preoccupied with the notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness, despite the absence of substantial somatic symptoms. Previously known as hypochondriasis.
Somatic symptom disorder
A disorder in which persons become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily symptoms they are experiencing.
Bipolar disorders
A disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression.
Dissociative Amnesia
A disorder marked by an ability to recall important personal events and information.
Body dysmorphic disorder
A disorder marked by excessive worry that some aspect of one's physical appearance is defective. The perceived defect is imagined or greatly exaggerated. Also known as dysmorphophobia.
Cyclothymic Disorder
A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks
Cylcothymic disorder
A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
A disorder marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
A disorder marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation.
Dissociative identity disorder or multiple personality disorder
A dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities called subpersonalities or alternate personalities.
Depersonalization-derealization disorder
A dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both.
Someone who has Munchausen syndrome, also by definition , has:
A fictitious disorder -fictitious disorder is:when a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when, in fact, he or she has consciously created their symptoms. -munchausen syndrome: a person repeatedly feigns severe illness so as to obtain hospital treatment.
Dissociative Fugue
A form of dissociative amnesia in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past.
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
A group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters Harder to overdose on them than other kinds of antidepressants They do not work for everyone
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
A group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters. Examples include the following: Fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and escitalopram (lexapro).
Depression
A low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms
Depression
A low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms.
Diagnosing Unipolar Depression
A major depressive episode is a period of two or more weeks marked by at least five symptoms of depression, including sad mood and/or loss of pleasure In extreme cases, the episode may include psychotic symptoms Ones marked by a loss of contact with reality such as delusions Bizarre ideas without foundation Hallucinations Perceptions of things that are not actually present
Lithium
A metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective and cheap treatment for bipolar disorders.
Dysthymic Disorder (One form of persistent depressive disorder)
A mod disorder that is similar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than a major depressive disorder 1. Depressed for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years. 2. While depressed presence of at least two of the following: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, feelings of hopelessness. 3. During the two-year period, symptoms not absent for more than two months at a time 4. No history of mania or hypomanic episode 5. significant distress or impairment
Dysthymic Disorder
A mood disorder that is similar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than major depressive disorder
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter whose (low activity) abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder.
Biochemical Factors Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder
Biochemical Factors Serotonin
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders
How effective is psychological debriefing following a disaster?
A number of clinical theorists now believe that certain high-risk individuals may profit from debriefing programs, but that other trauma victims should not receive such interventions.
Transvestite
A paraphilic disorder consisting of repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothes of the opposite sex. Also known as transvestism or cross-dressing.
Anaclitic depression
A pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from one's mother.
What might you experience if you are a victim of frotteurism?
A person rubbing his genitals on you or touching you. This disorder usually begins in the teenage years or earlier, often after the person observes others committing an act of frottage.
What is a recidivist?
A person who is arrested who has a record of previous arrest.
The term "eugenics" refers to which of the following?
A political policy of preventing those who suffer from mental illness from reproducing.
Transgendered
A sense that one's actual gender identity is different from the gender category to which one was born physically or that lies outside the usual male versus female categories.
Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression The Psychodynamic Model Psychodynamic Explanations
A series of unconscious processes is set in motion when a loved one dies Unable to accept the loss, mourners at first regress to the oral stage of development The period of total dependency when infants cannot distinguish themselves from their parents By regressing to this stage, the mourners merge their own identity with that of the person they have lost, and so symbolically regain the lost person
Cognitive Therapy
A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders.
Family-Social Treatments Couple Therapy
A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship Therapists who offer behavioral marital therapy help spouses change harmful marital behavior by teaching them specific communication and problem-solving skills When the depressed person's marriage is filled with conflict, this approach and similar ones may be as effective as individual cognitive therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, or drug therapy in helping in reduce depression
Couple Therapy
A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship.
Serotonin
A transmitter whose(low activity) abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-complusive disorder, and eating disorders.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
A treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient's head send an electrical current through the brain, and causing a convulsion.
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Electroconvulsive Therapy
A treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient's head send an electrical current through the brain, causing a convulsion Patients who receive ECT often have difficulty remembering certain events in their lives, particularly ones that ook place immediately before and after their treatments ECT is clearly effective in treating unipolar depression, although it has been difficult to determine why it works so well 60-80% improve Particularly effective in severe cases of depression that include delusions
Family-Social Treatments Interpersonal Psychotherapy
A treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery First, depressed persons may, as psychodynamic theorists suggest, be experiencing grief reaction over an important interpersonal loss Loss of a loved one Encourage clients to explore their relationship with the lost person and express any anger Second, depressed people may find themselves in the midst of an interpersonal role dispute Role disputes occur when two people have different expectations of their relationship and of the role each should play Depressed people may also be experiencing an interpersonal role transition, brought about by major life changes such as divorce or the birth of a child They may feel overwhelmed by the role changes that accompany the life change Finally, some depressed people display interpersonal deficits, such as extreme shyness or social awkwardness, that prevent them from having intimate relationships
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
A treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery.
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Brain Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulation
A treatment in which a pacemaker powers electrodes implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Brain Stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A treatment in which an electromagnetic coil, placed on or above a person's head, sends a current into the brain
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Brain Stimulation Vagus Nerve Stimulation
A treatment in which an implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve The nerve, in turn, stimulate the brain
Hypnotic therapy
A treatment in which the patient undergoes hypnosis and is then guided to recall forgotten events or perform other therapeutic activities. Also known as hypnotherapy
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
A treatment procedure for depression in which an electromagnetic coil, which is placed on or above a person's head, sends a current into the individual's brain.
How does an MRI make a picture of the brain?
A. It measures the degree of activity in the various areas scanned. B. It uses X rays, and pictures are taken at several different angles. C. It relies on the magnetic properties of the atoms in the cells scanned. Correct D. It uses a recording of the electrical impulses produced by the neurons in the brain.
The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is MOST similar to the number hospitalized in:
A. 1990. Correct B. 1970. C. 1960. D. 1950.
Patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem, on average, experience improvement greater than ______ of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment.
A. 25 percent B. 75 percent correct C. 100 percent D. 0 percent
Imagine that you are asked to give a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence. Your BEST response would be:
A. Although they are used widely, they are not particularly reliable. Correct B. The APA endorses their use. C. On average, 50 out of 100 truths are categorized as lies. D. Most courts admit evidence from polygraphs in criminal trials.
The discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis was made by:
A. Benjamin Rush. B. Emil Kraepelin. C. Fritz Schaudinn. D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing. Correct
Which of the following tests is a personality inventory?
A. Draw-a-Person B. MMPI-2 Correct C. Rorschach test D. Thematic Apperception Test
Kraepelin's views are MOST similar to the views of:
A. Freud. B. Mesmer. C. Pinel. D. Hippocrates. correct
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances?
A. Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of disorders. B. Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment. Correct C. It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a "problem in living." D. Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy.
If your friend had her brain waves recorded to measure her brain's electrical activity, she MOST likely had a(n):
A. PET scan. B. MRI. C. CAT scan. D. EEG. Correct
The only test among the following that is NOT a projective test is the:
A. Rorschach Test. B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Correct C. Draw-a-Person Test. D. Thematic Apperception Test.
Of the following statements, which is MOST accurate?
A. The DSM in some form has been in use for over 100 years. B. The DSM was originally developed by the American Psychoanalytic Association. C. The DSM served as the model for the classification system Kraepelin later developed. D. The classification system Emil Kraepelin developed served as the model for the DSM. Correct
Which of the following statements is the BEST example of the biopsychosocial perspective?
A. There is one legitimate approach to understanding mental disorders. B. Abnormality is best explained by sociocultural stresses a person experiences. C. Eclectic approaches fail to take interactions of various models into account. D. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. **correct
Which of the following is the BEST conclusion you could draw about the effectiveness of the various assessment techniques?
A. There is one standard assessment battery used by all clinicians. B. When all is said and done, no technique stands out as superior. Correct C. Clinicians have abandoned the use of assessment. D. Assessment is used at the beginning of therapy but not thereafter.
According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is true regarding dreams?
A. They are without real importance. B. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. Correct C. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. D. They are the brain's attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity.
Under the instructions of a psychologist, Tina's mother records the number of times Tina hits her brother at home, and what happens immediately prior to the hitting. In this situation, Tina's mother is:
A. a participant observer. Correct B. demonstrating observer bias. C. conducting structured observations. D. engaging in self-monitoring behavior.
A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skill. The psychologist is MOST likely:
A. a psychoanalyst. B. a positive psychologist. Correct C. a community mental health worker. D. a rehabilitation specialist.
Which of the following is an example of a case study?
A. a study involving a control group B. a long-term study of a clinical client Correct C. a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community D. the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats
The MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally:
A. accept one definition of abnormality and practice one form of treatment. B. do not accept one definition of abnormality but practice one form of treatment. C. accept one definition of abnormality but practice more than one form of treatment. D. do not accept one definition of abnormality and practice more than one form of treatment. Correct
If you were receiving medications to control hallucinations and delusions, you would MOST likely be receiving:
A. antidepressants. B. antipsychotics. Correct C. antibipolar drugs. D. minor tranquilizers
Freud believed that the source(s) of energy that fuels the id:
A. are defense mechanisms. B. is the libido. Correct C. is conscious. D. is learned.
An assumption of determinism is that abnormal behaviors:
A. are learned. B. are not accidental. Correct C. have physiological bases. D. are due to unconscious conflicts.
Current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to:
A. bacterial infections at the time of puberty. B. a resistance to antibiotics. C. viral infection in utero. Correct D. hormonal imbalances.
"Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential." The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be:
A. behavioral. B. humanistic. C. existential. Correct D. psychodynamic.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eccentrics noted by researchers in the field?
A. being a poor speller B. having a diagnosable mental illness Correct C. being creative D. enjoying one's life
Concerns about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5 diagnoses are MOST likely to center on which factors?
A. categories based on weak research, and reflecting bias (for example, gender or racial bias) ****correct B. categories based on field research, and reflecting bias (for example, gender or racial bias). C. categories that reflect overly restrictive descriptions D. categories too few in number to represent the breadth of human psychological disorders
So-called "new-wave cognitive therapy," differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:
A. challenging irrational cognitions. B. accepting problematic thoughts. Correct C. working to change unacceptable thoughts. D. researching the effectiveness of the therapy.
One group of patients is treated with medication in a hospital. Another group is treated with the same medication on an outpatient basis. The diagnoses of the two groups of patients are equally serious. The BEST example of a confound in this study is the:
A. characteristics of the hospital. Correct B. type of medication given. C. seriousness of the diagnoses. D. level of improvement.
"The force that operates on the 'reality principle' is an independent, powerful force in human functioning." The kind of theorist who would agree MOST strongly with this statement would be a(n) ______ therapist.
A. classical Freudian B. self C. object relations D. ego correct
The clinical interviewer MOST interested in discovering assumptions and interpretations that influence the person would have what orientation?
A. cognitive Correct B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. behavioral
"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement?
A. cognitive-behavioral B. humanistic-existential Correct C. psychodynamic D. cognitive
The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to:
A. construct a fear hierarchy. B. construct a list of useful reinforcers. C. confront the client with the feared stimulus or thought. D. teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions. Correct
Huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the:
A. corpus callosum. B. basal ganglia. Correct C. hippocampus. D. amygdala.
A study includes 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty get aspirin, 20 get a sugar pill that looks like aspirin, and 20 get nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache goes away. In the other two groups, the "cure" rates are 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants are treated identically. This study:
A. demonstrates a double-blind design. B. is an experimental study. Correct C. contains an important confound. D. has three dependent variables.
A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality?
A. deviance B. distress Correct C. dangerousness D. dysfunction
The MAIN focus of a clinical practitioner when faced with a new client is to gather what type of information?
A. diagnostic B. nomothetic C. idiographic Correct D. dispassionate
Surveys of very successful therapists show that they generally do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. disregard ethical principles when they think their clients might benefit. correct B. help clients focus more on the clients' behaviors and thoughts. C. pay attention to their interactions with their clients. D. give feedback to clients.
One limitation of the clinical interview as an assessment tool is that:
A. each client is different. B. the approach is too rigid. C. the client may give an overly positive picture. Correct D. the clinician sees the client too infrequently.
Which of the following "new diagnoses" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and subways MOST likely receive?
A. eco-anxiety B. terrorism terror Correct C. crime phobia D. cyber fear
Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of:
A. eco-anxiety treatment. B. a somatogenic approach to treatment. C. the clinical practice of positive psychology. Correct D. an eccentric's level of creativity.
The role of the unified personality is a central theme of:
A. ego theory. B. self theory. correct C. psychoanalytic theory. D. object relations theory.
A researcher set up two groups: a group of 10 men and a group of 10 women to study gender differences. The two groups were treated exactly the same and each participant was given a test of psychological function. The results were then compared. This study is an example of a(n):
A. experiment. B. analogue study. C. correlational study. D. quasi-experimental study. Correct
A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n):
A. experiment. B. random-assignment design. C. matched control group design. D. blind design. Correct
If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two of them do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be:
A. externalized. B. cultural. C. enmeshed. Correct D. disengaged.
A prisoner eligible for parole is required to take a polygraph test. Although the prisoner tells the truth in response to a question, the polygraph operator records the response as a lie. According to recent research, this kind of error is
A. extremely common; over one third of true statements are interpreted as lies. B. unusual; less than 10 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. Correct C. rare; less than 3 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. D. very rare; less than 1 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies.
In mindfulness-based therapy techniques, you would be MOST likely to find clients:
A. focusing on setting goals for the future. B. letting their thoughts flow, without judgment. correct C. rejecting thoughts that are not rational. D. trying to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts.
Are people ever harmed by therapy for DSM-diagnosed disorders?
A. frequently; about 35 percent of those treated seem to get worse, although most of the rest seem to improve. B. occasionally, about 20 percent of those treated seem to get worse. C. sometimes; at most, about 5-10 percent of those treated seem to get worse. Correct D. almost never; although only about 55 percent seem to improve, only 1-2 percent of those treated seem to get worse.
Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:
A. genetic make-up. B. social factors leading to stress. Correct C. irrational patterns of thinking. D. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning.
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories:
A. have higher validity. Correct B. are less standardized. C. have lower reliability. D. are more difficult to administer and evaluate.
Imagine that you are doing an ABAB reversal design study in which you are measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the first "A" in the study?
A. healthy eating habits B. exercise C. no exercise D. depression Correct
Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more:
A. hospital focused. B. multicultural. Correct C. positive. D. dependent on the use of medication
If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving:
A. humanistic therapy. B. existential therapy. C. cognitive therapy. Correct D. psychoanalytic therapy.
The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the:
A. id. B. ego. Correct C. superego. D. libido.
Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the:
A. instincts, the ego, and the self. B. biological forces, culture, and learning. C. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. D. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Correct
A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high:
A. internal reliability. B. predictive validity. Correct C. concurrent validity. D. test-retest reliability.
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called ______ variables.
A. irrelevant B. confounding Correct C. blind D. controlled
Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy:
A. is biologically based. B. comes from pharmaceutical companies. C. comes from double-blind studies. D. comes mostly from case studies. Correct
A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that:
A. life stress causes symptoms of depression. B. symptoms of depression cause life stress. C. something other than life stress causes stress and depression. D. life stress and depression are related. Correct
Correlation coefficients indicate the:
A. magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables. Correct B. cause-and-effect relationship between variables. C. internal and external validity between variables. D. significance and variability between variables.
In order to study the general effectiveness of treatment, Smith and Glass (1980, 1977) and their colleagues performed a(n):
A. meta-analysis of many studies. correct B. analysis of their clinical cases. C. survey of many clients who had received therapy. D. controlled study that involved random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions.
Based on the number of men and women majoring in psychology as undergrads, we would predict that in the future:
A. most psychologists will be men. B. most psychologists will be women. Correct C. there will be about equal numbers of male and female psychologists. D. there will be an overabundance of psychologists.
Imagine that you know you are being observed and change your behavior in order to make a good impression. This is known as:
A. observer drift. B. observer bias. C. reactivity. Correct D. naturalistic change.
Of the people who would qualify for a DSM diagnosis in their lifetime, surveys show what percent would show comorbidity?
A. over 50 percent ** correct B. about 2 percent C. about 10 percent D. less than 2 percent
Compared to the original DSM, which appeared in the 1950s, the DSM-5 has:
A. over five times as many diagnostic categories. correct B. about twice as many diagnostic categories. C. slightly more diagnostic categories. D. slightly fewer diagnostic categories.
Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that:
A. physicians and psychologists must have the same level of education. B. coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally. Correct C. the number of sessions allowed for treatment of mental and physical treatment must be equal. D. patients must be allowed to choose the therapist they want for treatment.
An athlete who is actually well-prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would emphasize the illogical thinking process of this athlete as a source of poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality?
A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. existential D. cognitive Correct
The model that proposes that humans strive to self-actualize is the:
A. psychodynamic model. B. cognitive model. C. humanistic-existential model. Correct D. behavioral model.
The form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic, and try out new interpretations of events, is:
A. psychodynamic. correct B. Gestalt. C. cognitive. D. humanistic.
A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other "mood" disorders. The general term for this type of drug is:
A. psychogenic. B. somatogenic. C. psychotropic. Correct D. somatotropic.
What is the term for studies that have the structure of experiments, except they use groups that already exist, instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups?
A. quasi-experiments Correct B. natural experiments C. correlational experiments D. developmental experiments
Studies show that most therapists these days are MOST likely to learn about the latest information on treatment of psychological disorders from:
A. reading research articles. B. talking with professional colleagues. Correct C. conducting their own research. D. writing grants.
Skillful frustration is designed to help clients:
A. realize the extent to which they are expressing their id impulses. B. recognize that past experiences control current behavior. C. face their own manipulative behavior. D. express frightening emotions. ****correct
Culturally sensitive therapists would be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. recognize that children of immigrants have special challenges. B. help clients express anger and pain related to their life situation. C. encourage clients to become fully acculturated into the dominant culture. correct D. focus on raising the client's self-esteem.
Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called:
A. reflex. B. the pleasure principle. Correct C. primary process thought. D. secondary process thought.
A patient's initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is:
A. regression. B. sublimation. C. denial. Correct D. rationalization.
Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is:
A. reliability. B. face validity. C. predictive validity. D. standardization. Correct
If a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced ______, according to psychoanalysts.
A. repression B. transference C. resistance D. catharsis Correct
A friend says to you, "I just think the Red Sox win more games on Tuesdays than on any other day." Although your friend's statement is not very scientific, it is a(n):
A. research finding. B. hypothesis. Correct C. example of a case study. D. research conclusion.
The only time that Timmy gets attention is when he misbehaves in a bizarre way. This is an example of:
A. shaping. B. modeling. C. operant conditioning. Correct D. classical conditioning.
Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:
A. shaping. B. modeling. Correct C. operant conditioning. D. classical conditioning.
"Let's just do away with diagnosis," says a clinician, "all we do is make things worse." That clinician's viewpoint is:
A. shared by a solid majority of those working in the area of abnormality. B. shared by almost nobody working in the area of abnormality. C. shared by some of those working in the area of abnormality. Correct D. represented in the DSM-5, which does not require a specific diagnosis.
A response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is a(n):
A. social skill inventory. B. cognitive inventory. Correct C. affective inventory. D. behavioral inventory.
Mesmer became famous—or infamous—for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed:
A. somatogenic. B. hysterical. Correct C. phlegmatic. D. bilious.
Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth. . The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be a(n):
A. stimulant drug. B. antianxiety drug. C. antipsychotic drug. D. antidepressant drug. correct
If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing:
A. structural family therapy. B. conjoint family therapy. Correct C. feminist therapy. D. self-help therapy.
Case studies are useful for all of the following EXCEPT
A. studying unusual problems. B. learning a great deal about a particular patient. C. suggesting new areas for further study. D. determining general laws of behavior. Correct
If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was:
A. suffering from a mental illness. B. deviant but not dangerous. C. exhibiting a typical reaction. Correct D. statistically deviant.
Which of the following is designed to disclose a patient's patterns of thinking?
A. the MMPI-2 B. the Rorschach C. an affective inventory D. a cognitive inventory Correct
Those who are MOST likely to visit "suicide sites" on the Internet—sites that celebrate suicide and describe ways to commit suicide are:
A. the elderly, who are at low risk for imitative suicidal behavior. B. the elderly, who are at high risk for imitative suicidal behavior. C. teenagers and young adults, who are at low risk for imitative suicidal behavior. D. teenagers and young adults, who are at high risk for imitative suicidal behavior. Correct
During the Middle Ages in Europe, demonology dominated views of abnormality for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A. the power of the clergy increased greatly. B. the church rejected scientific forms of investigation. C. the church controlled education. D. the culture rejected religious beliefs.
When Rorschach testers ask questions like, "Did the person respond to the whole picture or to specific details?" or "Did he or she focus on the blots or on the white spaces?," they are interested in the ______ of the response.
A. theme B. content C. style correct D. images
Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a:
A. treatment. B. classification system. C. syndrome. Correct D. medical condition.
A clinical psychologist you know says, "How do I decide on the best treatment? Simple—I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy, and follow their advice." The clinical psychologist you know is:
A. typical; almost all therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. B. common; most therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. C. unusual; most therapists base therapy decisions on something besides what they can read in research journals. correct D. rare; almost all therapists make treatment decisions based upon what's available on Web sites.
The movement that has tried to find the common strategies that "good" therapists use is called:
A. uniformity. B. particularity. C. rapprochement. Correct D. idiosyncatics.
When a young child yells and throws toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
A. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. B. operant conditioning. Correct C. unconditional positive regard. D. neurotransmitter imbalances.
DSM-5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is:
A. used by the World Health Organization. B. most widely used in the United States. Correct C. used for medical disorders. D. used exclusively for children.
Dr. Martin has just asked a potential client to talk about herself. As she responds, the doctor's next question is based on some interesting point she brought up. There are few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Martin has just:
A. used free association. B. conducted an unstructured interview. Correct C. used a behavioral assessment technique. D. employed (Rogers') nondirective therapy.
Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was:
A. water. B. lymph gland fluid. C. phlegm. Correct D. cerebrospinal fluid.
Correlational research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people:
A. without any religious belief are the psychologically healthiest. B. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the psychologically healthiest. Correct C. who are devout and see God as cold and unresponsive are the psychologically healthiest. D. who are not religious cope better with life stressors like war and illness.
Which is TRUE about alcohol use and suicide?
ALL: Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk. Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions.
The mockingbird gets its name from the fact that it often imitates the call of other birds, without conveying any particular message. A child who imitates others' speech without any sign of understanding it, MOST likely would be diagnosed with:
ASD
testability
Ability of a hypothesis, for example, to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and to be accepted or rejected, a necessary condition for the hypothesis to be useful.
Several factors cause (are correlated with) AD/HD. What are some of them?
Abnormal activity of dopamine and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal region of the brain. ↑ levels of stress and family dysfunctioning. negative self image + peer image.
One study shows that, in "substance-free" dorms, the percentage of students who are occasional binge drinkers is...
About 36%
What's more effective, IPT or CBT?
About the same. Studies suggest that IPT and CBT have similar success rate. Symptoms almost totally disappear in 50-60% of clients.
Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression The Psychodynamic Model Symbolic Loss
According to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one Also called imagined loss Ex:) A college student may, for example, experience failure in a calculus course as the loss of her parents, believing they love her only when she excels academically
Why has there been a recent change in the overall body image among young African American women and young women in Non-Westernized cultures (as a group)?
Acculturation, African Americans that are surrounded by white women often have a higher rate of depression and eating disorders
What neurotransmitter deficit has been implicated in Alzheimer's ds?
Acetylcholine (and glutamate?)
self-monitoring
Action by which clients observe and record their own behaviors as either an assessment of a problem and its change or a treatment procedure that makes them more aware of their responses. Also known as self-observation.
Prefrontal Cortex
Activity and blood flor aw low in certain parts but high in others
What is the most common diagnosis for making an insurance claim?
Adjustment disorder
The most common form of neurocognitive disorder is:
Alzheimer's disease.
At what age does pedophilia typically develop?
Adolescence
If current trends concerning the body images of African American women and white American women continue, we would expect in the future that
African American women would show increasing body image dissatisfaction
What is the relationship between receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia (and institutionalization) and ethnicity?
African Americans more likely to receive diagnosis of schizophrenia than whites. White more likely to get tx with second generation drugs than African Americans African Americans are twice as likely as whites to be diagnosed and more likely to be institutionalized
Generalized Anxiety disorder is more common in...
African Americans than in white Americans
Which behavior pattern is not listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder?
Agoraphobia
Hanna goes to a meeting because her husband is an alcoholic who only occasionally can abstain from alcohol. The meetings with other people in similar situations help her cope. She probably attends meetings of:
Al Anon.
A friend says, "I want to minimize my risks of organ damage and long-lasting mental change," and then asks, "What kind of drug should I most avoid?" Your BEST response is...
Alcohol
Alcohol binds to selective for ______________?
Alcohol binds to the neurotransmitter GABA → relaxes the drinker
Which of the following is not a problem with the DSM-5 categories of personality disorders?
All of the personality disorders are seen more in men than in women, suggesting a bias in diagnostic criteria.
DSM-5 was developed by:
American Psychiatric Association
Lola's physician prescribed diet pills many years ago. Which of the following drugs the pills most likely contain?
Amphetamines
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Tricyclic
An antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure
Tricyclic
An antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure.
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs MAO Inhibitors
An antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase
MAO inhibitor
An antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
What is a synergistic effect? What are common synergists (in other words, how is it easy to overdose if you mix drug 1 with drug 2)?
An increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time → aka alcohol and barbiturates which decrease CNS activity → Very easy to overdose if drug 1 +2 have the same effects
What is the significance of the Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California case? What is duty to protect?
An outpatient had confided to his therapist that he wanted to harm his ex-gf and several days after therapy, he followed through and killed her. The question was whether confidentiality should have been broken in this case. The duty to protect is a responsibility to break confidentiality, even without the client's consent, when it is necessary "to protect the client or others from harm." This law also protects therapists from certain civil suits.
According to Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the ___________ development
Anal
When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure ti is turned off, that person is exhibiting a(n)...
Compulsion
Why might mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders? Individuals with eating disorders, especially bulimia nervosa, have lower levels of serotonin levels on average than the general population. Does this mean low serotonin levels "cause" Bulimia Nervosa (or OCD for that matter)?
Attention seeking, cannot define own needs of hunger, anxiety, or tiredness. No, low serotonin levels can cause the bodies of some people to crave and binge on high-carbohydrate foods but it does not "cause" Bulimia Nervosa...its just associated with it
_________ is the ongoing inability to form new memories.
Anterograde amnesia
What medications are most helpful in the tx of Bulimia Nervosa?
Antidepressant drugs
The most common mental disorders in the United States
Anxiety Disorders
People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call...
Anxiety sensitivity
confound
Any factor occurring in a study that makes the results uninterpretable because its effects cannot be separated from those of the variables being studied.
labeling
Applying a name to a phenomenon or a pattern of behavior. The label may acquire negative connotations or be applied erroneously to the person rather than that person's behaviors.
analog model
Approach to research that employs subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions.
Determinist assume that abnormal behaviors:
Are not accidental
How Common is Unipolar Depression?
Around 8% of adults in the United States suffer from severe unipolar pattern of depression in any given year, while as many as 5% suffer from mild forms Around 19% of all adults experience an episode of severe unipolar depression at some point in their lives Women are at least twice as likely as men to experience episodes of severe unipolar depression Approximately 85% of people with unipolar depression recover, some with treatment Around 40% of them have at least one other episode of depression in their lives
false negative
Assessment error in which no pathology is noted (that is, test results are negative) when one is actually present.
false positive
Assessment error in which pathology is reported (that is, test results are positive) when none is actually present.
neuropsychological testing
Assessment of brain and nervous system functioning by testing an individual's performance on behavioral tasks.
classification
Assignment of objects or people to categories on the basis of shared characteristics.
negative correlation
Association between two variables in which one increases as the other decreases.
positive correlation
Association between two variables in which one increases as the other increases.
All opioid drugs are collectively called "narcotics." These drugs normally attach to sites receptive to WHAT neurotransmitter?
Attach to neurotransmitter site endorphins that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tensions
If you are a pregnant woman, what is the best way to avoid having a child that has Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Avoid alcohol
Of the following, the MOST likely to exhibit a substance abuse disorder would be a(n):
Native American
Because of the likelihood of convulsions, withdrawal from ____ is especially dangerous
Barbiturates
Withdrawal is especially dangerous for which type of sedative-hypnotic drug?
Barbiturates → can lead to nausea, anxiety, sleep problems and can cause convulsions
Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which statement would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior?
Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs
Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which of the following would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior?
Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.
Huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the:
Basal ganglia
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Brain Structure
Basal ganglia and cerebellum of these individuals tend to be smaller than those of others Their amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex each have structural abnormalities
Describe the evolutionary theory of phobias.
Basically, human beings have a predisposition towards certain fears, (darkness, strangers, snakes). This theory is called preparedness. these are potentially genetically transmitted via ancient ancestors.
Why is the risk of transmitting AIDS an important factor for heroin users?
Because heroin users often share needles that can be infected
If a patient is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the patient is MOST likely being treated by a follower of:
Beck
The therapist who developed a cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders that is based on his therapy for depression is:
Beck
Which of the following is a correct match of a person and approach?
Beck and cognitive therapy
If someone is isolated and lack social support or intimacy in his or her life, that person is more likely to blank than someone who has social support and intimacy.
Become depressed when under stress
Which of the following terms, which has come to mean "a chaotic uproar" derived its name from a London hospital where mentally ill patients were treated in horrendous ways?
Bedlam
What is the relationship between gender/pre-post puberty and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder?
Before puberty, the disorder is more common among boys than girls. However post-puberty, the disorder is present in both genders equally.
On which school of psychology are these approaches based?
Behavior Psychology
placebo effect
Behavior change resulting from the person's expectation of change rather than from the experimental manipulation itself.
"Abnormal behaviors-indeed, all behaviors-are acquired through learning." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?
Behavioral
"It seems to me that people with illness anxiety disorder simply model what they see others doing." A person with which theoretical view would be most likely to say this?
Behavioral
"When I was young, I met a large dog. I wasn't afraid of the dog, but as I tried to pet it, the dog snarled and jumped at me. I have been afraid of dogs ever since." A therapist who assumes that this sentence describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality?
Behavioral
Increasing pleasant activities is MOST likely to be a part of a ___ therapy program.
Behavioral
Which model is MOST likely to emphasize the importance of one's history of conditioning as the source of depression?
Behavioral
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
Behavioral
Tx for behavioral
Behavioral management or systematic desensitization
The model of abnormality that focuses on learning is the:
Behavioral model
What are the txs for premature (early) ejaculation ds?
Behavioral procedures → stop-start or pause procedure: penis is manually stimulated until man is highly arouse and then stopped until arousal subsides in which penis is stimulated once again. Can also be treated using serotonin-enhancing antidepressant drugs which helps reduce sexual arousal or orgasm
What is the behavioral explanation of CD and Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)? Provide examples. How might the behaviorist treat this disorder given the explanation?
Behavioral theorists propose that the physical symptoms of conversion and somatic symptoms disorders bring rewards to sufferers. Ex: Remove the individuals from an unpleasant relationship or bring attention from other people. Behavioral therapists use exposure treatments as they expose clients to features of the horrific events that first triggered their physical symptoms, expecting that the individuals will become less anxious over the course of repeated exposures and subsequently able to face those upsetting events directly rather than through physical channels.
What Are the Behavioral Treatments for Unipolar Depression?
Behavioral therapists use a variety of strategies to help increase the number of rewards experienced by their depressed clients First, the therapist selects activities that the client considers pleasurable Second, while reintroducing pleasurable events into a client's life, the therapist makes sure that the person's various behaviors are rewarded correctly Behaviorists argue that when people become depressed, their negative behaviors keep others at a distance, reducing chances for rewarding experiences and interactions Finally, the behavioral therapist may train clients in effective social skills
How might a behaviorist treat Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Behaviorist provide social skills training and exposure tx that help pt increase social contacts
How might a behaviorist describe the causes of Dependent Personality Disorder?
Behaviorist say that DPD is caused when parents reward thiey children's clinging and "loyal" behavior while at the same time punishing acts of independence. Also by modeling dependent behavior.
The Cognitive Model
Believe that people with unipolar depression persistently view events in negative ways and that such perceptions lead to their depression The two most influential cognitive explanations are the theory of learned helplessness and the theory o f negative thinking
Behavioral Model
Believe that unipolar depression results from significant changes in the number of rewards and punishments people receive in their lives They treat depressed people by helping them build more desirable patterns of reinforcement
Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also...
Believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others
The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the:
Biological model
Which treatments are mental hospital patients most likely able to refuse?
Biological treatments-e.g. psychosurgery, ECT
Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA?
Benzodiapines
What type of drug is alphrzolam (Xanax)?
Benzodiazepine
According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is...
Better than nothing and about as effective as mediation
Devon is being treated by anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of...
Biofeedback training
The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorder BEST supports which theoretical perspective?
Biological
What's the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?
Bipolar I is characterized with full manic and major depressive episodes while Bipolar II is characterized with hypomanic episodes with major depressive episodes
Amygdala
Blood flow and activity are elevated
What do PTSD and Dissociative Ds have in common with each other?
Both emerge after a traumatic event orientation
In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports
Both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory
in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a person today who is diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely have been diagnosed with
Briquets syndrome
What is it called when someone who has anorexia nervosa regularly vomits after eating?
Bulimia
Conduct disorder is most often associated (maybe the cause) with? (Can't say accurately "cause" bc unethical to do the study to determine if this is cause.)
CD is most often linked to troubled parent-child relationships(inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility.) Fun Fact: children w/ this disorder have been known to have parents who are antisocial, display excessive anger, have substance abuse issues, mood, or schizophrenic disorders.)
Here it is again: What school focusses on the misinterpretation of bodily signals? Yes, this misinterpretation is important for many disorders!
COGNITIVE THEORISTS!! : )
Behavior therapy:
Can be tested in the lab
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding cannabis in the United States?
Cannabis was introduced into the United States about 100 years ago and was first used for medical purposes
Evidence in support of the psychodynamic model has come primarily from:
Case studies
Ethnicity is important in understanding the dx of AD/HD. Explain to a 10th grader the ethnic groups that might be overdiagnosed and those that might be undiagnosed given equivalent sxs.
Caucasian individuals are more commonly diagnosed with ADHD. they receive better treatments. those few minority individuals diagnosed often receive subpar treatment. African Americans and Hispanic Americans are underdiagnosed. Clinical theorists believe social bias and stereotyping may contribute due to "low IQs" existing in minorities.
A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain?
Caudate Nuclei
What causes Korsakoff's syndrome? What are the behavioral characteristics?
Caused by mineral deficiency of vitamin B (thiamine) and can lead to memory loss, confusion, and neurological sx
A likely correlate of ASD is problems with the _____________ in the ____________.
Cerebellum; Brain
correlation coefficient
Computed statistic reflecting the strength and direction of any association between two variables. It can range from 21.00 through 0.00 (indicating no association) to 11.00, with the absolute value indicating the strength and the sign reflecting the direction.
What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders? Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers Second Messenger
Chemical changes within a neuron just after the neuron receives a neurotransmitter message and just before it responds
second messengers
Chemical changes within a neuron just after the neuron receives a neurotransmitter message and just before it responds.
What is the most accurate statement about child sexual abuse?
Child sexual abuse appears to be equally common across all socioeconomic classes, races, and ethnic groups.
What is the most common outcome of gender dysphoria in childhood?
Children feel uncomfortable about their assigned sex and yearn to be members of the opposite sex. . Of course, know your sss for all disorders.
Are there more or less civilian trauma causes of PTSD than combat trauma causes?
Civilian trauma with PTSD occurs 10 x more than combat trauma causes
The view that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of:
Classic Freudian psychotherapy
How does classical conditioning explain drug cravings?
Classic conditioning: objects present in the environment at the time drugs are taken may act as classically condition stimuli and come to produce some of the the same pleasure brought on by the drugs themselves → example: Drug addict sees a needle can comfort people are are addicted to drugs
nosology
Classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena.
classical categorical approach
Classification method founded on the assumption of clear-cut differences among disorders, each with a different known cause. Also known as pure categorical approach.
If you close your eyes and imagine biting into a big, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. Salivating to this imagery is an example of a(n):
Conditioned response
Which of the following statements about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?
Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.
Mario felt awake and alive as though he could conquer the world. He most likely used...
Cocaine
An athlete who is in fact well prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this? I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in his subsequent poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality?
Cognitive
Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment-- mindfulness therapy-- is most consistent with which theoretical approach?
Cognitive
Which therapy is an effective long-term, non pharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?
Cognitive
Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went?
Cognitive Theorists
Tx for cognitive
Cognitive restructuring
How effective is cognitive therapy for depression?
Cognitive therapy is very effective for depression, specifically CBT, which about 50-60% of depressed adults show a near-total elimination of their symptoms.
What's more effective: Drug or Cognitive txs for panic disorder?
Cognitive therapy.
Conclusions from extensive studies of the effectiveness of various forms of treatment for depression show that:
Cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are the best, and about equally effective.
Miss America's weight has declined over the years. What is the most likely cause for this? (Psychodynamic, Cognitive-Behavioral, Biological, and so on.)
Cognitive--because she most likely judges herself based on her shape and weight and ability to control them.
What is the best educational treatment for ASD?
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. The best type of school is a specialized school for Autism, where education and therapy are combined.
What are the most effective txs for female orgasmic ds?
Cognitive-behavioral techniques, self-exploration, enhancement of body awareness, directed masturbation training are especially useful for women who have never had an orgasm under any circumstances. Directed masturbation training is the most effective.
What is the best tx for conduct disorder?
Combination of Socio Cultural tx (Parent-Child interaction therapy & Parent management therapy) and Child-focused tx (problem-solving skills training, anger coping and coping power program).
sequential design
Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs involving repeated study of different cohorts over time.
OCPD is common among what demographic of individuals?
Common among white, educated, married, and employed individuals. Men 2x more likely to have the disorder than females
What is the relationship between personality dss and PTSD?
Common to have a personality disorder with PTSD. (Examples: Borderline PD with PTSD, Avoidant Personality D, or Antisocial)
Kelly is a long-time serious drinker. In the last year she has started having huge memory lapses. When this happens, she makes up wild stories to help her fill in what she does not remember. This symptom is called;...
Confabulation
What causes mental disorder according to psychodynamic model?
Conflict during childhood
The Cognitive Model Attribution-Helplessness Theory Example
Consider a college student whose girlfriend breaks up with him If he attributes this loss of control to an internal cause that is both global and stable It's my fault (Internal) and I ruin everything I touch (Global) and I always will (Stable) If the student had instead attributed the breakup to causes that were mores specific (the way I've behaved in the relationship), or external (She never did know what she wanted), he might not expect to lose control
Lack of exercise and obesity (defined quantitatively by BMI) are related to what medical condition?
Coronary heart disease.
A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique.
Covert
__________ has been found to be caused by a slow-acting virus, and this has lent some weight to the viral theory of schizophrenia.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
level
Degree of behavior change with different interventions (for example, high or low).
variability
Degree of change in a phenomenon over time.
reliability
Degree to which a measurement is consistent-for example, over time or among different raters.
validity
Degree to which a technique measures what it purports to measure.
clinical significance
Degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems.
correlation
Degree to which two variables are associated. In a positive correlation, the two variables increase or decrease together. In a negative correlation, one variable decreases as the other increases.
The MOST accurate of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies) is:
Debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse.
What is delirium? Provide examples of how one might develop it and get over it?
Delirium is a major disturbance in attention and orientation to the environment. As the person's focus becomes less clear, he or she has great difficulty concentrating and thinking in an organized way, all of which leads to misinterpretations, illusions, and on occasion, hallucinations. Causes: fever, disease, poor nutrition, head injuries, strokes, stress, intoxication. If a clinician can identify it, delirium is easy to treat by treating the underlying problem-treating the infection or changing the patient's drug prescription, etc.
Behavioral Symptoms of Depression
Depressed people are usually less active and less productive They spend more time alone and may stay in bed for long periods
Motivational Symptoms of Depression
Depressed people typically lose the desire to pursue their usual activities Almost all report a lack of drive, initiative, and spontaneity Suicide represents the ultimate escape from life's challenges Between 6 to 15% of people who suffer from severe depression commit suicide
The Behavioral Explanation Social Rewards
Depressed persons experience fewer social rewards than nondepressed persons and that as their moods improve, their social rewards increase
Why do behaviorists believe that depressed people should improve their social skills?
Depressed persons often experience fewer social rewards than nondepressed people. Improving social skills via group therapy allows members to work together to improve eye contact, facial expressions, posture, and other behaviors that send social messages. This helps reduce depressive symptoms.
Which of these research findings provides the most direct support for Beck's cognitive theory of depression?
Depressed women make even more errors in logical when interpreting a paragraphs than do non-depressed women.
The drug treatment that is most effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat...
Depression
The Sociocultural Model of Unipolar Depression The Family-Social Perspective
Depression has been tied repeatedly to the unavailability of social support such as that found in a happy marriage People who are separated or divorced display at least three times the depression rate of married or widowed persons display at least three times the depression rate of people who have never been married Researchers also have found that people whose lives are isolated and without intimacy are particularly likely to become depressed at times of stress
Cultural Background and Depression
Depression is a worldwide phenomenon and certain symptoms of this disorder seem to be constant across all countries Within the United States, researchers have found few differences in the symptoms of depression among members of different ethnic or racial group
Unipolar Depression
Depression without a history of mania
Unipolar depression
Depression without a history of mania.
What behavioral characteristics are associated with low 5-HT?
Depression, aggression, impulsive behavior
If you stop taking cocaine after you have been taking it for a prolonged period, what is your affective state?
Depression-like letdown, popularly called crashing, a pattern that may also include headaches, dizziness, and fainting.
Voyeurism
Desire to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they have intercourse and may act upon these desire.
_____________ , which helps clients increase their ability to tolerate distress, learn new social skills, and respond more effectively to life situations, is considered the treatment of choice in many clinical circles for borderline personality disorder.
Dialectical behavioral therapy
People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the...
Diathesis- Stress model
Bipolar Disorders
Disorders marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes.
Who is more depressed, divorced, married, widowed, or never been married singles?
Divorced individuals have double the rate of depression than married, non-married or widowed people
Most drugs of abuse involve the neurotransmitter ______________.
Dopamine!
American schoolteacher who lobbied state legislatures to mandate humane treatment of people with mental disorders
Dorothea Dix
The Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in 19th century America was:
Dorothea Dix
What happens to GABA if one engages in chronic and excessive use of benzodiazepines?
During use of benzodiazepines the GABA receptors bind to the drug and increase GABA's activity at those neurons. Chronic and excessive use of benzodiazepines would result in the lack of response of the body to increase GABA activity on its own and thus, GABA levels will be low when patient is not on benzodiazepines.
What is true about specific phobias?
Each year about 12 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia
Differentiate between female orgasmic ds and no sexual ds (re: application exercise).
Fail to reach orgasm, low intensity orgasm, or delayed orgasms. Just because they don't orgasm during sex doesn't mean they have this ds. Often, clitoris stimulation is necessary.
Which statement is the BEST example of the biopsychosocial perspective?
Eclectic approaches fail to take interactions of various models into account.
Ecstasy has both hallucinogenic and stimulant properties. If you stop taking it you have abnormally low levels of serotonin.
Ecstasy has both hallucinogenic and stimulant properties. If you stop taking it you have abnormally low levels of serotonin.
hypothesis
Educated guess or statement to be tested by research.
Sensate focus. What is it and how does it work? How is it related to pleasure and anxiety?
Eliminates performance anxiety. It is a series of sensual tasks, sometimes called "petting" exercises, in which the partners focus on the sexual pleasure that can be achieved by exploring and caressing each other's body at home, without demands to have intercourse or reach orgasms - demands that may be interfering with arousal. Refrain from intercourse at home and limit sexual activity to kissing, hugging, sensual massage (not boobs or balls). Overtime they learn to give and receive greater sexual pleasure and build back up to activity of intercourse.
The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n)--- of depression
Emotional
Brain Anatomy and Brain Circuits
Emotional reactions of various kinds are tied to brain circuits Networks of brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action and producing a particular kind of emotional reaction An array of brain-imaging studies point to several brain areas that are likely members of this circuit
Biological researchers have also learned that the body's endocrine system may play a role in unipolar depression
Endocrine glands throughout the body release hormones Chemicals that in turn spur body organs into actions Abnormally high levels of cortisol One of the hormones released by the adrenal glands during times of stress Abnormally high levels of melatonin Released only in the dark "Dracula" hormone The biochemical explanations of unipolar depression have produced much enthusiasm, but research in this area has certain limitations
If you all know about someone is that the person has been binge drinking in the past month, then you know the person had at least...
Five drinks at a time at least once, and probably is a male
informed consent
Ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their own role in it.
A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities, and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic--empty-- would MOST likely be:
Existential
Which is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of abnormality?
Experiencing a severe psychological trauma
How does the exposure and response prevention approach work?
Exposes patients to situations that would ordinarily raise anxiety and then preventing them from performing their usual compulsive responses until they learn that the situations are actually harmless and their compulsive acts unnecessary.
Exhibitionism
Exposing genitals to others and may act upon it.
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week would be experiencing what therapy procedures?
Exposure and response prevention
How might a behaviorist treat Illness Anxiety Ds?
Exposure and response prevention. The therapists repeatedly point out bodily variations to the clients while, at the same time, preventing them from seeking their usual medical attention.
What is the difference between factitious disorder and conversion disorder (CD) regarding intentionality?
Factitious disorder: A disorder in which an individual feings or induces physical or psychological symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person → these people pretend they are sick when really they aren't → don't confuse for malingering Conversion Disorder: A disorder in which bodily symptoms affect voluntary motor and sensory function, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases
generalizability
Extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.
internal validity
Extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the independent variable after confounding alternative explanations have been ruled out.
What causes mental disorder according to behavioral model?
Faulty learning
A person experiencing a panic disorder is most likely to also have a...
Fear of leaving home
What might parents do that causes a child not to be able to assess their own needs?
Feed them when they're anxious and not hungry; comfort them when they're tired and not anxious.
A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. The hope is that the client will self-examine with acceptance and honesty. MOST likely, the therapist is:
Humanistic
A pattern of abnormalities, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder characterizes someone with...
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Which of the following statements about intellectual developmental disorder is not true?
Fewer than 10 percent of all people with even mild mental retardation eventually marry.
Can a child have AD/HD if the sxs occur at home but not school?
For the diagnosis to stand, the sxs must be present in at least 2 settings. that means sxs can occur at home and not school if they occur elsewhere ie. with friends.
Which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants, such as Xanax, to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate?
For the drugs to be effective, one has to keep taking them, even when symptoms are lessened.
What is the name of the field that combines psychology with the legal/judicial system?
Forensic Psychology
The Biological Model of Unipolar Depression Genetic Factors
Four kinds of research Family pedigree Twin Molecular Biology Gene Studies
In the past 30 years, the rate of opiod addiction in the United States has
Gone down and up at least twice
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing
Free-floating Anxiety
What is the relationship between frequency and severity of IDD?
Frequency decreases steadily as IQ decreases. In other words: Mild > Moderate > Severe > Profound. (If you love stats this would be a positive correlation. As IQ increases up to 70 so do the number of cases- just like the normal curve would suggest.
Which would be MOST likely to use skillful frustration as a part of therapy?
Fritz Perls
If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was:
exhibiting a typical reaction
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of ____ at certain receptor sites in the brain
GABA
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _________ at certain receptor sites in the brain
GABA
Benzodiazepines primarily affect the neurotransmitter:
GABA
benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____at certain receptor sites in the brain
GABA
What is the relationship between gender and the following: GAD, OCD, panic disorder, and specific phobia?
GAD: Women dx with a 2:1 ratio compared to men. OCD: 1:1 Panic Disorder 5 women:2 men Specific Phobia 2 women: 1 man
Which of the following is NOT a form of neuroimaging?
GSR (MRI, PET and CAT scan are)
family studies
Genetic study that examines patterns of traits and behaviors among relatives.
control group
Group of individuals in a study who are similar to the experimental subjects in every way but are not exposed to the treatment received by the experimental group. Their presence allows for a comparison of the differential effects of the treatment.
Why might it be helpful to use group therapy for Dependent Personality Disorder?
Group therapy helps because it provides opportunities for pt to receive support from a number of peers rather than from a single dominant person
Why might group therapy be used in the treatment of Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Group therapy that use behavioral and cognitive principles help pt with social interactions
In the 1960s and 1970s, the social upheaval and soul searching in Western society gave rise to which of the following approaches to therapy?
Humanistic and existential
New-Wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists
Guide depressed clients to recognize and accept their negative cognitions simply as streams of thinking that flow through their minds, rather than as valuable guides for behavior and decisions
nomothetic strategy
Identification and examination of large groups of people with the same disorder to note similarities and develop general laws.
What is the difference between hallucinations and delusions? Individuals with schizophrenia are more inclined to have what kind of hallucinations?
Hallucinations is experiencing sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli (hearing voices) while delusions are a strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary (being spied/tricked on). Ppl with schizophrenia are more likely to have auditory hallucinations Delusions-ideas that they believe wholeheartedly but have no basis in fact. Delusions of persecution are the most common in schizo-believe they are being plotted or discriminated against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or deliberately victimized. delusions of reference- they attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to various objects or events. Delusions of grandeur-believe themselves to be great inventors, religious aviors, or other specially empowered persons. Delusions of control believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people. Hallucinations-perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli. Auditory halluciinations are most common in schizo-hear sounds and voices that seem to come from outside their heads.
The perceptual distortion some drugs produce is called....
Hallucinosis
Just after doing well in an intramural basketball game-something which left me very happy, and in high state of excitement- I sat down and studied for my abnormal psych test. Research shows that i would perform best on a test if at the time I was:
Happy and Excited
The Cognitive Model Learned Helplessness Dog Study
He strapped dogs into an apparatus called a hammock, in which they received shocks periodically no matter what they did The next day each dog was placed in a shuttle box A box divided in half by a barrier over which the animal could jump to reach the other side Seligman applied shocks to the dogs in the box, expecting that they, like other dogs in this situation, would soon learn to escape by jumping over the barrier However, most of these dogs failed to learn anything in the shuttle box After a flurry of activity, they simply "lay down and quietly whined" and accepted the shock The dogs had learned that they had no control over unpleasant events in their lives They had learned that they were helpless to do anything to change negative situations When later they were placed in a new situation, where they could in fact control their fate, they continued to believe that they were generally helpless The learned helplessness explanation of depression has been revised somewhat over the past three decades
Ellen stopped taking her regular amount of cocaine after using it for months. She will probably experience
Headaches, depressed feelings, and "crashing"
What are some features of the Cognitive-Behavioral approach to eating disorders?
Helps clients appreciate and change the behaviors and thought processes that help keep their restrictive eating going. Clients are required to monitor their feelings, hunger levels, and food intake, and ties between these variables. Identify their "core pathology" deep seated belief that they should in fact be judged by their shape and weight and by their ability to control these physical characteristics.
"That's all right. You are doing your best, don't worry. I am here for you." A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the blank tradition.
Humanistic
Psychodynamic Factors:Ego Deficiencies
Hilde Bruch believed that disturbed mother-child interactions lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child (poor sense of independence and control) and severe perceptual disturbances that help produce disordered eating.
It is estimated that by the year 2050, _________ will make up the largest number of elderly ethnic minorities.
Hispanic Americans
Cultural Background and Depression Recurrence of depression
Hispanic and African Americans are 50% more likely than white Americans to have recurrent episodes of depression Why? Around 54% of depressed white Americans receive treatment for this disorders, compared to 34% of depressed Hispanic Americans and 40% of depressed African Americans
Cognitive Symptoms of Depression
Hold extremely negative views of themselves They consider themselves inadequate, undesirable, inferior, perhaps evil They also blame themselves for nearly every unfortunate event, even things that have nothing to do with them Rarely credit their achievements Pessimism People with depression frequently complain that their intellectual ability is poor
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The hormone explanation
Holds that hormonal changes trigger depression in many women A woman's biological life from her early teens to middle age is marked by frequent changes in hormone levels
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The artifact theory
Holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men Perhaps depressed women display more emotional symptoms, such as sadness and crying Readily diagnosed Depressed men mask their depression behind traditionally "masculine" symptoms such as anger
A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on:
How prejudice and discrimination impact women.
"Phobic and GAD arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly with acceptance and instead deny their distort through their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation would be offered by:
Humanistic perspective
Which theory states that people develop GAD because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth?
Humanistic perspective
"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement?
Humanistic-existential
___________ is an inherited progressive disease in which memory problems worsen over time, along with personality changes, mood difficulties, and movement problems such as severe twitching and spasms.
Huntington's disease
Which statement LEAST supports the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior?
Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking
Studies show that eccentrics are more likely than those with mental disorders to say
I'm different and I like it
Which is the most correct statement about IQ scores?
IQ scores have a high correlation with school performance.
According to Freud, a woman's pleasure from nursing her baby is reflected in which part of the personality?
Id
Mixed episodes
In which they display both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode
Medical Student's Syndrome is most similar to ________________ disorder (in this chapter)?
Illness anxiety disorder: persons are chronically anxious about and preoccupied with the notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness despite the absence of somatic sx
experiment
Research method that can establish causation by manipulating the variables in question and controlling for alternative explanations of any observed effects.
According to psychodynamic theorists, what is an important factor in the development of Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Important factor in development according to psychodynamic theorists is shame. Pt must have had some time of shame in childhood (ex. bladder accidents) in which pt was ridiculed and punished in which they develop into feelings of being unloved and distrust of ppl
Which of the following is NOT a concern that would call into question the reliability of clinical interviews?
Impressions formed on these interviews may not predict future outcomes.
nomenclature
In a naming system or nosology, the actual labels or names that are applied. In psychopathology, these include mood disorders and eating disorders.
dependent variable
In an experimental study, the phenomenon that is measured and expected to be influenced (compare with independent variable).
How effective is drug therapy for Alzheimer's ds and when does it work in the course of the ds? Is it effective for mild cases or severe cases?
In early, mild stages of Alzheimer's Disease. Act to affect acetylcholine and glutamate to help improve slightly in short-term memory and reasoning ability, as well as their use of language and ability to cope under pressure. Benefits are limited and risks are high.
twin studies
In genetics research, the comparison of twins with unrelated or less closely related individuals. If twins, particularly monozygotic twins who share identical genotypes, share common characteristics such as a disorder, even if they were reared in different environments, then strong evidence of genetic involvement in those characteristics exists.
proband
In genetics research, the individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied.
adoption studies
In genetics research, the study of first-degree relatives reared in different families and environments. If they share common characteristics, such as a disorder, this finding suggests that those characteristics have a genetic component.
What are the criteria for being "civilly" committed? What must happen for someone to be temporarily committed in an emergency situation? I.e., what is the 2 PC?.
In need of treatment and dangerous to themselves or others. 2 PC (2 physician certificates): 2 physicians need to certify that certain patients need temporary commitment and medication
placebo control group
In outcome research, a control group that does not receive the experimental manipulation but is given a similar procedure with an identical expectation of change, allowing the researcher to assess any placebo effect.
What Are the Symptoms of Mania? Cognitive
In the cognitive realm, people with mania usually show poor judgement and planning Filled with optimism, they rarely listen when others try to slow them down They may also have an inflated opinion of themselves, and sometimes their self-esteem approaches grandiosity
What Are the Symptoms of Mania? Motivational
In the motivational realm, people with mania seem to want constant excitement, involvement, and companionship The behavior of people with mania is usually very active They move quickly though there were not enough time to do everything they want to do Flamboyance is not uncommon
Provide examples of flat/inappropriate affect.
Inappropriate affect is a display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation while flat affect almost no emotion at all Inappropriate affect= emotions that are unsuited to the situation. They may smile when making a somber statement or upon being told terrible news, or they may become upset in situations that should make them happy.
Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to..
Increase serotonin activity in the brain
How do the second generation SRIs work?
Increase serotonin activity specifically without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters. SSRIs inhibit serotonin reuptake.
How does Viagra work?
Increases blood flow to the penis within one hour of ingestion, enabling the user to attain an erection during sexual activity
Evidence that supports the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapies has come from:
Individual case studies
What is the most correct statement about anxiety disorders in later life?
Individuals over 85 report higher rates of the disorder than those between 65 and 84.
genetic marker
Inherited characteristic for which the chromosomal location of the responsible gene is known.
GABA is related to...
Inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain
Tx for psychodynamic
Insight into conflict ("Aha" moment)
Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the:
Instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards
Pedophiles
Intense sexual urges or fantasies about a watching, touching, or engaging in a sexual acts with children and may carry out these urges or fantasies.
Melanie has been out with friends and has been using drugs. In spite of being obviously uncoordinated and under the influence, she wants to drive her car. Her condition is an example of...
Intoxication
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying
Irrational Assumptions
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it...
Is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions
Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior...
Is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety
Why is Asperger's disorder no longer a diagnosis?
It is now diagnosed under the autism spectrum disorder or communication disorder label.
A person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder. A therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. Which behavioral technique did the therapist not use?
Modeling
Which of the following is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?
It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases.
Which of the following is True about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?
It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases.
If a person were taking an antidepressant that increases level of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder, that person could expect that...
It would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the medication
Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:
Modeling
A patient in an alcohol rehabilitation center tells you a detailed story about growing up in the mountains of Tennessee. Later, you find out that the person had never even visited Tennessee. A day later you visit the patient again, and the patient does not recognize you. Most likely the patient is suffering from:
Korsakoff's Syndrome
A combination of alcohol abuse and a vitamin-B deficiency can lead to:
Korsakoff's syndrome
__________ is associated with chronic alcoholism.
Korsakoff's syndrome
What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders? Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotective Proteins
Key proteins within certain neurons whose job it is to prevent cell death
A combination of alcohol abuse and a vitamin B deficiency can lead to:
Korsakoff's syndrome.
According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is:
Latent content
With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT:
Lend itself easily to research
________ is associated with the theory that personality characteristics of the parents were the cause of autism.
Leo Kanner
If a person were afraid of dogs and his therapist treated him by interacting with dogs while he watched, he would be receiving...
Modeling
retrospective information
Literally the view back; data collected by examining records or recollections of the past. It is limited by the accuracy, validity, and thoroughness of the sources.
What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders? Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers
Lithium A metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective treatment for bipolar disorder Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar mood disorder All manner of research has attested to the effectiveness of lithium and other mood stabilizers in treating manic episodes More than 60% of patients with mania improve on these medications One study found that the risk of relapse is 28 times greater if patients stop taking a mood stabilizer Mood stabilizers also seem to help those with bipolar disorder overcome their depressive episodes Many clinicians use a combination of mood stabilizers and antidepressant drugs to treat bipolar depression
What is the first line tx for Bipolar ds?
Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs
Two people of the same gender and weight consume the same amount of alcohol in the same amount of time. Nevertheless, one of them sobers up substantially sooner than the other. Most likely, this difference is due to...
Liver function, some people's livers metabolize alcohol faster than other's livers
Provide examples of disorganized speech, including loose associations and tangential speech.
Loose associations is a common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another (insect bite to favorite #10) while tangential speech is when the person loses the train of thought and never returns back to that topic Positive symptoms; loose associations, neologisms, perseveration, and clang
Depression has been linked to which neurotransmitter abnormality?
Low activity of serotonin
How do Parkinson's disease and amphetamines support the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?
Low levels of dopamine major sign of Parkinson's. Schizophrenia = high levels of dopamine. When a person with schizophrenia takes antipsychotic drugs to help lower dopamine levels, they begin to develop Parkinson like sx. Amphetamine produces high levels of dopamine in the brain which can cause amphetamine psychosis, syndrome similar to schizophrenia Early anti-psychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia produced muscular tremors, similar to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease causes low levels of dopamine. If antipsychotic durgs produce Parkinsonian symptoms in persons with schizo while removing their psychotic symptoms, perhaps the drugs reduce dopamine activity. If lowering dopamine activity helps remove the symptoms of schizo, perhaps schizo is related to excessive dopamine. Also, some people with Parkinson's develop schizo-like symptoms if they take too much L-dopa, a med that raises dopamine levels in patients with that disease.People who take high doses of amphetamines may develop amphetamine psychosis- a syndrome very similar to schizo
In addition to serotonin, what neurotransmitter has been implicated in depression?
Low levels of norepinephrine
What is the relationship between suicide and 5-HT (serotonin)? How does serotonin work?
Low levels of serotonin may be a predictor of suicide aka people with lower serotonin levels are more likely to commit suicide or trying to do it again than those who have normal levels of serotonin
Mania is due to low levels of ____________________.
Low serotonin levels with high norepinephrine activity can lead to mania
In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found at...
Lower levels in the stomach, making them more susceptible to getting drunk
In response to a recommendation by the APA, current federal practice regarding insanity pleas is most like which one of the following? Durham test, M'Naghten rule, irresistible impulse test, and American Law Institute test? Why?
M'Naughten-APA recommends that people should be found not guilty by reason of insanity only if they did not know right from wrong at the time of the crime; an inability to control themselves and to follow the law should no longer be sufficient grounds for a judgment of insanity
Which is not a risk for young people abusing cocaine...
Macular degeneration
The "club drug" that damages nerve endings but is not considered hallucinogenic is...
Methamphetamines
Cognitists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by...
Maladaptive assumptions
What causes mental disorder according to cognitive model?
Maladaptive thoughts, illogical, and or unrealistic beliefs that the patient may or may not be aware of.
What is the MOST likely explanation for the different explanations of eating disorders in men and women?
Male eating disorders are more likely to be tied to work or sports
What is the difference between factitious disorder and malingering regarding internal and external incentives (examples)? Are both intentional (consciously aware) attempts to gain an incentive?
Malingering is when the person purposely becomes sick to gain some sort of external gain (money, getting out of military, etc.). Factitious is when the person does it so that they can assume the role of a sick person. → I think in this case both factitious and malingering are both aware of their odd behavior
Adjunctive Psychotherapy
Many clinicians now use individual, group, or family therapy as an adjunct to mood stabilizing drugs In these formats, the therapists try to emphasize the importance of continuing to take medications and help clients solve the special family, social, school, and occupational problems caused by their disorder
Scientists have conducted breeding experiments by mating across generations nonhumans that prefer alcohol. What have these researchers found?
Many of the offspring prefer alcohol over other tastes
The Cognitive Model Beck's Explanation
Many studies have produced evidence for Beck's explanation Several of them confirm that depressed people hold maladaptive attitudes and that the more of these maladaptive attitudes they hold, the more depressed they tend to be Research has supported Beck's claim that automatic thoughts are tied to depression In several studies, nondepressed participants who are tricked into reading negative automatic-thought-like statements about themselves become increasingly depressed
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Genetic Factors
Many theorists believe that people inherit a biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorders Family Pedigree Studies support this idea Identical twins of persons with bipolar disorders have a 40% likelihood of developing the same disorder Fraternal twins, siblings, and other close relatives of such persons have a 5-10% likelihood Genetic Linkage Identify possible patterns in the inheritance of bipolar disorders They select generations, observe the pattern of distribution of the disorder among family members, and determine whether it closely follows a predictable pattern of inheritance Molecular biology Examines possible genetic factors
Identifying which genes help cause various human disorders rests with the ability to:
Map or sequence genes
randomization
Method for placing individuals into research groups that assures each an equal chance of being assigned to any group, thus eliminating any systematic differences across groups.
Is there any explanation of a genetic explanation for substance abuse disorders?
Maybe; those with a substance use disorder are more likely than those without a disorder to have an abnormal D2 receptor gene
I feel great!" a friend says, "Let's go to the casino and play the slots." Your friend has been to the casino several times in the past two weeks and just can't seem to stay away. Does your friend qualify for the diagnosis of gambling disorder?
Maybe—a distressed mood goes with gambling, and your friend's behavior seems out of control.
dimensional approach
Method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum rather than on a binary, either-or, or all-or-none basis.
cross-sectional design
Methodology to examine a characteristic by comparing individuals of different ages (contrast with longitudinal design).
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Measure of electrical activity patterns in the brain, taken through electrodes placed on the scalp.
baseline
Measured rate of a behavior before introduction of an intervention that allows comparison and assessment of the effects of the intervention.
psychophysiological assessment
Measurement of changes in the nervous system reflecting psychological or emotional events such as anxiety, stress, and sexual arousal.
behavioral assessment
Measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating (rather than inferring) the client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the actual problem situation or context.
What Are the Behavioral Treatments for Unipolar Depression? Group Therapy
Members may work together to improve eye contact, facial expression, posture, and other behaviors that send social messages
By definition Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior. What other compensatory behaviors might someone with Bulimia Nervosa engage in besides forced vomiting? Be sure to include examples of purging-type and non-purging type.
Misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas, fasting, or exercising excessively.
What is the difference between mild neurocognitive ds and major neurocognitive ds?
Mild: still independent with modest decline in cognitive fx Major: not independent with substantial decline in cognitive fx
The test that reports one's results on clinical scales such as "hypochondriasis" (HS) and "Psychopathic Deviated" (PD) is the:
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them...
Misinterpret bodily sensations
According to Freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop...
Moral Anxiety
Freebasing has the effect of making cocaine...
More concentrated
People with panic disorder experience body sensations...
More intensely than those with panic disorders
attempting Suicide
More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves.
After an accident, Kendra was taken to the hospital with broken legs and arms. She was almost immediately given a shot that reduced her pain. The shot was most likely...
Morphine
A wounded veteran of the US civil war suffering from "soldiers' disease" most likely was suffering from...
Morphine dependence
Modeling and suicide. What age group is most at risk?
Most at risk are teenagers → Imitate suicide from family members, friends, co workers, celebrities, or highly publicized suicides
What ethnic group in America is most at risk for suicide? How do White Americans compare with African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans regarding suicide rate? How do the latter three groups compare with each other?
Most at risk is American Indian! White Americans → at least twice as high as African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans. The latter three groups are pretty close to the same level of about 2.5% female suicides and about 10% suicides for males.
Emotional Symptoms of Depression
Most people who are depressed feel sad and dejected They describe themselves as feeling miserable, empty, and humiliated They tend to lose their sense of humor, report getting little pleasure from anything, and in some cases, display anhedonia An inability to experience any pleasure at all
What are the abnormalities associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Mothers who drink put baby at risk for developing pattern of abnormalities that can include intellectual developmental disorders, hyperactivity, head/face deformities, heart defects, and slow growth
Although the term is not a DSM-V dx, what is Munchausen syndrome by proxy? What characteristics do these individuals display?
Munchausen syndrome by proxy is when parents and caretakers make up or produce physical illnesses in their children leading in some cases of repeated pain diagnostic test, medication, and surgery. Characteristics of these individuals include need for attention, emotionally needy
Can a psychologist see a client with whom he once had a sexual relationship? Can a psychologist date a client after he has seen her? NO, NO, and then some more NOs.
NO, NO, and then some more NOs.
The Cognitive Model Arbitrary Influences
Negative conclusions based on little evidence Ex:) A man walking through the park, passes a woman who is looking at nearby flowers and concludes "She's avoiding looking at me"
According to Freud, children who are experiencing id impulses-- making mud pies, playing war and exploring their genitals are at risk for developing:
Neurotic Anxiety
What causes mental disorder according to biological model?
Neurotransmitter imbalances or neuroanalytical abnormalities or genetics.
According to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to...
Neutralize
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine activity of persons with mania is higher than that of depressed or control research participants Mania, like depression, may be linked to low serotonin activity
What are the effects of norepinephrine and corticosteroids on the body experiencing stress? Be sure to include the short term and long term effects. Hint: short term good; long term bad.
Norepinephrine and corticosteroids increase release during stress, which contributes to increased activity by the sympathetic nervous system. Heightened activity of sympathetic NS leads to heightened response. Long term heightened release however leads to the norepinephrine travelling to the receptors on certain lymphocyts giving them an inhibitory message to stop their activity, slowing down immune functioning. Corticosteroids are also said to contribute to poorer immune system functioning.
Which BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization?
Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street
Which of the following BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization?
Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street.
How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?
Not very strong
The Cognitive Model Automatic Thoughts
Numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction A steady train of unpleasant thoughts "I'm worthless...I'll never amount to anything..."
Automatic thoughts
Numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction.
Describe the Supportive Nursing care approach to Anorexia Nervosa.
Nurses gradually increase a patient's diet over the course of several weeks to more than 3000 calories per day. Nurses educate patients about the program, track progress, provide encouragement, and help them recognize their weight gain is under control and will not lead to obesity.
What is the difference between superstitious behavior and OCD?
OCD invades every aspect of your life, it is ritualistic. one is compelled to perform these tasks. Superstitious, while making one feel better, is not a necessity. one can skip the ritual and still function fine.
The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of:
Object relations theory
phenotype
Observable characteristics or behaviors of an individual.
cohort effect
Observation that people of different age groups differ in their values and experiences.
In modeling, the client...
Observes the therapist confronting the feared object
A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-5, that category is now called...
Obsessive-compulsive-related disorders
Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Tod and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. She is exhibiting...
Obssesive Doubts
research design
Plan of experimentation used to test a hypothesis.
Which of the following is true of older women and men?
Older women outnumber older men by 3 to 2,
Genetic Factors Twin Studies
One study looked at nearly 200 pairs of twins When an identical twin had unipolar depression, there was a 46% chance that the other twin would have the same disorder When a fraternal twin had unipolar disorder, the other twin had only a 20% chance of developing the disorder
The proportion of Americans over the age of 11 who smoke is about...
One-quarter
human genome project
Ongoing scientific attempt to develop a comprehensive map of all human genes.
When a young child yells and throw toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
Operant conditioning
Which is a depressant? Opioids, Cocaine, LSD, Amphetamines
Opioids
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the:
Oral stage
What is play therapy?
Play therapy is used to help treat childhood disorders. The clinician has the child patient draw, play w/ toys, and/or make up stories. These help inadvertently express conflicts occurring in the childs life.
Explain orgasmic reorientation and relapse-prevention training.
Orgasmic reorientation= tx for fetishistic disorder and other paraphilic disorders. Teaches individuals to respond to more appropriate sources of sexual stimulation. People are shown conventional sexual stimuli while they are responding to unconventional objects. For example, a person with a shoe fetish may be instructed to obtain an erection from pictures of shoes and then to begin masturbating to a picture of a nude woman. Relapse-Prevention Training=cognitive-behavioral tx for pedophilia. Clients identify the kinds of situations that typically trigger their pedophlic fantasies and actions (such as depressed mood or distorted thinking). They then learn strategies for avoiding those situations or coping with them more effectively.
comparative treatment research
Outcome research that contrasts two or more treatment methods to determine which is most effective.
When Jose did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of:
Overgeneralization
Compare the personality characteristics of those with Down Syndrome to the general population?
Overtly affectionate w/ family members but generally display same range of personality characteristics as gen public.
Lisa Mosconi and her colleagues at the New York University School of Medicine have developed a special type of ___________ that may predict neurocognitive disorder and Alzheimer's disease before symptoms develop.
PET scan
The most common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual developmental disorder is:
PKU
A person is sweating, experiencing shortnes of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attach, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a...
Panic Attack
Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):
Panic disorders
How are individuals with Paranoid Personality Disorder and Avoidant Personality Disorder similar?
Paranoid Personality disorder: these people distrust other people and are suspicious of their motives → believe everyone is going to harm them so they shun relationships because everyone is out to get them Avoidant Personality disorder: these people are very uncomfortable and don't like any type of social situations because they feel inadequate to others and don't want to feel rejected by other people → extremely sensitive to negative evaluation The difference between the two is that ppl with PPD don't want relationships because they don't trust people for anything while ppl with APD don't want relationships because they are being scared of being judged by others
What is the main difference between Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Parent Management Training?
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy & parent management training: main difference is age and the use of therapy. In P-CIT preschool age no therapy used. In Parent management training school age parents and children attend behavior-oriented family therapy.
_______ is a slowly progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness.
Parkinson's disease
What are the sxs of Huntington's ds and Parkinson's ds?
Parkinson's: tremors, rigidity, unsteadiness. Huntington's: memory problems worsen over time, along with personality changes and mood difficulties. Movement problems such as severe twitching and spasms.
cohort
Participants in each age group of a study with a cross-sectional design.
Pat and Jody each have five screwdrivers (OJ and vodka). Pat gets very drunk. Jody does not. What is to be most likely true?
Pat is a woman, Jody is a man
Pat and Jody each have five screwdrivers (orange juice and vodka). Pat gets very drunk. Jody does not. Which of the following is MOST likely to be TRUE?
Pat is a woman, Jody is a man
If your friend has bipolar ds, what is the best advice you can give them for tx?
Patients tend to fare better when mood stabilizing and/or other psychotropic drugs are combined with adjunctive psychotherapy.
Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders
People are considered to be in a full manic episode when for at least one week they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, and at least three other symptoms or mania
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
People experience excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything aka these people worry a lot
Social Anxiety Disorder:
People have severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in social or performance situations in which scrutiny by others and embarrassment may occur
Physical Symptoms of Depression
People who are depressed frequently have such physical ailments Headaches Indigestion Constipation Dizzy spells General pain Many depressions are misdiagnosed as medical problems at first Disturbances in appetite and sleep are particularly common Most depressed people eat less, sleep less, and feel more fatigued than they did prior to the disorder
The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that:
People who are more devout are also psychologically healthier
What is the relationship between your immune system, optimism, and spirituality?
People who generally respond to life stress with optimism experience better immune system functioning. People who are spiritual tend to be healthier than individuals without spiritual beliefs.
What is the relationship between OCPD and OCD?
People who suffer from one of the disorder meet the diagnostic criteria to be diagnosed with the other one, but most of the time ppl with OCPD usually suffer from other disorders like major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or substance disorder. There is no specific link between OCPD and OCD
Bipolar Disorders Definition
People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania
What is the difference between a panic attack, panic disorder, phobic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? Panic attack:
Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within 10 minutes, and gradually pass
How can one overdose from heroin (besides the obvious taking much more than one usually does)?
Person can overdose when they resume heroin after not taking it for a while → believe that they can use the same dosage amount as before and often make the mistake of taking too much which kills them
What is a cyclothymic ds?
Person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms but not full-blown episodes. Think more of a chronic issue like a personality disorder.
What is withdrawal from heroin like?
Person will have sx of anxiety, restlessness, sweating, rapid breathing that later peaks to severe twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, high BP, fever, and weight loss of up to 15 lbs
What age group is most likely to commit suicide?
Persons over the age of 75 are the most likely to commit suicide.
independent variable
Phenomenon manipulated by the experimenter in a study and expected to influence the dependent variable.
Describe to an 8th grader Hilde Bruch's theory.
Poor mother-child relationships lead to ego deficiencies or low self esteem and to perceiving themselves in a bad way leading to a disordered eating pattern.
70%
identical twins develop anorexia
Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:
Phobias
What statement accurately reflects what we know from recent studies?
Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called...
Phobic Disorder
What is the greatest danger of LSD use?
Physical sx like sweating, palpitations, blurred vision, tremors, poor coordination. Mental sx include enormous perceptual, emotional, and behavioral reactions → this can eventually lead to psychosis or mood or anxiety disorder. These people tend to injure themselves during this "trip" and
23%
identical twins develop bulimia
Which of the following diseases involves degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes?
Pick's disease
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The lack of control theory
Picks up on the learned helplessness and argues that women may be more prone to depression because they feel less control than men in their lives Victimization of any kind produces a general sense of helplessness Women are more likely than men to be a victim
The Behavioral Explanation
Positive rewards in life dwindled for some persons, leading them to perform fewer and fewer constructive behaviors Ex:) A young woman graduates from college and takes a job and loses the rewards of campus life The positive features of their lives decrease even more, and the decline in rewards leads them to perform still fewer constructive behaviors In a number of studies, behaviorists have found that the number of rewards people receive in life is indeed related to the presence or absence of depression
What are the differences between positive and negative sxs? Which of these are associated with enlarged ventricles?
Positive: excess of thought, emotion, and behavior → pathological process or bizarre additions to a person's behavior → delusions, disorganized thinking/speech, heightened perceptions, hallucinations Negative: Pathological defects → poverty of speech, restricted affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal → negative sx more likely to have enlarged brain ventricles Positive: "pathological excesses" or bizarre additions to a person's behavior (delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect) Negative: "pathological deficits" that are lacking in an individual (poverty of speech, restricted affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal) Enlarged ventricles in brain à negative symptoms
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Ion Activity
Positively charged sodium ions sit on both sides of a neuron's cell membrane When the neuron is at rest, more sodium ions sit outside the membrane When the neuron receives an incoming message at its receptor sites, however, pore in the cell membrane open, allowing sodium ions to flow to the inside of the membrane, thus increasing the positive charge inside the neuron Some studies suggest that, among bipolar individuals, irregularities in the transport of these ions cause neurons to fire too easily or to stubbornly resist firing
directionality
Possibility that when two variables, A and B, are correlated variable A causes variable B or variable B causes variable A.
Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people among those who are poor, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which:
Poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction
What is a common pattern of emotions for someone with Bulimia from pre-binge, binge, post-binge?
Pre: great tension. Binge: irritable, "unreal", and powerless to control an overwhelming need to eat "forbidden" foods. Pleasurable by relieving the unbearable tension. Post: self blame, shame, guilt, and depression.
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of...
Preparedness
What is the most common misuse of medications in nursing homes?
Prescription drugs (usually unintentional). In nursing home, 30% of patients receive antipsychotic drugs despite the fact that many such individuals do not display psychotic fx
comorbidity
Presence of two or more disorders in an individual at the same time.
Regarding Conversion Disorder, what is meant by primary and secondary gain?
Primary gain: when their bodily symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness. Secondary gain: when their bodily symptoms further enable them to avoid unpleasant activities or to receive sympathy from others.
double-blind control
Procedure in outcome research that prevents bias by ensuring that neither the subjects nor the providers of the experimental treatment know who is receiving treatment and who is receiving a placebo.
diagnosis
Process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder.
standardization
Process of establishing specific norms and requirements for a measurement technique to ensure it is used consistently across measurement occasions. This includes instructions for administering the measure, evaluating its findings, and comparing these to data for large numbers of people.
What therapy works best for NPD?
Really hard to treat because pt isn't willing to admit they have an issue Cognitive therapy → helps the pt focus on self center thinking, redirect pt's focus on opinions of others, teach them to interpret criticism more rationally, and their ability to empathize → turns out most of these don't really help though
Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?
Pschodynamic
projective tests
Psychoanalytically based measure that presents ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumption that their responses can reveal their unconscious conflicts. Such tests are inferential and lack high reliability and validity.
Understanding a person unconscious precesses is critical in explaining abnormality. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?
Psychodynamic
Which model is MOST likely to use terms such as resistance and transference?
Psychodynamic
The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:
Psychodynamic model
Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression The Psychodynamic Model Object Relations Theorists
Psychodynamic theorists who emphasize relationships Propose that depression results when people's relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure People whose parents pushed them toward either excessive dependence or excessive self-reliance are more likely to become depressed when they later lose important relationships
Teresa has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. Her therapy is MOST likely:
Psychodynamic therapy
epidemiology
Psychopathology research method examining the prevalence, distribution, and consequences of disorders in populations.
Mood stabilizing drugs
Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar mood disorder. Also known as antibipolar drugs.
What therapies are individuals with OCPD most responsive to?
Pts respond well with psychodynamic (help them recognize, experience, and accept their underlying feelings and insecurities, and perhaps take risk) and cognitive (help clients change their way of thinking: perfectionism, indecisiveness, and procrastination). Most times serotonin-enhancing antidepressant drugs also respond really well with pts.
Agoraphobia is the fear of...
Public places
What Are the Cognitive Treatments for Unipolar Depression? Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Rather than the purely cognitive intervention implied by its name Phase 1: Increasing Activities and Elevating Mood Using behavioral techniques to set the stage for cognitive treatment, therapists first encourage individuals to become more active and confident Clients spend time during each session preparing a detailed schedule of hourly activities for the coming week Phase 2: Challenging Automatic Thoughts Once people are more active and feeling some emotional relief, cognitive therapists begin to educate them about their negative automatic thoughts The individuals are instructed to recognize and record automatic thoughts as they occur and to bring their lists to each session Phase 3: Identifying Negative Thinking and Biases As people begin to recognize the flaws in their automatic thoughts, cognitive therapists show them how illogical thinking processes are contributing to these thoughts Therapists also guide clients to recognize that almost all their interpretations of events have a negative bias and o change that style of interpretation Phase 4: Changing Primary Attitudes Therapists help clients change the maladaptive attitudes that set the stage for their depression in the first place As part of the process, therapists often encourage clients to test their attitudes
What is NOT a biological treatment for generalized anxiety?
Rational Emotive Therapy
If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge his fault assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using...
Rational-emotive therapy
A man has cheated on his wife and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying how his wife nagged him for years. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is:
Rationalization
You blame your poor performance on a test that you didn't study for on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:
Rationalization
Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with?
Recurrent
Panic Disorder:
Recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks → recurrent panic attacks
mental status exam
Relatively coarse preliminary test of a client's judgment, orientation to time and place, and emotional and mental state; typically conducted during an initial interview.
The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that...
Relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than non relatives are
The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is...
Relaxation training
Because alcohol binds to neurons that normally receive the neurotransmitter GABA, it is not surprising that alcohol..
Relaxes people
What aspect(s) of faith predict(s) suicide?
Religious doctrine may not help prevent suicide as much as the degree of an individual's devoutness. Regardless of their particular persuasion, very religious people seem less likely to commit suicide.
withdrawal design
Removing a treatment to note whether it has been effective. In single-case experimental designs, a behavior is measured (baseline), an independent variable is introduced (intervention), and then the intervention is withdrawn. Because the behavior continues to be measured throughout (repeated measurement), any effects of the intervention can be noted.
Which of the following behaviors BEST describes the effects of compensatory behaviors bulimics use in controlling weight? Vomiting prevents the absorption of 90 percent of calories consumed. Using laxatives almost completely undoes the caloric effects of bingeing. Using diuretics almost completely undoes the caloric effects of bingeing. Repeated vomiting affects one's ability to feel satiated.
Repeated vomiting affects one's ability to feel satiated
What are the pitfalls of managed care? Do they favor short or long term therapy? Pharmacotherapy or Psychotherapy?
Reports required of therapists breach confidentiality, even when efforts are made to protect anonymity, and the value of therapy in a given case is sometimes difficult to convey in a brief report. The priorities of managed care programs inevitably shorten therapy, even if longer-term treatment would be advisable in particular cases. The priorities may also favor treatments that offer short-term results (drug therapy) over more costly approaches that might achieve a more promising long-term improvement.
case study method
Research procedure in which a single person or small group is studied in detail. The method does not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships, and findings can be generalized only with great caution (contrast with single-case experimental design).
association studies
Research strategy for comparing genetic markers in groups of people with and without a particular disorder.
single-case experimental design
Research tactic in which an independent variable is manipulated for a single individual, allowing cause-and-effect conclusions but with limited generalizability (contrast with case study method).
Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Researchers have not found a specific link between the two disorders.
Halfway house:
Residence for people with schizophrenia or other severe problems often staffed by paraprofessionals. Usually run with milieu therapy and emphasizes mutual support, resident responsibility, and self-government. Helps the person adjust to community life and avoid rehospitalization.
Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband, and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:
Resistance
Stress and Unipolar Depression
Seem to be triggered by stressful events Reactive (Exogenous) Depression Follows clear-cut events Endogenous Depression Response to internal factors
What are neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques? Which are found within the neuron and which are found between neurons?
Senile plaques are sphere-shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between neurons. Neurofibrillary tangles are twisted protein fibers found within the neuron
According to family systems theory, families that show "disengagement" are characterized by:
Rigid boundaries between family members
How can you test the difference between biologically-based erectile dysfunction and psychologically-based erectile dysfunction?
Rigiscan-device that measures a male patient's erections during sleep. It consists of a computer and two bands that are worn around the penis. If the computer readingindicates that the bands have expanded throughout the night, it is concluded that the man has experienced normal erections during REM sleep and that his erectile failures during intercourse are probably caused by psychological factors. Biological caused by hormonal imbalances, preexisting medical conditions (heart disease, clogging of arteries) while psychologically is caused by factors like depression, performance anxiety, and spectator role → once man begins to become fearful of the erectile dysfunction this may affect his performance
Describe the importance of the Rosenhan (1973) study.
Rosenhan study showed that once you get a label of a mental illness, it is hard to get rid of it. Also showed that psychiatric hospitals can sometimes misinterpret between mentally sane people vs. mentally insane people Demonstrates that the label "schizophrenic" can itself have a negative effect not just on how people are viewed but also on how they themselves feel and behave.
What is a ruminative response? Provide examples.
Ruminative response is repeatedly dwelling mentally on their mood without acting to change it. Ex: Continuously thinking about being depressed secondary to a job loss.
Sam has just had an injection of heroine. He feels intense pleasure very quickly. This is known as...
Rush
Research shows that danger to self or others is found in
SOME cases of abnormal functioning
What are the advantages of SRIs over MAO inhibitors?
SRI's don't have the diet restriction of MAO inhibitors and it is harder to overdose on these than MOA
Genetic Factors Family Pedigree Studies
Select people with unipolar depression, examine their relatives, and see whether depression also affects other members of the family If a predisposition to unipolar depression is inherited, the relatives should have a higher rate of depression than the population at large Researchers have in fact found that as many as 20% of those relatives are depressed
enmeshed family pattern
Salvador Minuchin, often leads to eating disorder. Family members are overinvolved in each other's affairs and overconcerned with the detail of each other's lives. Can be affectionate and loyal. Can be clingy and foster dependency.
What is the relationship between psychosis and schizophrenia? Are all cases of psychosis schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is psychosis, BUT Not all of psychosis is schizophrenia.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Score on an intelligence test estimating a person's deviation from average test performance.
Why are juvenile training centers the worst tx for conduct disorder?
Serve to further strengthen delinquent behavior rather than resocialize offenders.
2. The event that is very likely to result in sexual aversion or hypoactive sexual desire is:
Sexual molestation
If a patient chose a dynamic focus for therapy, the patient would MOST likely be recieving:
Short-term psychodynamic therapy
Cocaine and amphetamines produce...
Similar behavioral effects and similar emotional effects
multiple baseline
Single-case experimental design in which measures are taken on two or more behaviors or on a single behavior in two or more situations. A particular intervention is introduced for each at different times. If behavior change is coincident with each introduction, this is strong evidence the intervention caused the change.
Barbiturates were first prescribed to help people
Sleep
statistical significance
Small probability of obtaining the observed research findings by chance.
Jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The most accurate diagnosis would be...
Social Anxiety Disorder
A person who has difficulty with interpersonal interactions but is otherwise high functioning and would have been diagnosed with Asperger's disorder in the past, will now, in DSM-5, be diagnosed with?
Social Communications Disorder
Multicultural theorist would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:
Social factors leading to stress
Someone interested in effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders represents the ___________ perspective
Sociocultural
Which model of abnormality would focus on factors on factors such as norms, family structure, and support systems, in particular?
Sociocultural
What is the difference between somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern) and somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern)?
Somatic Symptom disorder: Disorder in which persons become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily symptoms that they are experiencing, and their lives are greatly and disproportionately disrupted by symptoms → somatization pattern: These people experience many long-lasting physical ailments that have little or no physical basis. Example include pain sx, gastrointestinal sx, sexual sx, and neurological sx → more often women than men → predominant pain pattern: Pain is key symptom
An important factor to consider in using drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that:
Some people do not benefit from drug treatments
neuroimaging
Sophisticated computer-aided procedure that allows nonintrusive examination of nervous system structure and function.
genotype
Specific genetic makeup of an individual.
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The body dissatisfaction explanation
States that females in Western society are taught, almost from birth, to seek a low body weight and very slender body shape, goals that are unreasonable, unhealthy, and often unattainable As girls approach adolescence, peer pressure may produce greater and greater dissatisfaction with their weight and body
genetic linkage analysis
Study that seeks to match the inheritance pattern of a disorder to that of a genetic marker. This helps researchers establish the location of the gene responsible for the disorder.
Which of the following is not considered a drug? heroine, caffeine, sugar, nicotine
Sugar
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The life stress theory
Suggests that women in our society experience more stress than men On average they face more poverty, more menial jobs, less adequate housing, and more discrimination than man
Which of the following is not true about suicide?
Suicide is more often associated with Alzheimer's than with depression.
The elderly, spousal death, and depression in the surviving spouse. What is the relationship?
Suicide rate of elderly people who have recently lost a spouse is particularly high. Elderly are most likely to commit suicide than people in most other age groups. As people grow older, all too often they become ill, lose close friends and relatives, lose control over their lives, and lose status in our society.
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:
Superego
What are the findings from NIMH's Treatment of Adolescent Depression (TAD) study? (most effective txs for adolescent depression)
TADS study analyzed the results of studies employing Cognitive Behavioral treatment alone, antidepressants alone, placebo testing alone, and a combination of CBT and AD. Teens responded best to a mixture of AD and CBT. They responded worse to CBT alone than adults.
Which of the following BEST supports the idea that teenagers who attempt suicide are more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are?
Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts.
What are the symptoms of a manic episode?
Sx of mania can come from emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical → defined as a one-week or longer period of abnormal and persistent elevated expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy for most of the day nearly every day → sx include decreased sleep, increased talkativeness, distractibility, inflated self-esteem
According to the DSM-5, all but which of the following may be a part of a diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease?
Symptoms must contain behavioral difficulties.
prototypical approach
System for categorizing disorders using both essential, defining characteristics and a range of variation on other characteristics.
taxonomy
System of naming and classification (for example, of specimens) in science.
Sal is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has him go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called...
Systematic desensitization
Describe tardive dyskinesia. Do the atypical antipsychotics cause tardive dyskinesia? What is the most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotic? Atypical antipsychotics are expensive. What is your best chance of being prescribed one (assuming schizophrenia)?
Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic drugs which can occur if the person has taken the drug for over a year. Sx include writing or ticklike movements of the tongue, mouth, face, or whole body; involuntary chewing, sucking, and lip smacking; and jerky movements of the arms, legs, or entire body. Atypical drugs less likely to cause tardive dyskinesia than conventional drugs and are considered first line drugs. Most commonly prescribed atypical drugs include Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Geodon, and Abilify. If I was African American or Hispanic, the likeliness of me receiving second generation drugs is low while white americans are more likely to receive second generation drugs. Most commonly prescribed- clozapine (clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), ziprasidone (Geodon), aripiprazol (abilify). Atypical drugs are considered first line of treatment
Teenagers who attempt suicide. What percent succeed the first time? What percent try again?
Teenagers who attempt suicide is 200 to 1. Up to half of teenage attempters make new suicide attempts in the future, and as many as 14% eventually die by suicide.
patient uniformity myth
Tendency to consider all members of a category as more similar than they are, ignoring their individual differences.
What is anxiety sensitivity?
Tendency to focus on ones body sensations, assess them illogically, and interpret them as harmful.
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression Rumination theory
Tendency to keep focusing on one's feelings when depressed and to consider repeatedly the causes and consequences of that depression It turns out women are more likely than men to ruminate when their moods darken
Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate to worse do not become long-term is called:
Tertiary prevention
Which of the following would be the MOST common type of hallucination?
That dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along. (auditory)
I just received a DSM-5 diagnosis of Internet use disorder," a friend says. "What do you think?" Your MOST accurate reply would be:
That's not possible. The disorder is not in the DSM-5."
What is the primary distinction between the beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder and someone with paranoid schizophrenia?
The beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder are not usually delusional, while the beliefs of someone with paranoid schizophrenia are.
The fact that Alzheimer's disease resembles Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease suggests that Alzheimer's may be caused by:
a virus
Assume that you are alone in a room with a child suffering from a disorder of childhood. If you didn't know what the child's diagnosis was, what behavior of the child's might start to convince you that the disorder is autism spectrum disorder?
The child is not responsive to other people.
According to ancient views of abnormality, if a standard exorcism failed to rid a person of their abnormal behaviors, which of the following steps would be taken?
The shaman would perform a more extreme exorcism, such as whipping or starving the person.
What is the evidence that the MMR vaccine causes ASD?
The researchers held that for certain children, this vaccine, which is usually given between the ages of 12 and 15 months, produces an increase in the measles virus throughout the body which in turn causes the onset of a powerful stomach disease and, ultimately, autism spectrum disorder.
What is the libido?
The sexual energy of the id
Why is it believed that the rate among the elderly in the Native American population is low?
The aged are held in high esteem by American Indians and are looked to for the wisdom and experience they have acquired over the years, and this may help account for their low suicide rate.
What are the cost-benefits of Sober High Schools?
The cost is incredibly high and many sober high schools are being shut down due to large state deficits but according to supporters, "Recovery school is a fraction of the cost of incarceration." The benefits are the resources available to the students like counselors, psychologists, and ongoing mental health support.
Which of the following statements MOST accurately the relationship between religion and suicide?
The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion.
The pleasant feeling called a "high" produced by using narcotics is due to...
The drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins
Echolalia
The exact echoing of phrases spoken by others;
Memory
The faculty for recalling past events and past learning.
Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following would be a part of your paradigm?
The family-social perspective
Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which would be a part of you paradigm?
The family-social perspective
What are examples of psychological treatments for physical illnesses. Be sure to include relaxation training, meditation, and so on.
The field of treatment that combines psychological and physical approaches to treat or prevent medical problems is known as behavioral medicine. Relaxation training is used to relax muscles at will to ruduce feelings of anxiety or prevent or treat medical illnesses related to stress. Biofeedback training is when one is connected to machinery that gives them continuous readings about their involuntary body activities. This information enables them to gradually gain control over those activities. Somewhat helpful in tx of anxiety disorders and has been applied in a growing number of physical disorders. Meditation turns off one's concentration inward, achieving a slightly changed state of consciousness, and temporarily ignoring all stressors. Hypnosis, cognitive interventions (self instruction training: ID and rid themselves of unpleasant thoughts that keep emerging during pain episodes), support groups and emotion expression, & combination approaches.
Fusion
The final merging of two or more sub personalities in dissociative identity disorder.
Depressive Disorders
The group of disorders marked by unipolar depression
Depressive disorders
The group of disorders marked by unipolar depression.
What is the sociocultural explanation of higher incidences of high blood pressure in African Americans?
The higher incidences of HTN in African Americans may be attributed to the dangerous environments that many of them live in and the unsatisfying jobs, along with a possible physiological predisposition to developing HTN or it may be that repeated experiences of racial discrimination constitute special stressors that help raise the blood pressure.
What Are the Symptoms of Mania? Emotional
The mood of euphoric joy and well-being is out of all proportion to the actual happenings in the person's life Not every person with mania is the picture of happiness Some instead become very irritable and angry
What are the most common and successful txs for encopresis?
The most common and successful treatments for encorpresis are behavioral and medical approaches or a combination of the two. -biofeedback training, eliminate constipation, stimulate regular bowel functioning with high-fiber diets, family therapy, etc.
"I've been diagnosed with gambling disorder," a friend says and then asks, "What kind of therapy works best?" Based on current research, your BEST response is:
The research is still limited and there is no best choice."
Regarding alcoholism in white American men, African American men, and Hispanic American men, which of the following is MOST accurate?
The patterns of drinking differ across ethnic groups and age.
Learned helplessness
The perception, based on on past experiences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements.
The Cognitive Model Learned Helplessness
The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements People become depressed when they think That they no longer have control over the reinforcements (The rewards and punishments) in their lives They themselves are responsible for this helpless state
A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes, What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?
The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes.
Critics of the evolutionary perspective of abnormal behavior cite all of the following EXCEPT:
The perspective is overly precise
Desire Phase
The phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction.
Major depressive disorder
The presence of a major depressive episode and no history of a mania or hypomanic episode. A severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition.
Self-hypnosis
The process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events.
The main concern with the various forms of cybertherapy that are currently being used is:
The quality of the treatment
The model or paradigm an investigator uses influences:
The questions and observations the investigator uses.
Which of the following statements is true with regard to suicide and the elderly?
The rate of suicide for the elderly is approximately one-third higher than it is for the general population of the United States.
Why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate?
The stigma associated with suicide make people hesitate to report it
What is profiling? What are the facts/myths? What is the best profile of a serial killer?
The study of criminal behavior patterns and traits and background features. While some traits are often present, they are not always present to applying profile information to a particular crime can be wrong. Serial Killers: white males between 25 and 34 years old, of average to high intelligence, generally clean-cut, smooth-talking, attractive, and skillful manipulators. A number of serial killers seem to display severe personality disorders, lack of conscience and a disregard for people and the rules of society - features of antisocial PD - are typical. Narcissistic thinking. The feeling of being special may give killer an unrealistic belief that he will not get caught.
Methods of supplying nicotine to those who are trying to quit smoking include all of the following except...
The subconscious nicotine pump
When a subject is participating in the final testing phase of a drug study, which of the following is taking place?
The subject is helping to determine the drug's efficacy and side effects
When do parents first see signs of ASD (although the disorder was most likely present before then)?
The symptoms appear early in life, typically before 3 year old
What Are the Symptoms of Mania?
The symptoms of mania affect the same areas of functioning Emotional Motivational Behavioral Cognitive Physical
The Cognitive Model Cognitive Triad
The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future The individuals repeatedly interpret Their experiences Themselves Their futures In negative ways that lead them to feel depressed
Cognitive Triad
The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.
Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common...
Their lack of strong support from controlled studies
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding GAD is that:
Theorists have yet to explain why some develop the disorder while others do not.
Regarding the Cognitive school's explanation of GAD, what does research support?
Theorized that the GAD was caused by maladaptive assumptions. The research shows that many individuals with GAD do hold Maladaptive assumptions, regarding dangerous oftentimes.
What is relapse prevention training? What aspect of it would AA be opposed to?
Therapists have clients keep track of their drinking behavior. Therapists teach clients coping strategies to use when risky situations arise. Therapists teach clients to plan ahead of time. The aspect of techniques that control the rate of drinking like spacing their drinks or sipping would be opposed by AA since AA believes that it is a "fact" that they are powerless over alcohol and that they must stop drinking entirely and permanently if they are to live normal lives.
Explain Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy?
Therapists help clients to become aware of their streams of thoughts, including their worries, as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind. By accepting their thoughts rather than trying to eliminate them, the clients are expected to be less upset and affected by them. (recognize inclination to worry) -has been applied to a range of other psych problems such as depression, PSTS, personality disorders, substance abuse, etc, often with promising results.
What are the odds of a woman who has experienced post-partum depression experiencing it again with the birth of another child?
There is a 25-50% chance of developing it again with a subsequent birth.
Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate?
There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy.
Which statement is the MOST accurate conclusion about the current state of abnormal psychology in the US?
There is no single definition of abnormality, no one understanding...
What is more effective in reducing the effect of anxiety, biofeedback (equipment) or relaxation training (no equipment, just using the mind)?
These actually work best when they are used together. or relaxation in tandem with cognitive therapy.
What do Parkinson-like symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia have in common?
They all involve disruption of motor control.
What happens to a defendant if they are psychotic at the time of the trial? What is the minimum standard of competence to stand trial?
They are considered unable to understand the trial procedures and defend themselves in court. They are committed for tx until they are competent to stand on trial. The testimony of mental health professionals helps determine the defendant's psychological fx. The court needs to know whether defendants are responsible for the crimes they commit and capable of defending themselves in court. The competence requirement is meant to ensure the defendants understand the charges they are facing and can work with their lawyers to prepare and conduct an adequate defense
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the childhood disorders covered in this chapter?
They are mostly more prevalent in boys than in girls.
According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories?
They believe death will not end their existence.
What Are The Psychodynamic Treatments for Unipolar Depression?
They encourage the client to associate freely during therapy Suggest interpretations of the client's associations, dreams, and displays of resistance and transference Help the person review past events and feelings Two features of this approach may help limit its effectiveness Depressed clients may be too passive and feel too weary to join fully into the subtly therapy discussions They may become discouraged and end treatment too early when this long-term approach is unable to provide the quick relief they desperately seek
How do Hispanic Americans compare on blood pressure and cholesterol to White and African Americans? (The only reason I believe this one is bc I believe in science. I mean lard in the refried beans, and all that extra good comfort food!!)
They have lower rates of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, and cancer when compared to White and African Americans.
Which of the following is not true of the "oldest old," or those above the age of 95?
They often do more traveling than those in their 80s and early 90s.
What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common?
They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.
How would those who support the Alcoholics Anonymous approach to treating alcoholism respond to the cognitive-behavioral procedure called relapse-prevention training?
They would oppose relapse-prevention training because it does not require sobriety
argues that societies invent the concept of mental illness so that they can control people whose unusual patterns of functioning upset or threaten the social order.
Thomas Szasz
Why do behaviorists believe individuals engage in compulsive behaviors?
To alleviate anxiety.
A frequent drug user finds that larger doses of a drug are necessary to produce the same "high" that much lower doses once produced. That drug user is developing...
Tolerance
Mendon began by taking one amphetamine a day to control his appetite. After a month or so, the one pill did not work as well but the two pills did. This is an example of...
Tolerance
What is the difference between tolerance and withdrawal?
Tolerance: adjustment of the brain and the body make to the regular use of certain drugs so that ever larger doses are needed to achieve the earlier effects Withdrawal: Unpleasant sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who regularly use a drug stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of the students is exhibiting a...
Touching compulsion
What is the difference between a male who has transvestic fetishism and a genetic male with gender dysphoria?
Transvestic fetishism: cross-dressing, features recurrent and intense sexual arousal from dressing in clothes of the opposite sex - arousal expressed through fantasies, urges, or behaviors. Usually heterosexual. Gender dysphoria: people persistently feel that a vast mistake has been made, they have been born to the wrong sex, and gender changes would be desirable.
To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:
Two years
What specific variant of Type A personality is at risk for developing heart disease?
Type A personalities that are particularly hostile and time urgent are more at risk for developing heart disease.
What is the relationship between gender and agoraphobia? Do most people with agoraphobia receive treatment?
Typically appears 2 times more frequently in females than males. Not many seek treatment. Fear of leaving the house causes this. Those that do, 60-80% improve partially.
Which medical conditions are strongly influenced by psychological factors?
Ulcers, Asthma, Insomnia, tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, Coronary heart disease.
An individual who is dependent on alcohol is experiencing delirium tremens. This reaction is
Uncommon, starting within 3 days after an individual starts drinking
If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed:
Unconditional self-regard
What is not a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists?
Underestimating how badly a social event went
Brodmann Area
Undersized Overactive
Hippocampus
Undersized Productions of new neurons is low
Someone says to you, "Homeless people scare me. They're all crazy." What is your BEST response?
Unfortunately, about a third of homeless people are mentally ill."
Benzodiazepines are useful in treating what anxiety disorder? Of what neurotransmitter do they "mimic" (agonistic effect) the effect?
Used in GAD. Benzo's replicate GABA.
Why is the use of methadone in drug maintenance programs controversial?
Used to substitute one addiction with another one but under medical supervision → turns out Methadone is sometimes harder to withdraw from than other drugs and come become an addiction itself
What are the causes of genito-pelvic pain/penetration ds (dyspareunia and vaginismus)?
Vaginismus=women experience involuntary contractions of the muscles around the outer third of the vagina that prevent entry of the penis. Dyspareunia= "painful mating"; severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse. Usually has physical causes: injury during childbirth, scar left by an episiotomy (a cut made to enlarge the vaginal entrance and ease delivery), collision of the penis with they hymen, infections of the vagina, wiry pubic hair that rubs against the labia during intercourse, pelvic diseases, tumors, cysts, allergic rxns to the chemicals in vaginal douches and contraceptive creams.
confounding variable
Variable in a research study that was not part of the intended design and that may contribute to changes in the dependent variable.
What advice would you give someone who has Body Dysmorphic Disorder and is considering plastic surgery?
Wait. seek therapy and make sure this is the right decision. ???
Which of the following is TRUE regarding war veterans' risk of suicide once they return home?
War vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans.
Immune System
When people are under intense stress, for a while their immune systems may become dysregulated, leading to lower functioning of important white blood cells and increased production of C-Reactive Protein A protein that spreads throughout the body and causes inflammation and various illnesses
Seligman believes depression results from _________________.
When people believe they no longer have control over the reinforcements (the rewards and punishments) in their lives and that they themselves are responsible for this helpless state
The Cognitive Model Attribution-Helplessness Theory
When people view events as beyond their control, they ask themselves why this is so If they attribute their present lack of control to some internal cause that is both global and stable "I am inadequate at everything and I always will be" They may well feel helpless to prevent future negative outcomes and may experience depression
repeated measurement
When responses are measured on more than two occasions (not just before and after intervention) to assess trends.
A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when she tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed..
Withdrawal reactions
If a person lives in a city, owns a house, and pays taxes, that person is LEAST likely to experience which event next year?
a cancer diagnosis
Bipolar Treatment Facts
Without treatment, mood episodes tend to recur for people with either type of bipolar disorder If people experience four or more mood episodes within a one-year period, their disorder is further considered to be rapid cycling
What is the relationship between eyewitness testimony and the confidence of witnesses (and whether they are believed or not by the jurors)? If DNA evidence and eyewitness testimony conflict, what strategy should the lawyer take?
Witnesses' confidence is not necessarily related to accuracy. Witnesses who are "absolutely certain" may be no more correct in their recollections than those who are only "fairly sure". The lawyer should go with the DNA evidence
A person who suffered from the form of mass madness called lycanthropy may have believed him/herself to be possessed by:
Wolves
What is the relationship between gender and somatic symptom disorder (including both patterns)?
Women are more likely than men to have both patterns. Both patterns are the somatization pattern and the predominant pain pattern.
What is an example of meta-worry?
Worrying about worrying
Obviously "cognitive" exercise is good for the brain. Does physical exercise good help treat Alzheimer's ds as well?
YES! Exercise helps both prevent and treat it
Does DSM-V include gambling disorder, computer gaming disorder and/or Internet Use disorder as addictive disorders?
Yes → people can become addicted to behaviors and activities beyond substance abuse → Gambling considered a substance abuse
Is there proof for a specific family pattern that causes eating disorders or do these families vary widely?
Yes, support of Bruch's theory that parents of teenagers with anorexia or bulimia tend to define their children's needs rather than allow the children to define their own needs.
Should pts with Alzheimer's ds be encouraged to engage in activities they enjoyed during their younger days (even though they won't remember doing them)? Does this "treat" the primary cause of Alzheimer's ds or is it solely a happiness booster?
Yes--> happiness booster
may have increased, since the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse
a clinically depressed individual who has been threatening suicide finally shows diminishing of depressive sx. this persons risk of committing suicide:
residents of Japan are more likely than residents of the United States to show higher rates of somatic complaints MOST likely reflecting
a Western bias that sees somatization as an inferior way to handle emotions
If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose:
a benzodiazepine.
A person who eats large amounts of food in a short period, and does this repeatedly, with no other symptoms, would be said to have
a binge-eating disorder
cognitive
a depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ____ symptoms
increases suicide risk for some individuals, but decreases the overall suicide risk
a developing body of research shows that antidepressant use in children and adolescents:
a clinician can include three kinds of information in making a diagnosis......according to the DSM 5 a clinician is required to include
a diagnostic category and a severity rating but not additional information
The MOST common cognitive disturbance in anorexia nervosa is
a distorted body image.
Of the following, who is MOST at risk for misinterpreting a cultural response as pathology?
a dominant-culture assessor
of the following, who is MOST at risk for misinterpreting a cultural response as pathology
a dominant-culture assessor
Having a background in medicine but also a grudge against the profession puts a person at risk for
a factitious disorder
if a chronically ill child was removed from home and placed in foster care, and then became quite healthy, one might suspect that the parent(usually the mother) was experiencing
a factitious disorder
A person receiving multicultural therapy could expect all of these EXCEPT
a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems
Leila always feels threatened and anxious-- imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing
a generalized anxiety disorder
What is the relationship between DID and gender/physical abuse?
a good portion of the time physical and/or sexual abuse con be a main cause for DID. Women are 3 x more likely to receive DID dx.
Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:
a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients
Civil commitment:
a legal process by which an individual can be forced to undergo mental health treatment.
Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects what is being done in the area of "Internet use disorder" at the present time?
a lot; Internet use disorder is not a DSM-5 category, but people who meet the disorder's criteria act similarly to those with gambling disorder, which is in the DSM-5
Which of the following would be MOST likely to develop alcoholism?
a lower socioeconomic class person living in a high unemployment area
Every one in awhile, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of:
a panic attack
A child has autism spectrum disorder and does not like much variation in his life. He puts his toys on a shelf in a particular order and throws a tantrum if his mother moves any of them. Any one of several trivial changes in his daily routine can set him off. This is an example of:
a perseveration of sameness.
behavioral symptoms
a person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self esteem is showing all of the following sx except?
interpersonal deficits
a person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of:
maintenance therapy, and is often necessary to keep sx from reappearing
a person who is recovering from depression continues to take tricyclic medication for several months after most sx are gone. this is called
How do phobias and common fear differ?
a phobia is more intense and persistent and the desire to avoid the object or situation is greater.
An individual who had suffered from dissociative fugue likely would have experienced all of the following EXCEPT:
a recurrence of the problem months or years later.
Mania
a state of breathless euphoria in which individuals have an exaggerated belief of their power
A trephine is:
a stone instrument used to cut away a circular section of the skull.
escalation toward anorexia
a stressful event: separation of parents, move away from home, or experience of personal failure
All forms of therapy have which three essential features?
a sufferer, a healer, and a series of contacts between healer and sufferer
the baby blues, something experienced by over half of new mothers
a woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping and feels sad. these sx diminish in the next couple of weeks. what she experienced is most likely:
3. Which of the following findings would argue against the idea that hypoactive sexual desire in women is caused by societal treatment of women?
a. A sexually restrictive history is just as common among women with and without hypoactive sexual desire.
1. What is the term for the use of and attraction to inanimate objects as a preferred method of achieving sexual excitement?
a. Fetishism
1. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms may contribute to hypoactive sexual desire because someone with this disorder:
a. Finds contact with body fluids and odors unpleasant.
5. Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion regarding the use of Viagra and related drugs to treat erectile disorders?
a. The drugs work about 75 percent of the time and are often given without first assessing what is causing the problem.
9. One who is experiencing gender dysphoria:
a. is unhappy with his or her biological gender.
10. Recent studies of pedophiles show that:
a. most have at least one other psychological disorder.
4. The idea that both partners share the accountability for sexual dysfunction is known as:
a. mutual responsibility
6. The fact that insurance companies in the United States generally covered Viagra but not birth control pills until required to by state law supports the idea that:
a. societal standards are different for sexually active men than they are for women.
8. A man who is biologically masculine but considers himself a woman and would like to live as a woman is:
a. transgendered.
Among the likely causes of ADHD are all of the following EXCEPT:
abnormal serotonin activity and parietal damage.
Personality disorders typically become recognizable in:
adolescence or early adulthood.
Depersonalization disorder is most common among those who are
adolescents and young adults
An inventory that asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, or anger is a(n) ______ inventory.
affective
an inventory that asks about ones level of anxiety, depression or anger is an
affective
Multicultural Factors: Racial and Ethnic Differences
african american women were more positive than white american women in eating behaviors and attitudes but now are changing. hispanics are equal to americans.
Which group has the highest rate of depression?
aged persons who live in nursing homes
In research on the relationship between serotonin and suicide, serotonin seems MOST related to:
aggression
The phobia most often associated with panic disorder is:
agoraphobia
a woman you know constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has experienced extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street or building. Most likely, this woman would be diagnosed with:
agoraphobia
Wes has a drink in the morning on rising. He has a cocktail with breakfast. He usually sneaks a snort during the morning ("just to get through the day") and then drinks during his lunch. When he gets home after work he goes to a singles bar and immediately has a drink to ease his nerves about approaching the women there. Later, at home, he generally has a small dinner and then sits in front of the TV watching sports and drinking beer (as many as 12 cans). Somehow he manages to get up and go to work the next morning. Wes is displaying:
alcohol abuse.
According to the chart in your textbook, teenagers say that the drug easiest for them to obtain is:
alcohol.
surveys show that over 1/3 (33 percent) of americans
all answers are correct
geographical location
all of the following factors contribute to the high suicide rather among the elderly except:
access to pro suicide sites on the internet
all of the following have been linked to increased suicide risk among teenagers except:
The practice of trephination was probably used to:
allow the release of evil spirits
serotinin
although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?
honors those who kill themselves for a higher good
altruistic suicide is most likely to occur in a country that:
Generally speaking, what are the major explanations of phobia from the behavioral school? (Please note: I will not test you on what the US UR CS CR is. You did that in General Psychology.)
an US-->UR(fear), then the US becomes the CS-->CR(fear)
If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:
an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.
Theory of mind refers to:
an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states.
a visual image that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan information is called
an eidetic image
A person being treated by a shaman would MOST likely be undergoing
an exorcism
The specific symptoms associated with dyslexia include:
an impairment of the ability to recognize words and to comprehend what is being read.
Ben set up an elaborate scheme to mine gold in the Rockies. He had a large town meeting and made a presentation of his stock. The shares were only $5 each, and everyone could afford them. He showed pictures of the mine and explained how the company expected to gross $100 million each month. As it turns out, he was a terrific con artist who had made several "successful" proposals such as this in towns across America in the last couple of years. He is MOST likely suffering from:
antisocial personality disorder.
The cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders includes which of the following personality disorders?
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
Research has found that individuals with antisocial personality disorder often seem to experience less___________ than other people, a key ingredient to learning.
anxiety
The most common mental disorders in the US is the:
anxiety disorder
The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are
anxiety disorders
the MOST common mental disorders in the U.S are the:
anxiety disorders
Ted has a high degree of:
anxiety sensitivity
What percentage of panic attack sufferers are helped by antidepressants?
approx 80%. restores proper activity of Norepinephrine.
A client being treated for alcohol abuse receives just enough of a drug called curare to produce temporary paralysis just as that client takes a swig of beer. Presumably, sufficient pairings of paralysis and alcohol will reduce the client's desire for alcohol. This procedure is called:
aversion therapy
multidimensional risk perspective
identify several key factors that place individuals at risk for these disorders.
The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n):
arbitrary inference.
Research shows that sexual dysfunctions among homosexual couples:
are the same as those seen in heterosexual couples.
Which has not been associated with helping prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease?
aspirin
Which of the following would a phrenologist MOST likely have done?
assessed personality by feeling for bumps and indentations on the head
When graduate schools choose students based on test score, college grades and relevant experience they are engaging in
assessment
____________ have been said to slow the cognitive decline of people suffering from neurocognitive disorders, while simultaneously enhancing their enjoyment of life.
assisted-living facilities
Catatonic posturing:
assuming awkward, bizarre positions for long periods of time
An EMT has to be especially aware of people abusing cocaine, because even young people are at risk for all of the following EXCEPT:
asthmatic attacks
If the state dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is
at a different arousal level after the stress is over.
If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is:
at a different arousal level after the stress is over.
people with similar political points of view
at a political protest, two activist leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. those most at risk for modeling these suicides are:
assessing suicidal potential
at a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor "do you have a gun. is it loaded and do you know how to use it?". Which one of the goals of suicide prevention do these questions best represent?
If a pregnant woman wishes to avoid having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), what should she do?
avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established.
Elena can't seem to establish social ties because she is afraid of being embarrassed or appearing foolish. She is easily hurt by criticism and is not willing to go into unfamiliar situations. She may be experiencing:
avoidant personality disorder
Psychomotor symptoms:
awkward movements, repeated grimaces, odd gestures
Lisa felt like she was on an emotional roller coaster. She felt angry and empty. Lisa's feelings are MOST similar to those of someone with:
borderline personality disorder.
MOST children with intellectual developmental disorder live:
at home
A recent local news report showed pictures of a "huffer" who had inhaled spray fumes, and then been arrested for disorderly conduct, among other things. Besides being illegal, "huffing" of some sort has been tried by:
at least 6 percent of people in the United States, and is a form of inhalant use disorder
one who takes an evolutionary perspective with respect to abnormal behavior would be most likely to agree that
at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive
Which of the following is not a quality/skill that may shift in a sufferer of borderline personality disorder?
athletic ability
Effective parents
attend to their children's biological and emotional needs.
Pat does not follow what the teacher is doing and has difficulty focusing on the task at hand. His behavior in class is disruptive because he cannot sit still, which leads to poor grades in school. These symptoms MOST likely indicate:
attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder.
Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children in 2001. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were:
atypical; less than 10 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.
Someone who is anxious unless her books are perfectly lined up on her desk and who must eat the food on her plate in a balanced order is exhibiting a:
balance or order compulsion
Which of the following combinations is MOST likely to result in antagonistic effects?
barbiturates and cocaine
a person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying a:
basic irrational assumption
A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects is displaying:
basic irrational assumptions
your friend says i will trust my first impressions of people even when the first impression is negative. based on research dealing with clinical interviews your best answer would be
be careful the research shows that first impressions, especially negative ones may be inaccurate.
If the psychodynamic explanation for suicide is correct, then suicide rates should:
be higher in nations with low murder rates.
One of the MOST frequent reasons for the institutionalization of Alzheimer's patients is:
because home caregivers are overwhelmed.
The symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder:
begin suddenly
" its obvious that the patient observed friends who had symptoms of illness, then imitated those symptoms to get attention" says the therapist. Most likely the therapist has which theoretical perspective
behavioral
"It seems to me that people with illness anxiety disorder simply model what they see others doing." A person with which theoretical view would be MOST likely to say this?
behavioral
"an abused childs thoughts occasionaly drift to other, less anxiety arousing, topics; this anxiety reduction thus serves to strengthen other thoughts, while weakening the thoughts about abuse" a psychologist with which theoretical background would be most likely to offer this quotation as an explanation for the development of dissociative disorders?
behavioral
Every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not do. This is a ______ explanation of conversion symptoms.
behavioral
a therapist treating a client with illness anxiety disorder repeatedly shows the client how the clients body is less than perfect, while not allowing the client to seek medical attention. MOST likely the therapist viewpoint is,
behavioral and the therapy is called exposure and response prevention
Among many clinicians, _______ is the preferred treatment for autism, because the gains from the treatment continue for a significant period of time.
behavioral therapy
A child awakens suddenly to the sound of a bell, and heads for the bathroom. MOST likely the child is receiving:
behavioral therapy for enuresis.
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
behaviorist perspective
which of the following dreams is the most common
being chased or pursued
"Triple jeopardy," as an issue affecting the mental health of the elderly, refers to:
being old, a minority member, and a woman.
What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?
benxodiazepine
If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose:
benzodiazepines
Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA?
benzodiazepines
Evidence in support of the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that:
benzodizapines provide relief from anxiety
The molecules that are found in sphere-shaped deposits in spaces between neurons in the hippocampus in individuals with Alzheimer's disease are called:
beta-amyloid protein.
According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is
better than nothing and about as effective as meditation
According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is:
better than nothing, and about as effective as meditation.
At what age does conduct disorder usually appear?
between 7 and 15
improper sodium transport
bi polar disorders have recently been linked to
The central feature of bulimia nervosa is
binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior
1-30
binge episodes per week. carried out in secret.
A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives, and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing
binge-eating/purging anorexia nervosa
Assume a researcher finds that overuse of a drug reduces the body's production of neurotransmitters. Thus, if an abuser of this drug stops taking the drug, withdrawal symptoms occur until the brain begins producing normal levels of neurotransmitters again
biochemical
Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of:
biofeedback
Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of
biofeedback training
Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been a(n):
biological challenge test
Which of the following is least likely to be a source of either low sexual desire, or sexual aversion?
biological reasons
The purpose of an antagonist drug is to:
block or change the effect of an addictive drug
Apparently tricyclics work by:
blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
People with _________ personality disorder display great instability, major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity.
boderline
Alcoholics Anonymous supports the belief that alcoholics should:
cease drinking entirely.
A person who has an excess of plaques due to Alzheimer's would be likely to have:
cell breakdown and death
Abnormality in this area of the brain has been associated with autism.
cerebellum
Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that
children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior.
a person experiencing multiple personalities would MOST accurately be diagnosed with dissociative
identity disorder
Someone who made sure that he had his passport, airplane ticket, and hotel reservation form exactly every 5 minutes for an entire day is exhibiting a(n):
checking compulsion
Sam is displaying:
checking compulsions
the term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by carl rogers is
client-centered
One who sees abnormality as a problem with living usually refers to those seeking help as
clients
A person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see how multicultural factors impact success rates is MOST likely a
clinical researcher
alexithymic
clinicians descriptions of people with an eating disorder. they have great difficulty putting descriptive labels on their feelings
"Who wouldn't be afraid all of the time? We have AIDS, crime, bombs, etc." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of GAD
cognitive
Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment-- mindfulness therapy-- is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach?
cognitive
The form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic and to try out new interpretations of events is
cognitive
A response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is an
cognitive inventory
a response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is a(n):
cognitive inventory
The model of abnormality that concentrates on thinking is the
cognitive modle
"Everyone has unwanted thoughts. ...they act in ways that they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist most likely to agree with this quote would be a:
cognitive theorist
According to research studies, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for:
cognitive therapy
If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving:
cognitive therapy
if you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving
cognitive therapy
That people with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise reflects the
cognitive view
"Thoughts as well as overt behaviors are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning." The orientation of the author of this quote MOST likely would be
cognitive-behavioral
psychological treatments for bulimia
cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and psychodynamic therapy
If you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Rogers called:
conditions of worth
which category or clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability and validity?
intelligence tests
What is the best tx for AD/HD?
combination of stimulants and behavioral therapy (operant conditioning)
drug therapy works best when...
combined with other forms of therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy
Throughout most of the United States, it is illegal to use marijuana, even for medical reasons. Compared to other nations, this is:
common; most countries do not allow either medical or recreational use of marijuana
An acquaintance of yours uses Ecstasy and says, "Wow! I was totally energized and tripping. It was like LSD and meth combined." Your acquaintance's experience with Ecstasy was:
common; the drug has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
Long-term studies of those with obsessive-compulsive disorder show that obsessive thoughts in many cases eventually lead to:
compulsive acts
Which of the following would you NOT be surprised to be associated with someone experiencing Bulimia Nervosa more so than someone with Anorexia Nervosa? life-or-death medical consequences concerned about being attractive to others sexually-experienced amenorrhea obsessive tendencies dental problems personality disorder depression
concerned about being attractive to others sexually-experienced dental problems personality disorder
if a new assessing anorectic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of other tests for assessing anorectic tendencies, then the new test has high
concurrent validity
A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n):
conditioned stimulus
A child is bitten by vicious dog in front of the park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a
conditioned stimulus
What is thought to be the cause of vaginismus (the involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles)?
conditioning of a fear response
If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called:
conditions of worth
Ever since the auto accident during which she was miraculously unhurt, Pat has not been the same. She forgets appointments, friends' names, and even things done in the last few days. Pats amnesia is termed:
continuous
A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. She appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be:
conversion disorder
A person experiencing blindness or loss of feeling may also be said to be displaying
conversion disorder
A person experiencing blindness, paralysis, or loss of feeling, in the absence of any evidence of neurological impairment, may be said to be displaying:
conversion disorder
Glove anesthesia is an example of
conversion disorder
just before debuting at carnegie hall, the pianist suffered paralysis of her left hand. which of the following best describes her disorder?
conversion disorder
Somatic symptom disorders differ from conversion disorders in that:
conversion disorders usually last less time
somatic symptom disorders differ from conversion disorders in that
conversion disorders usually last less time
The best and most current tx for eating disorders focuses first on ________ then with _________.
correct the dangerous eating pattern as quickly as possible; address the broader psychological and situational factors that have led to and maintain the eating problem.
Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by
correcting underlying physical pathology
Sobriety High and Drug Court recovery-type programs:
cost more than regular educational programs but save society money in the long run.
The history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's
culture
Someone who can tell you exactly how many ceiling tiles there are in each classroom and how many people's names were in the credits of the movie he watched last night is exhibiting a:
counting compulsion
Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is:
covert desensitization
An iodine deficiency in the diet of a pregnant woman may lead to a condition in which the baby has a dwarflike appearance and a defective thyroid gland. This disorder is called:
cretinism
Depletion of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been implicated as a:
critical factor in Alzheimer's disease.
An adult frequently displays symptoms of depression at home, but seldom does so at work. in this case clinical observation of this person at home would lack
cross situational validity
all of the following statements would be appropriate criticisms of the sociocultural model EXCEPT
cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development for certain disorders
the MOST legitimate criticism of intelligence tests concerns their
cultural fairness
A person who is suicidal BEST fits which definition of abnormality?
danger
Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not:
dangerous
Knowing she was terminally ill, Bonnie swallowed a handful of barbiturates in order to save herself and her family from the final painful months of life. Bonnie is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:
death initiator
Sylvia shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood, where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Sylvia is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:
death seeker
Which of the following is a negative effect of cannabis use?
decrease in fertility
flexibility =
decrease in stimuli and tendency which causes person to remain in an immobile posture
Research prompted by the "black box" controversy about using second-generation antidepressants with younger patients shows that taking second-generation antidepressants:
decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide.
according to freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is most likely to result when:
defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety
What 2 criteria must exist for dx? Include IQ cut-off score.
deficits in general mental abilities, impairment in adaptive functioning. 70 or ↓
If an individual has damage to the prefrontal cortex, which of the following symptoms would MOST likely be observed?
deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making
The policy of releasing patients from public mental hospitals was known as:
deinstitutionalization.
Which is not one of the broad categories of an autism spectrum disorder?
delinquent type behaviors
A clouding of consciousness that develops over a short period of time and can often be reversed if its underlying cause can be found is called:
delirium
Incorrect diagnosis of _______ may contribute to a high rate of death for older people with the disorder.
delirium
Which of the following psychotic disorders is described by your author as increasing in prevalence as people age?
delusional disorder
Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. Rosa is MOST likely suffering from:
delusions of persecution
display psychological problems
depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and insomnia or other sleep disturbances. substance abuse. OCD pattern
The role of a clinical practitioner in abnormal psychology is to:
detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning.
Case studies are useful for all of the following EXCEPT:
determining general laws of behavior
Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called:
diagnosis
deciding that a clients psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called
diagnosis
one very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of sub personalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "sub personalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. the study showed that the physiological responses of sub personalities of those with dissociative identity disorder:
differed from one another, but the sub personalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not
One very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "subpersonalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. The study showed that the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder:
differed from one another, but the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not.
Assessment tools such as the Severity of Illness Rating Scale are used to provide what kind of information for making a diagnosis?
dimensional
Alzheimer's is a brain _______ while stroke is a brain _______.
disease; injury
People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing
dissociative amnesia
People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing:
dissociative amnesia
Which dissociative disorders does a psychodynamic theorist believe repression is important?
dissociative amnesia
Problems in memory and related cognitive processes occurring without organic causes are known as:
dissociative disorders
Of the following disorders, the one for which an individual would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories is:
dissociative fugue
of the following disorders, the one for which an individual would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover most memories is:
dissociative fugue
people with which dissociative disorder typically do not eventual recover without receiving treatment?
dissociative identity disorder
George hears voices that others do not but is not distressed by them. This illustrates that
distress does not have to be present for a person's behavior to be considered abnormal
Jess thought she was taking an aspirin, but later, when she had a glass of wine and became very nauseated, she realized she had taken:
disulfiram.
In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:
divorced people
sociocultural model
emile durkeims theory of suicide falls under the:
Symptoms of mania
emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical.
Repeated involuntary defecating into one's clothing is known as:
encopresis.
Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, feels terrible, and feels like it will never get any better. When asked, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be:
endogenous depression.
If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be:
enmeshed
if a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be
enmeshed
Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:
excessively worry
What were once referred to as frigidity and impotence are dysfunctions that occur during the ______ phase of sexual arousal.
excitement
From which of the following pairs of disorders is a child MOST likely to recover by adulthood?
enuresis and encopresis
Repeated involuntary bedwetting or wetting of one's clothes is known as:
enuresis.
Someone who believes that experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the _____ explanation of the development of phobias.
environmental
Describing the number of cases of mental retardation in the children of older mothers in 2005 would be a legitimate goal for a(n) ______ study.
epidemiological
The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder occur in a group in a given time period is termed:
epidemiological (incidence).
Which hormone can cause decreased sexual desire when present in either low or high levels?
estrogen
therapies that have received clear research support are called
evidence based
a clinical psychologist you know says... how do i decide on the best treatment? simple, I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy. and follow their advice. this clinical psychologist believes in using
evidence based treatment
therapies that have received clear research support are called:
evidence-based
The use of exorcism in early societies suggests a belief that abnormal behavior was caused by
evil spirits
Someone who believes that among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce, represents the _____ explanation of the development of phobias.
evolutionary
malingering
exaggerate or feign illness in order to escape duty or work example Intentionally faking a back problem to avoid military service
What is muscle dysmorphobia?
excessive concern with one's muscularity and/or fitness. Persons with muscle dysmorphia spend unusual amounts of time working out in gyms or exercising rather than dieting obsessively or seeking plastic surgery
Which of the following might be an example of an analogue experiment?
exposing lab rats to high levels of stress and having human participants live in a simulated mental hospital would each be an example of an analogue experiment
exposure and response prevention for treatments in bulimia
exposing people to situations that would ordinarily raise anxiety and then preventing them from performing their usual compulsive reposnses.
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the hose and not to vacuum for a week, would be experiencing what therapy procedures?
exposure and response prevention
Imagine that you have a body dysmorphic disorder centered around your feet. Your therapist keeps reminding you of your ugly feet and makes you wear sandals. What sort of treatment is your therapist MOST likely using?
exposure and response prevention
imagine that you have a body dysmorphic disorder centered around your feet. your therapist keeps reminding you of your ugly feet and makes you wear sandals. what sort of treatment is your therapist MOST likely using?
exposure and response prevention
If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then the study has:
external validity
One of the problems with animal research is the question of whether the results can apply to human beings. This is a question of:
external validity
Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher, but he believes that he is good in language-based subjects. He is sure that he will do better next year. This is an example of ______ attribution.
external, specific, unstable
If, after conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone (without the unconditioned stimulus), it will eventually stop eliciting the conditioned response through a process called:
extinction
a woman complains of an assortment of psychological ailments. You think she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to appear sick, which fills some psychological need, you would diagnose:
factitious disorder
Ineffective parents
fail to attend to their children's needs
vomit does what?
fails to prevent the absorption of half of the calories consumes during a binge. affects one's general ability to feel bored. relieves the uncomfortable physical feelings of fullness or reduce feelings of anxiety temporarily.
An elderly person has been diagnosed with a neurocognitive disorder, but the disorder is not Alzheimer's disease. Among the elderly, such a diagnosis is:
fairly common—about a third of neurocognitive disorders are not Alzheimer's disease.
a higher than chance rate of depression amoung the families of depressed pt
family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. these studies have found:
Until recently, the evidence that GAD is related to biological factors come largely from:
family pedigree studies
Depression
found in bulimia people. sets the state for eating disorders. Four evidence: qualify for a clinical diagnosis of MDD, relatives seem to have a higher rate of depressive disorders, low activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin, and helped with the same antidepressant drug that reduce depression
Shy and anxious children who have mild to moderate degrees of intellectual dysfunction, language impairments, and behavioral problems are MOST likely to be diagnosed with:
fragile x syndrome
Which of the following abnormal chromosomal situations does not cause Down syndrome?
fragile x syndrome
20%
fraternal twins develop anorexia
9%
fraternal twins develop bulimia
a person who is restless, keyed-up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing:
free floating anxiety
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing
free-floating anxiety
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing:
free-floating anxiety
in the treatment of dissociative amnesia, sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work by
freeing people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events
which of the following would be most likely to use skillful frustration as a part of therapy
fritz perle
People who diet to lose weight usually
gain the weight back
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating GAD because they mimic the effect of ____ at certain receptor sites in the limbic system and hypothalamus.
gamma-aminobutyric acid
What is the relationship between psychological stress disorders and gender/socioeconomic status?
gender: the social expectations of that gender can create a psychological stress disorder. Males: expected to work and support a family. socioeconomic: if someone is at a lower economic status they may feel like they may not have the resources to cope with stressors and respond well. they may go through more stressful situations than someone with a higher economic status.
Gwendolyn is help up ay knifepoint and her young son is kidnapped. her son is found and returned. however she is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack although she remembers some new experiences: worse still she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. this is a classic example of:
generalized amnesia
GABA is related to:
generalized anxiety disorder
a person who constantly feels upset and nervous, so much that it interferes with work is experiencing:
generalized anxiety disorder
Which of the following have cases of conduct disorder NOT been linked to?
genetic and biological factors
Which of the following is an example of malingering?
intentionally faking a back problem to avoid military service
the social upheaval and soul searching of the 1960s and 1970s in western society gave rise to which of the following approaches to therapy
humanistic and existential
when we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living. A psychologist from which background would agree most strongly with this statement
humanistic- existential
the model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the
humanistic-existenial model
When an experimenter stimulates a rat's lateral hypothalamus, the MOST likely result is intense sexual desire. loss of appetite. death by starvation. hunger.
hunger
The statement or prediction that we make about a potential causal relationship in a proposed study is called the:
hypothesis
Jeff's left arm suddenly went numb. His physician was unable to find a physical cause of the problem. Jeff is apparently suffering from what the ancient Greek physicians called:
hysteria
Friedrich Anton Mesmer became famous-or infamous...His patients' disorders are termed:
hysterical
____________ personality disorder was formerly a name for histrionic personality disorder.
hysterical
the ___operates in accord with the pleasure principle
id
interpersonal pyschotherapy
if your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life-how they might be changing or how your expectations might be different from someone elses- your therapist would most likely be using:
which of the following is not an example of memory recovery techniques used by therapist?
imagining the event
Early home intervention programs for those in the "mild" intellectual developmental disordercategory:
improve both overall functioning, and later performance in school and in adulthood.
A person with Alzheimer's disease is taking a drug designed to affect acetylcholine and glutamate and may experience:
improvement both in short-term memory and in ability to cope under pressure.
Generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common
in African Americans than in white Americans
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it:
in as many as one-quarter fail to improve at all
results from depression or emotional distress
in his definition of suicide, edwin shneidman includes all of the following factors except that it:
Someone with substance use disorder is likely to receive treatment:
in outpatient rehabilitation
You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear heirachy and, finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:
in vivo desensitization
What is the difference between the in-vivo technique and flooding for treating phobias?
in-vivo pairs with relaxation techniques at each confrontation. flooding has no relaxation techniques.
What is the cognitive explanation for panic disorders?
incorrect interpretations of body sensations.
Which of the following is most typical of posttraumatic stress disorder?
increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
which of the following factors leads to increased respect for assessment and diagnosis?
increased assessment research
Cognitive therapy for avoidant personality disorder focuses on:
increasing the client's tolerance of emotional discomfort and building up his or her self- image.
An individual who is dependent on alcohol is experiencing delirium tremens. This reaction is
individual stops drinking
GABA is related to
inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain
Detoxification procedures may involve any of the following EXCEPT:
initially increasing the substance dose to make the substance aversive
Which treatment approach is more likely to strengthen juvenile delinquent behavior than to help reduce it?
institutionalization
Which is not an area listed in the DSM-5 as required to be affected by a personality disorder?
intelligence
Binet and simon are known for their work in creating an
intelligence test
Which category of clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability, and validity?
intelligence tests
A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:
internal, global, stable factors
Panic attacks are usually treated with cognitive therapy and/or:
interoceptive exposure
Which interpersonal problem area identified by interpersonal psychotherapists is MOST like the cause of depression suggested by psychoanalysis?
interpersonal loss
According to cognitive theorists, people who have anxiety sensitivity:
interpret their bodily sensations as potentially harmful
A panel of psychologists and psychiatrists evaluates the test results and clinical interviews of a client in a sanity hearing. They all arrive at the same diagnosis. The panel has high:
interrater reliability
a panel of psychologist and psychiatrist evaluates the test results and clinical interviews of a client in a sanity hearing. They all arrive at the same diagnosis. The panel has high
interrater reliability
Based on the evidence about suicide rates, which of the following intervention strategies should prevent the MOST suicides?
intervention focused on middle-aged adults—they have a fairly high suicide rate, and it is rising relatively rapidly
Retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include:
interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide.
dissociative disorders:
involve major changes in memory
Vomiting as a compensatory behavior for those experiencing bulimia
ironically, leads to greater hunger and more frequent binges
Vomiting as a compensatory behavior for those experiencing bulimia:
ironically, leads to greater hunger and more frequent binges
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying
irrational assumptions
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
irrational assumptions
If I believe there is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that is catastrophic is things are not the way I want them, I am displaying basic:
irrational assumptions
how do binge people feel?
irritable, "unreal", powerless to control their need to eat. extreme self-blame, shame, guilt, and depression, and fear of gaining weight and being discovered.
A study includes 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty get aspirin, 20 get a sugar pill that looks like aspirin, and 20 get nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappears. In the other two groups the "cure" rates are 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants are treated identically. This study:
is an experimental study
Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy:
is generally limited to case studies
One who studies the history of the field of abnormal psych MOST likely would compare our current understanding to a book that
is in the process of being written
Evidence of the effectiveness in psychodynamic therapy
is limited to case studies
Defining abnormal behavior, using "the four Ds":
is still often vague and subjective
freud believed that the source of energy that fuels the id
is the libido
One factor that contributed to the decline of moral therapy was
it did not work for everyone
What is the relationship between norepinephrine/cortisol and PTSD?
it is a common hormone that is found in bodies of people who have gone through a traumatic event. Pts with PTSD have higher concentrations of these hormones in urine, blood, and saliva → individuals experience further biochemical arousal which can lead to eventual damage to key parts of the brain (smaller hippocampus)
Anxiety disorders differ from everyday experiences of fear and anxiety in:
it is too severe, too frequent, lasts too long, or is triggered too easily
studies show that if you want the MOST accurate assessment of a psychological disorder, what is better, judgements or clinicians or models and actural tables
judgements of computer models and actuarial tables. they are about 10 percent more accurate.
David Rosenhan sent "pseudopatients" to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that ______ greatly impacts mental illness.
labeling
david rosenhan sent pseudo patients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that____ greatly impacts mental illness.
labeling
Anoxia, one possible source of intellectual developmental disorder, involves brain damage resulting from:
lack of oxygen during or after delivery.
Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common their
lack of strong support from controlled studies
Personality assessment using projective tests is designed to:
learn about unconscious conflicts in the client.
a functional analysis involves
learning about a persons behaviors
A friend of yours is required to take a polygraph test as part of a job application. This requirement is:
legal; in fact, in some employment categories, polygraph use may be on the increase.
a friend of yours is required to tai a polygraph test as a part of a job application. this requirement is
legal; in fact, in some employment categories, polygraph use may be on the increase.
a person diagnosed with body dismorpic disorder receives treatment based upon exposure and response prevention. the person could reasonably expect to experience
less concern about physical defects and less avoidance of social interactions
A person diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder receives treatment based upon exposure and response prevention. The person could reasonably expect to experience:
less concern about physical defects, and less avoidance of social interactions.
Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:
less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, and less likely to receive effective treatment.
Compared to those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries, those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developed countries are:
less likely to recover fully, and more likely to be hospitalized.
about what percentage of american men experience a somatic symptom disorder in a given year?
less than 1 percent
Ellen stopped taking her regular amount of cocaine after using it for months. She will probably experience:
letdown, depressed feelings, and "crashing."
In mindfulness-based therapy techniques, you would be MOST likely to find clients:
letting their thoughts flow, without judgment.
If you are a minority, you are:
likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy.
After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia?
localized
after a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. if such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia?
localized
Give details of the most common type of dissociative amnesia.
localized amnesia: a person loses all memory of events that took place within a certain period of time and almost always begining with some very disturbing occurrence.
divorce
long-term stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide, include all of the following except:
Psychodynamic therapists believe that people with histrionic personality disorder are trying to defend against a deep-seated fear of:
loss
Based on a structured interview, Diagnostician A classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "odd" cluster. Based on another structured interview of the same type, Diagnostician B classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "dramatic" cluster. If what is described here is typical of what happens when that variety of structured interview is used, one would say the structured interview has:
low reliability and low validity
an assessment tool asks individuals to record all the times they feel sad in order to try to measure tendencies toward depression. however, individuals report wide variation from day to day in terms of the number of sad episodes they record. this assessment tool has
low test- retest reliability and high face validity
An assessment tool asks individuals to record all the times they feel sad, in order to try to measure tendencies toward depression. However, individuals report wide variation from day to day in terms of the number of "sad" episodes they record. This assessment tool has:
low test-retest reliability, and high face validity.
In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found at:
lower levels in the stomach, making them more susceptible to getting drunk.
rigidity =
maintain a rigid upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved
Behavior that is psychologically abnormal is called all but which of the following?
mental instability (it is called psychotherapy, mental illness, emotional disturbance)
an interviewer who asks a client where are you now? why are you here? and who are you? is probably conducting a
mental status exam
The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to
merge the sub personalities into a single identity
The treatment mechanism associated with touching a troubled area of a patient's body with a special rod was:
mesmerism
in order to study general effectiveness in treatment smith and glass and their colleagues performed a
meta analysis of many studies
Which of the following medical problems associated with anorexia is MOST likely to lead to death?
metabolic and electrolyte changes
Which of the following medical problems associated with anorexia is MOST likely to lead to death? growth of lanugo amenorrhea skin and nail dryness metabolic and electrolyte changes
metabolic and electrolyte changes
The "club drug" that damages nerve endings and is associated with high rates of HIV-positive tests, but is not considered hallucinogenic, is:
methamphetamine.
death ignorer
miguel lost all of his family when his village was bombed. he throws himself off a cliff to die in order to be reunited with them. miquel is classified as a:
cyclothymic disorders
milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as:
"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
the only test among the following this is not a projective test is the
minnesota multiphastic personality inventory
the cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
misinterpret bodily sensation
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
misinterpret the physiological events that are occurring within their bodies
The test with the highest validity in identifying psychological disturbances is the:
mmpi
"Experiences of observation teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear." The person who believes this espouses the ______ explanation of the development of phobias.
modeling
Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:
modeling
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snake. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:
modeling
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:
modeling
Jamal observes his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, jamal has aquired his lifestyle through the process of
modeling
one of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder had just become a "protector" How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?
moderately far because a protector usually emerges before sub personality integration.
One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?
moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration
According to Freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop
moral anxiety
Alexis has multiple personality disorder. when one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a
mutually amnesic relationship
Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his sub personalities talk about and tattle on each other. this is called a
mutually cognizant pattern
People with ___________ personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others.
narcissistic
The diagnostic features of which of the following personality disorder bear the greatest similarity to people who are diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
narcissistic
"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the most appropriate diagnosis would be:
narcissistic personality disorder.
Although lying, even compulsive lying, is not considered a psychological disorder, it is sometimes characteristic of people with:
narcissistic personality disorder.
Ty is fairly handsome, but not as handsome as he thinks he is. He doesn't care about anyone but himself and is sure that everyone around him feels the same way. He is MOST likely experiencing:
narcissistic personality disorder.
All the opioid drugs are known collectively as
narcotics.
Hippocrates' contribution to the development of understanding mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of
natural causes
the assessment interment MOST likely to be used to detect subtle brain abnormalities is the
neuropsychological test
According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses-- making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals-- are at risk for developing
neurotic anxiety
according to freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses like making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals are at risk for developing:
neurotic anxiety
If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on which of the following?
neurotransmitters in the brain
According to the cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to ____ obsessive thoughts.
neutralize
Advantages of atypical antipsychotic drugs over conventional medications include:
newer medications produce fewer extrapyramidal effects.
Research suggests that people continue to use tobacco despite its health risks because:
nicotine is very addictive.
A person,, years after committing a serious crime, is found living under a false identity over 1,000 miles from where the person used to live. the persons memory of the crime and of other earlier events is intact. most likely this is a case of:
no mental disorder
Studies attempting to relate personality traits to potential for developing substance abuse show that:
no single trait or combination of traits predicts substance abuse.
Experiments are consistent with the ______ approach.
nomothetic
General principles that explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior are called:
nomothetic
If binge eating is followed by a period of strenuous exercise to compensate for the food, the diagnosis is probably:
nonpurging-type bulimia nervosa.
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter:
norepinephrine
Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as:
norms
How difficult is it for a typical person to buy an intelligence test or view Rorschach cards?
not difficult at all; one can buy intelligence test and view cards online
a present day clinician uses terms like demetia and mental retardation for diagnostic categories. that clinician is using terms
not used in the DSM 5 but the previous DSM
How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?
not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies
Early onset Alzheimer's disease may be brought on by all but:
orbital difficulties
a clinician who is using naturalistic observation would be MOST likely to do which of the following?
observe parent-child interactions in the family home
the knowledge that a person a clinician is about to interview has already been diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder could lead to
observer bias
In vicarious conditioning, the client:
observes the therapist who confronts the feared object or situation
Betty has serious, persistent doubts as to whether her gas stove is turned off. This is an example of a(n)
obsession
What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related?
obsession is thought, compulsion is acting upon the thoughts
a professor who becomes anxious unless students sit in alphabetical order, turn in their papers in alphabetical order, and leave tests in that same order is experiencing:
obsession?
Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Todd and has been wondering for years if that was the right thing to do. She is exhibiting:
obsessive doubts
If a professor had the notion that there were germs lurking everywhere, the professor would be experiencing:
obsessive idea
Maxine started worrying about cleanliness when her first child was born. That worry has intensified and she cannot stop thinking that germs lurk everywhere. She is exhibiting a(n):
obsessive idea
Jethro hates his mother-in-law and can't seem to stop imagining her lying in a pool of blood, in pieces. These thoughts are interfering with his daily life. He is exhibiting:
obsessive wishes
The cluster of "anxious" personality disorders includes avoidant, dependent, and __________ personality disorders.
obsessive-compulsive
According to DSM-5, body dysmorphic disorder is MOST closely related to which other psychological disorder?
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Max is upset because he can't stop thinking he is forgetting something and constantly goes back to his apt to check. this is a behavior of:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
When someone checks the stove ten times to make sure it is turned off before leaving in the morning, he or she is exhibiting a(n):
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a college student who is so anxious that he can't function unless his clothes are arranged by color and type in his closet is experiencing:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Immediate stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide include all the following EXCEPT:
occupational stress
1/3
of recovered patients, anorexic behaviors recur usually triggered by new stresses
40 yr old with low serotonin activity
of the following individuals, the one most likely to commit suicide would be a:
Where would one be MOST likely to see the sentence, "Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels"? on a pro-annorexia Web site on a bulimia blog in an obesity prevention program in a treatment program for those with anorexia
on a pro-anorexia web site
a manic phase of bipolar 1 disorder
on an impulse david decides to throw a party. it takes 4 days of work to get ready. then david welcomes 400 guest. when the police stop by, he flies into rage. most likely, david is experiencing:
In the US today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient where?
on the street or in jail
A heroin overdose is likely to occur when
one has been without heroin for a period of time and then takes one's usual dose.
The best example of the sub personalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in their vital statistics occurs when
one personality is a woman and the other is a man
In what proportion of suicides and rapes in the United States does alcoholism play a role?
one-third
Juanita has multiple personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a:
one-way amnesic relationship.
Juanita has multiple personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a
one-way amnestic relationship
The only time that timmy gets attention is when he misbehaves in a bizarre way. this is an example of
operant conditioning
The drug that, when misused, would MOST quickly result in dependence or addiction would be:
opium
The drug which, when misused, would MOST quickly result in dependence or addiction would be:
opium.
Children who argue repeatedly with adults, lose their temper, ignore rules and requests, and blame others for their mistakes and problems might best be diagnosed with:
oppositional defiant disorder.
If a child with conduct disorder displays openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors, which pattern of the disorder would that child be displaying?
overt-destructive
Rosa's heart was racing from the four cups of coffee she had just finished, but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a:
panic attack
You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a:
panic attack
You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If what is happening is not a heart attack but an indicator of an anxiety disorder, the person is MOST likely experiencing a:
panic attack
Antidepressants and alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating:
panic attacks
A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:
panic disorder
What is the relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia?
panic disorder usually → development of agoraphobia. fear of panic attack→ not wanting to experience it→ agoraphobia.
a person who frequently experiences terror attacks, and goes to the ER complaining of shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and feelings of impending death, although nothing is medically wrong is experiencing:
panic disorder without agoraphobia
In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as
paradigms
The basic structure of personality may consist of five "supertraits," which do not include:
paranoia
The "odd" cluster of personality disorders consists of which personality disorders?
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Fetishtic Disorder
paraphilic disorder consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving objector nongenital part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli.
Which would lead to the most reliable diagnosis of ADHD?
parent and teacher reports, clinical observations, interviews, psychological tests, and rating scales
hypothalamus
part of the brain that regulates many bodily functions
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of managed care programs?
patient choice in number of sessions that therapy can last
Which group of older persons has the highest rate of problem drinking?
patients in nursing homes
Catatonia =
pattern of extreme psychomotor sx found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor rigidity, or posturing
One of the features of Alcoholics Anonymous is:
peer support.
A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the time Freud was practicing is that
people are more likely to receive treatment for "problems in living"
What is the relationship between stress disorders and anxiety/external locus-of-control regarding negative events?
people feel stressed when they feel they have no control over the situation, sense of helplessness.
the proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between deviant religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that
people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier
what they eat
people who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of neg effects should make the greatest changes in what aspect of their life
According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:
people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.
As a political protest, two activists leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. Those MOST at risk for modeling these suicides are:
people with a history of emotional problems.
Cognitive Factors
people with these disorder judge themselves. "core pathology", give rise to all other features of the disorders. cognitive-behavioral therapies are among the most widely used of all treatments for eating disorders.
Partial hospitalization:
person is able to go to facility for the day and go home at night to sleep. Offers all-day programs, supervision, therapy, and programs to help improve social skills.
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior is known as a:
personality disorder
Clients check off either "applies" or "does not apply" to a series of 200 items dealing with what they do and what they think in a variety of situations. The kind of test they are taking MOST likely is a
personality inventory
Enduring and predictable behavioral consistencies are often called:
personality traits
The consistencies of one's characteristics are called:
personality traits
A lasting and groundless fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called:
phobia
Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:
phobias
systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of
phobias
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called
phobic disorder
an intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear, to the point of interfering with the life of the person called
phobic disorder
artifact theory
pierre feels terrible, sad, tired, and depressed.. but he refuses to show it. this is consistent with the:
2-7%
population display binge eating disorder
Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect are examples of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
positive
Millie sees pretty colored butterflies on all the walls. She also hears gentle music, which is not actually there. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
positive
If a university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential, physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to
positive psychology programs
While Type I schizophrenia is dominated by ______ symptoms, Type II schizophrenia is dominated by ______ symptoms.
positive; negative
Raphael was outside the WTC when it exploded. Ever since he has periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of:
post-traumatic stress disorder
If a person wants a career focused on detecting, assesing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, that person should look into becoming a clinical:
practitioner
A new assessment tool does a good job of differentiating those who later will be depressed and those who will not be depressed, and it produces results similar to those of other tools measuring depression. Therefore, the new assessment tool has good:
predictive validity
a test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. of the 100 people the test identifies 93 show signs of developing schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high
predictive validity
What is the primary reason that people with schizoid personality disorder avoid social contact?
preference to be alone
Among the most important structures in short-term memory are the __________ lobes.
prefrontal lobes
In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on:
prejudice and discrimination faced by women
People with one of the "odd" clusters of personality disorders often qualify for an additional diagnosis of:
schizophrenia
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the ______ explanation of phobias.
preparedness
The total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the:
prevalence
Which pair of words BEST describes the current emphasis in mental health?
prevention and positive psychology
According to the psychodynamic view, conversion disorder symptoms function to keep unacceptable thought and conflicts out of consciousness. This is called:
primary gain
According to the psychodynamic view, conversion disorder symptoms function to keep unacceptable thoughts and conflicts out of unconsciousness. this is called
primary gain
Which statement BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances?
private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment
Before the 1950s, almost all outpatient care for psychological disturbances took the form of:
private psychotherapy
According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really
problems in living
According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really:
problems in living
The use of methadone in drug maintenance programs is controversial because methadone:
produces withdrawal symptoms sometimes worse than heroin withdrawal symptoms.
When Mark, who suffers from an autism spectrum disorder, was hungry he looked at his mother and asked "Do you want dinner?" This reversal of pronouns is referred to as:
pronominal reversal
When new information is acquired and stored, certain _________ must be produced in key brain cells.
proteins
Insurance parity laws are concerned with:
providing equal coverage for mental and medical problems.
What is the term for studies that have the structure of experiments except that they use groups that already exist, instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups?
quasi-experiments
Describe a Normalization Program.
provision of normal living conditions. essentially, provide maslows hierarchy of needs. Reforms have led to the creation of small institutions and other community residences that teach self-sufficiency, devote more staff time to patient care, and offer educational and medical services. Attempt to provide living developmental experiences, including opportunities for self-determination, sexual fulfillment, and economic freedom.
The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is:
psychiatric social work
Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of
psychoanalysis
Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:
psychoanalysis
Which sequence is correct in terms of prominence of mental health treatments in the US during the 20th century and beyond?
psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive, sociocultural
Why might psychodynamic tx be especially effective for Dissociative disorders?
psychodynaic helps them recall repressed emotions, memories and events to help them deal with it better.
Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?
psychodynamic
Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders are overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?
psychodynamic
a general term used for theories such as freuds, alders, and junks is
psychodynamic
the model MOST likely to suggest using free association t uncover unconscious process is the ___model
psychodynamic
The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:
psychodynamic model
A patient participates in weekly therapy for several years, gradually becoming aware of the impact of early life events on present functioning. The form of psychotherapy the patient is receiving is called
psychodynamic therapy
Psychodynamic therapy may be particularly effective in the treatment of dissociative disorders because:
psychodynamic therapy often tries to recover lost memories
Bernheim and Liebault used hypnotic suggestion to induce hysterical disorders in "normal" people, providing support for the
psychogenic perspective
Which of the following occupations has a particularly high rate of suicide?
psychologists
youssef is the kind of person who breaks laws and rules with no feeling of guilt and is emotionally shallow. he would probably score high on the MMPI-1 scale called
psychopathic deviate
a person who primarily prescribes medication but does not conduct psychotherapy is called a
psychopharmacologist
a psychiatrist says... i am a strong believer in a combined approach to therapy, in fact i participate in combined approaches... based on statement the most likely speciality of the psychiatrist is
psychopharmacology
a client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. the type of clinical test being used is
psychophysiological
a client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure, after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. The type of clinical test being used is
psychophysiological
Bipolar Disorder Treatment
psychotropic drugs, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants (indefinite duration, 60% improve)
Tx for biological
psychotropic medications, ECT, or surgery
Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:
psychotropics
Agoraphobia is the fear of
public places
People with alexithymia are NOT able to:
put descriptive labels on what they are feeling.
In the past, dissociative identity disorder was most likely "misdiagnosed" as
schizophrenia
Not all participants are the same. Researchers use ______ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation.
random assignment
Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n):
rap group
the movement that has tried to find the common strategies that good therapists use is called
rapproachment
the movement that has tried to find the common strategies that "good" therapists used is called:
rapprochement
The movement that has tried to find the common strategies that "good" therapists use is called:
rapprochement.
In order to change the high rates of obesity among U.S. children and adolescents, which of the following should be addressed?
rates of exercise and dietary habits
Which is NOT a biological treatment for generalized anxiety?
rational emotive therapy
If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge his faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using
rational-emotive therapy
If your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:
rational-emotive therapy
The therapy for GAD developed by Albert Ellis is called:
rational-emotive therapy
if your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your maladaptive assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:
rational-emotive therapy
What is the best tx for social anxiety disorder (be sure to include comparisons with drug therapy)?
rational-emotive therapy and other cog approaches.. Antidepressants used for SAD (<--guys mnemonic) works best when in combination.
A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's:
reaction formation
Imagine that you know you are being observed and you change your behavior in order to make a good impression. This is known as:
reactivity
While someone is watching, Jennifer actually eats fewer sweets than usual. This tendency to decrease a behavior while being observed is an example of:
reactivity
imagine that you know you are being observed and you change your behavior in order to make a good impression. This is known as
reactivity
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy:
receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.
imagine someone gets hit in the nose by a batted ball. The latest research suggest that swearing will
reduce pain
restricting-type anorexia nervosa
reduce weight by restricting intake of food
Which of the following is not one of the biological factors that are common to people with schizophrenia and people with schizotypal personality disorder?
reduced activity of serotonin
which of the following is not a procedure that DSM 5 develops relied on to improve reliability
reducing substantially the number of different diagnostic categories
Deperonalization______, while derealization_____.
refers to oneself; refers to the external world
a therapist treating an individual with a conversion disorder works to reduce pleasurable outcomes associated with being sick, while increasing pleasurable outcomes associated with being well. This technique is called:
reinforcement
Jason, a recovering heavy drinker, has been trained to identify the situations that might cause him to drink and to be aware of when he should stop drinking. This approach is known as:
relapse-prevention training
A client receiving treatment for substance abuse keeps track of the times she uses it and develops strategies to avoid the substance when there is an opportunity to use it. The client is MOST likely receiving:
relapse-prevention training.
When children or adolescents cause a peer to be socially isolated, spread rumors about them, and manipulate their friendships, they are engaging in __________ aggression.
relational
The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that
relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are
which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today?
relaxation therapy
"Please flex your biceps. Now release your biceps. Now flex your thigh. Now release it." These statements might be made by a therapist using:
relaxation training
A friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based upon present research, your best answer is:
relaxation training
The first step in treatment of systematic desensitization is:
relaxation training
Because alcohol binds to neurons that normally receive the neurotransmitter GABA, it is not surprising that alcohol:
relaxes people
dr ross and dr carman agree that suzette is suffering from post traumatic stress disorder
reliability
binge eating disorder
repeated eating binges, feel no control over their eating. do not perform inappropriate compensatory behavior. 2/3 people become overweight or even obese.
bulimia nervosa or binge-purge syndrome
repeated episodes of uncontrollable overeating or binges: occurs over a limited period of time (a week to3 months).
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can lead to entrapment at a developmental level. This is called:
repression
Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from:
repression
it was convenient when Rowena awoke blind. she has been terrified about testifying and now she did not have to. This is an example of
repression
psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from:
repression
Symptoms of which disorder have been found to lessen in later life?
schizophrenia
After medical school a psychiatrist receives 3-4 years of training in treatment of abnormal functioning called
residency
After medical school a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning; this training is called a(n):
residency
Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:
resistance
which of the following is a valid critique of the use of response inventories?
response inventories are improvised as the need arises and are not well tested
anorexia nervosa
restricting nourishment, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body perception, undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low weight.
The preoccupation with food characteristic of anorexia nervosa is thought to
result from starvation.
gathering information about a suicide victims past
retrospective analysis involves:
A researcher works to reduce the amount of disruptive talking a child does in school. The researcher first measures the disruptive talking frequency, then institutes treatment, while continuing to measure the behavior. Later, treatment is removed, as measurement continues. Finally the researcher re-introduces the treatment. This type of study is a:
reversal design
Which of the following is the best example of the nomothetic approach?
review of records to see if autism runs in families in general
Which of the following illnesses is least likely to develop in later life?
schizophrenia
lithium
rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high flying enthusiam. she never hits the middle. her physician is most like to recommend treatment using
Internal validity reflects how well a study:
rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied.
The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are MOST often characterized as:
sad and hopeless.
A middle-aged individual shows many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and at the same time often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. This is an example of:
schizoaffective disorder
People with _________ personality disorder persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion.
schizoid
When Selina sees a report of a train wreck on television, she thinks that it is a sign that she should not take the train to work the next day and so decides to take the bus instead. If she has a diagnosable personality disorder, it is MOST likely:
schizotypal personality disorder.
If a mans behavior elicited kindness and sympathy from his wife when he was mute, he would be receiving_____ gains from his behavior
secondary
endogenous depression
seems to be a response to internal factors
What generally happens in the thalamus and the hypothalamus of an individual with Alzheimer's disease?
selected neurons shrink or die
humanists would say that an individual who cares about others is spontaneous courageous and independent is
self actualizing
an institutionalized individual behaving abnormally says the doctor claims I'm schizophrenic. how else would you expect me to act the individuals comments reflect
self fulfilling prophecy
If you believe that you can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary, Bandura would say that you had a positive sense of:
self-efficacy
Which of the following would you NOT be surprised to find someone with Anorexia Nervosa experiencing? self-esteem anxiety depression substance abuse obsessive-compulsive disorder schizophrenia personality disorder
self-esteem anxiety depression obsessive-compulsive disorder
Of the following alternatives, the MOST commonly-used form of treatment for a substance abuse disorder is:
self-help groups.
a child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse and insensitive to the physical abuse. as if the child simply wasn't there experiencing the abuse. One explanation of this behavior is
self-hypnosis
a client reports having infrequent but extremely disturbing tactile hallucinations. The MOST useful of the following ways to gather information about this person would be to involve
self-monitoring
a client reports having infrequent, but extremely disturbing, tactile hallucinations. The MOST useful of the following ways to gather information about this person would involve:
self-monitoring
the neurotransmitter implicated in the control of obsessive-compulsive disorder is:
serotonin
Which is not given as a theory for why people with antisocial personality disorder experience less anxiety than other people?
slow EKG waves
A woman reports having vivid sexual fantasies, yet is unable to experience either clitoral or labial swelling, or vaginal lubrication. The MOST likely diagnosis for this woman would be:
sexual interest arousal disorder
Which is not a personality tendency that would be included in the new DSM-5 diagnosis that is called personality disorder trait specified (PDTS), according to your chapter?
sexual promiscuity
"Let's just do away with diagnosis," says a clinician, "all we do is make things worse." That clinician's viewpoint is:
shared by SOME of those working in the area of abnormality.
lets just do away with diagnosis says a clinician/ all we do is making things worse. that clinicians view point is
shared by some of those working in the area of abnormality
Several people with schizophrenia work at a recycling center, where on-time behavior is expected, and payment is made solely for work completed. The people do not compete with each other. MOST likely, this work takes place at a:
sheltered workshop
if a client centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman the therapist would try to
show unconditional positive regard for her statements
Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder:
shows improvement that often continues indefinitely.
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
side areas, produces hunger when it's activated.
lanugo
silky hair covering face and arms
Cocaine and amphetamines produce:
similar behavioral effects, and similar emotional effects
Researchers have found that substance use disorders are more common among some religious groups than others, and in general, are more common among some groups than among others. Together, these findings provide the MOST support for which view of substance abuse disorders?
sociocultural
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ______ perspective.
sociocultural
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ___________ perspective
sociocultural
The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a clients family structure societal norms and a clients roles in societies is
sociocultural
if a clinician is particularly interested in a clients family background and community influences, MOST likely that clinicians orientation is
sociocultural
one who believes the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which of the following paradigms
sociocultural
someone interested in the effects of culture, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders, probably represents the _____perspective.
sociocultural
Mild intellectual developmental disorder is linked mainly to:
sociocultural and psychological causes.
MOST cases of mild intellectual developmental disorder seem to be related to:
sociocultural and psychological factors.
The model of abnormality that examines the effets of society and culture is the
sociocultural model
Madeline appeared at the clinic complaining of pain in her knee, shoulder, and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, and exhaustion. The patient history revealed that she had been going to clinics for years trying to get treatment for these complaints and a host of other physical symptoms. The diagnostic consensus was that Madeline suffered from:
somatic symptom disorder
A woman has experienced a wide range of vague but disturbing physical symptoms over a period of several years, Doctors cannot find a cause for the problems; medically the woman appears normal. Based on this information, the BEST diagnosis would be
somatic symptom disorder ( somatization disorder)
A patient with a heart condition complained of adhesions from his postoperative scar, leg cramps, and joint stiffness. He seemed to be hurting all over, but no medical reason could be found to explain the symptoms. The best diagnosis for this disorder is:
somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern)
If a person complains of a wide variety of physical symptoms over a period of time in the absence of a physical basis for the symptoms, the diagnosis would likely be
somatization disorder
if a person complains of a wide variety of physical symptoms over a period of time in the absence of a physical basis for the symptoms, the diagnosis would most likely be
somatization disorder
Abnormalities that are thought to have both biological and psychological causes are:
somatoform disorders
abnormalities that are thought to have both biological and psychological causes are
somatoform disorders
Abnormal psychological functioning that is caused by physical factors (person with AIDS has psych abnormality)
somatogenic
Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as:
somatogenic
If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then:
some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.
Research shows that danger to self or others is found in:
some, not most, cases of abnormal functioning
bipolar 2 rapid cycling
someone who experiences a half dozen alternatives between mild mania and major depression within a 1 year time spam would be classified as
Which person would NOT be considered abnormal, despite dysfunctional behavior?
someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice
Which depressed person would be the LEAST likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder, because of specific circumstances?
someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado
Surveys have found that 43 percent of people today believe that mental illness is caused by
something people bring on themself
Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is:
standardization
another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is
standardization
Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in:
state dependent learning
The work of Dorothea Dix led to the establishment of many _____________ around the country.
state hospitals
Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on
state-dependant learning
As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range of scores within a group is small, then the results are likely to be:
statistically significant
The drug used to tx AD/HD is classified as a _________.
stimulant (methylphenidate=Ritalin)
Karen gets bitten by a pony and is afraid of a Great dane. Her fear of the dog is an example of
stimulus generalization
Karen was bit by a tan pony. She was then afraid of the tan Great Dane. Fear of this dog is an example of:
stimulus generalization
little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The incident left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who has a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Fear of this dog is an example of:
stimulus generalization
catatonic stupor =
stop responding to their environment remaining motionless and silent for long stretches of time
Cognitive researchers have found that lives full of anxiety most often are associated with:
stressful events
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-5) was developed by:
the American Psychiatric Association.
Which of the following treatments for conduct disorder involves group therapy where children might work with others who have similar problems?
the Anger Coping and Coping Power Program
Which of the following is most likely to be used to assess psychological impairment following neurological damage?
the Luria-Nebraska Battery
If you went to a meeting of a group lobbying for better care for the mentally ill and made up primarily of family members of people with severe mental disorders, you would probably be attending:
the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill.
What characteristic is MOST common to both self hypnosis and dissociative identity disorder?
the ability to escape threatening events
when a person has organic brain impairment, that person would most likely have difficulty
the bender visual motor gestalt test
drug therapy, accompanied by pyschotherapy
the best treatment recommendation you can give someone experiencing bi polar disorder is
metabolic rate
the body expends energy
biological
the strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders best support which theoretical perspective?
Methods of supplying nicotine to those who are trying to quit smoking include all of the following EXCEPT:
the subcutaneous nicotine pump
Methods of supplying nicotine to those who are trying to quit smoking include all of the following except:
the subcutaneous nicotine pump.
Why might the suicide rate among elderly Native Americans be low?
the value the culture places on the elderly
Somatogenic perspective
the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes.
Psychogenic perspective
the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological.
Biological Factors
theorists suspect that certain genes may leave some persons particularly susceptible to eating disorder. relatives are six times more likely to develop these disorders
Research on the cause of Alzheimer's disease has led to the conclusion that:
there appears to be a significant hereditary component, but this does not fully explain its onset.
Challenges faced by clinical researchers include all of the following EXCEPT:
there are very few graduate students trained in clinical research.
Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:
there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.
which of the following is true of psychological conflicts according to psychoanalysis
they are tied to experiences in early life
Why do some individuals with PTSD experience "guilt?"
they feel guilt for the surviving the traumtic event while others may not of.
Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because
they freely choose and enjoy their behavior
Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:
they freely choose and enjoy their behavior
Women tolerate alcohol LESS well than men because:
they have less of a stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol.
Psychotropic drugs use
they limit benefit over the long-term course of anorexia
studies of diagnostic conclusions made by clinicians show that
they pay too much attention to some of the information and too little to other information
according to psychoanalytic theory which of the following is TRUE regarding dreams?
they reflect our unconscious desires and needs
which of the following hypotheses used to explain dissociative disorders is shared by psychodynamic and behavioral theorists
they serve to help someone escape something unpleasant
What characteristic is most common to both "self-hypnosis" and DID?
they use concept of self hypnosis to escape their threatening world and mentally separating themselves from their bodies and fulfilling their wish to be someone else.
Clinical theorist Jerome Frank would say that all forms of therapy include all of the following EXCEPT a:
third-party payer
According to behaviorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors?
those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus reinforced
Give examples of how social support is helpful to someone who has experienced something traumatic.
those who feel loved, cared for and valued, and accepted by their friends and relatives, recover more successfully.
which of the following is true about factitious disorders?
those with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness
People who experience obsession show:
thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them
Mindblindness
to have a great difficulty taking part in make-believe play, using language in ways that include the perspective of others, developing relationships, or participating in human interactions
The most successful way to eliminate tardive dyskinesia is:
to stop the antipsychotic medication.
A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n):
touching compulsion
A friend of yours says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of thins, then everything will be okay." From a cognitive perspective, your friend is:
using neutralizing techniques
The lack of consensus about the correct diagnosis of personality disorders questions the _______ of the DSM categories.
validity and reliability
Somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to be MOST successful was the use of
various medications
A person quite suddenly begins to show specific cognitive impairment and difficulty in speaking, yet other cognitive functions appear normal. MOST likely, that person is experiencing:
vascular neurocognitive disorder.
During a recent ambulance call, an EMT provided patient care for someone who had substance use disorder involving cocaine. The only treatment the person received was in a hospital emergency room (ER). If this is the only treatment the person received, that is:
very unusual; most of those with substance use disorders get something besides ER treatment
At a workshop about multiple personality disorder, a therapist says, "in my experience, one integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen" this therapists experience is
very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration
If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving:
vicarious conditioning
One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called:
vicarious conditioning
The ________ explanation or theory for Alzheimer's disease is linked to the resemblance of Alzheimer's disease to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
viral
current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to
viral infection in utero
The finding that the HIGHEST rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?
viral theory
A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the ____ technique.
virtual reality
People experiencing mania :
want excitement and companionship
a failed attempt to commit suicide
what is parasuicide
which of the following is the best conclusion you could draw about the effectiveness of the various assessment techniques?
when all is said and done no technique stands out as superior
Criminal commitment:
when people accused of crimes are judged to be mentally unstable, they are usually sent to a mental institution for treatment. Not guilty by reason of insanity: individuals are judged mentally unstable at the time of their crimes, and so are innocent of wrong doing. They are committed for treatment until they are no longer INSANE
