Abnormal Psychology chapter 9

4 kinds of evidence of depression

1) they qualify for clinical diagnosis of depression 2) close relatives of people with eating disorders have higher rate of depressive disorders 3)have low activity of neurotransmitter serotonin 4) people are helped by same antidepresant drugs that reduce depression

What is Binge-Eating Disorder? (4)

1. A disorder characterized by recurrent eating binges without purging 2. classified as a potential disorder requiring further study. DSM manual as a potential disorder requiring further study. 3.Too little is known about the characteristics of people with BED to include it as an official diagnostic category. 4. more common than either anorexia or bulimia, affecting about 3% of women and 2% of men at some point in their lives.

six physical effects of bulimia?

1. IPECAC SYRUP, if used regularly to induce vomiting, has toxic effects 2. Dental decay 3. Enlarged salivary glands 4. Menstrual irregularity is common. 5. LAXATIVES, DIURETICS, and DIET PILLS also have toxic effects over time 6. Gastrointestinal damage may be permanent

Anorexia is characterized by...(4)

1. Refuse/unable to maintain 85% of expected weight for frame, height. 2. Intense fear of gaining weight, though underweight. 3. Distorted perception of weight or body shape. 4. Absence of 3 or more menstrual cycles

Bulimia is characterized by...(5)

1.eating large amounts of food during a 2-hour period or less 2.loss of control over food intake 3.engaging in behaviors to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise, or abuse of diuretics, laxatives, or enemas 4.average of at least 1 binge-purge episode per week for at least 3 consecutive months 5.concern with one's shape and body weight

Bulimia nervosa and identical twins

23% percent fraternal 9%

What are the two subtypes of anorexia?

A binge eating/purging type and a restrictive type

Define: Hypersomnolence Disorder (2)

A pattern of excessive sleepiness during the day. The excessive sleepiness (sometimes referred to as "sleep drunkenness") may take the form of difficulty awakening following a prolonged sleep period (typically 8 to 12 hours).

What is Nightmare Disorder? (2)

A sleep disorder characterized by recurrent awakenings due to frightening nightmares. Nightmares are often associated with traumatic experiences and generally occur most often when the individual is under stress.

Define: Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden, irresistible episodes of sleep. They remain asleep for about 15 minutes. The person can be in the midst of a conversation at one moment and slump to the floor fast asleep a moment later.

Difference between anorexia and bulimia?

Anorexics have distorted body image, bulimics have accurate body image; anorexics significantly below normal weight, bulimic's weight is average or above-average.

The three theories of eating disorders? (biological, psychological, sociocultural)

BIOLOGICAL - Altered dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems. PSYCHOLOGICAL - Turn to food to escape inner turmoil and pain; from cognitive standpoint, over time get trapped in eating patterns. SOCIOCULTURAL - Dysfunctional family functioning and societal obsession with food.

The pressure and pain of having an eating disorder may

CAUSE depression

Treatment for BED?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown therapeutic benefits in treating binge-eating disorder and is now recognized as the treatment of choice.

Define: Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by an inability to maintain normal weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body perception.

Define: Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving alternation between eating large amounts of food in a short time, then compensating by vomiting or other extreme actions to avoid weight gain.

Define: Insomnia and insomnia disorder

Insomnia - Difficulties falling asleep, remaining asleep, or achieving restorative sleep. Insomnia disorder- A sleep disorder characterized by chronic or persistent insomnia not caused by another psychological or physical disorder or by the effects of drugs or medications. ***Chronic insomnia lasting three months or longer is often a sign of an underlying physical problem or a psychological disorder, such as depression, substance abuse, or physical illness.

What are the three types of Sleep-Wake disorders?

Insomnia disorder Hypersomnolence disorder Narcolepsy

Two types of treatment for eating disorders?

Medication: Fluoxetine (Prozac) can help control relapse, maintain weight gains, and reduce other symptoms PSYCHOTHERAPY Cognitive/Behavioral: Establish good eating patterns; self-monitoring techniques; learn self-control, problem-solving, cognitive-restructuring. Interpersonal Therapy: Therapy focuses on helping the client cope with stress in interpersonal situations and with feelings of low self-esteem. Family Therapy: A review of research indicates that involvement of the parents and the teen is sufficient to bring about positive change.

The two subtypes of Bulimia?

PURGING TYPE - try to force out of their bodies what they've just eaten by NONPURGING TYPE - try to compensate by fasting or overexercising. **Some people with anorexia nervosa also engage in compensating behaviors, but their primary symptom is that they starve themselves

Define: Sleep-Wake disorders (2)

Persistent or recurrent sleep-related problems that cause distress or impaired functioning. People with sleep disorders may spend a few nights at a sleep center, where they are wired to devices that track their physiological responses during sleep or attempted sleep—brain waves, heart and respiration rates, and so on.

What happens during multifamily therapy?

Several families participate in group sessions together.

Criteria to diagnose Narcolepsy? (3)

The diagnosis is made when sleep attacks occur daily for a period of 3 months or longer and occur in conjunction with one or both of the following conditions: a) Cataplexy (a sudden loss of muscular control) b) Intrusions of REM sleep in the transitional state between wakefulness and sleep

Are anorexia nervosa and bulmia nervosa more common in Western countries?

True

Four characteristics of sleep terrors?

Typically begin with a loud, piercing cry or scream in the night. The child (most cases involve children) may be sitting up, appearing frightened and showing signs of extreme arousal—profuse sweating with rapid heartbeat and respiration. The child may start talking incoherently or thrash about wildly but remain asleep. These terrifying attacks, called sleep terrors, are more intense than ordinary nightmares. Unlike nightmares, sleep terrors tend to occur during the first third of nightly sleep and during deep, non-REM sleep.

Three examples of physical effects of anorexia?

Yellowing of the skin. Impaired organ functioning. Death (1 in 10) as a result of starvation, medical complications, or suicide

effective parents

accurately attend to their child's needs giving them food when they are crying from hunger and comfort when in fear

Biological: If one identical twin has anorexia nervosa the other twin also develps the disorder in

as many as 70% of cases vs. fraternal twins (20%)

Biological approaches for sleep disorders? (3)

benzodiazepines (for example, Valium and Ativan). Sleep medications can also produce chemical dependence if used regularly over time and can lead to tolerance (Pollack, 2004a). Zolpidem (trade name Ambien) has also been effective to treat insomnia (Roth et al., 2006).

Two brain chemicals are the natural appetites suppressants

cholecystokinin glucagon-like peptide-1

Binge eating disorder is a

clinical syndrome

Most effective treatment in eating disorders

cognitive behavioral

Those with eating disorders particularly bulimia nervosa

experience symptoms of depression

ineffective parents

fail to attend to needs children are hungry cold and tired without correctly interpreting child's condition

enmeshed family pattern

family members are overinvolved in each other's affairs and overconcerned with details of each other's lives clingy and foster dependency *often leads to eating disorders*

75% of persons with builimia nervosa

have recovered either fully or partially

multidimensional risk perspective

identify several key factors that place individuals at risk for these disorders

Peoplew eating disorder perceive internal cues including emotional cues

inaccurately when they are angry/upset they also think they are hungry

Are there large gender differences in binge eating disorder

no

ego deficiencies

poor sense of independence and control lead to disordered eating

lateral hypothalamus

produces hunger when it is activated

Supportive nursing care

programs patients usually gain the necessary weight over 8 to 12 weeks

ventromedial hypothalamus

reduces hunger when it is activated

Hypothalamus

regulates many bodily functions

weight set point

reponsible for keeping an individual at a particular weight level genetic inheritance and early eating practices determine WSP

What are Breathing-related sleep disorders and the most common one?

sleep disorder in which sleep is repeatedly disrupted by difficulty with breathing normally. sleep apnea hypopnea, which involves repeated episodes of either complete or partial obstruction of breathing during sleep

Treatment for sleep disorders?

sleep medications. **However, because of problems associated with these drugs, nonpharmacological treatment approaches, principally cognitive-behavioral therapy, have come to the fore.

TRUE OR FALSE: People with BED tend to have higher levels of depression and showed more disturbed eating behavior

true

Eating Disorders treatment Anorexia Nervosa

tube and intravenous feedings reward system supportive nursing care

40 percent of clients with bulimia nervosa

who receive treatment see significant improvement 40% show moderate improvement 20% show little immediate improvement