Abnormal Psychology
The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A) the number of depressive and manic episodes. B) the severity of the manic episodes. C) the number of depressive episodes. D) the seasonal variation in the episodes
B
The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy for unipolar depression is limited because: A) very few depressed people have experienced a real or imagined (symbolic) loss. B) depressed patients may not have the energy to engage in a verbal approach that depends on the development of insight. C) it lasts for a shorter amount of time than other therapies giving patients less time to make progress. D) psychodynamic therapists do not believe that they are able to evaluate whether their patients are making progress or not.
B
What percentage of rape victims qualified for diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum, et al.'s study (1992)? A) 12% B) 94% C) 43% D) 76%
B
Electroconvulsive therapy would be most legitimately recommended when: A) suicide is not judged to be a significant risk. B) the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs. C) the patient first comes to therapy. D) depression is mild to moderate.
B
Gwendolyn is held up at knifepoint and her young son is kidnapped. Eventually, her son is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of: A) generalized amnesia. B) selective amnesia. C) localized amnesia. D) continuous amnesia.
A
Having frequent headaches is a(n) ______ symptom of depression. A) physical B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational
A
A 12-year-old middle-school European-American girl from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her characteristics is most unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis? A) her age B) her ethnicity C) her gender D) her socioeconomic background
A
A combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder would be likely to experience all of the following except: A) antipsychotic medication. B) family therapy. C) rap groups. D) exposure therapy.
A
A patient with chronic inflammation throughout his body most likely also has: A) high levels of C-reactive protein. B) a low level of cytokines. C) poor diet and exercise habits. D) an immune system that is functioning well.
A
Based on the research to date, a cancer patient has the best shot at overcoming the disease by: A) raging against the unfairness of this happening in the first place. B) letting control of medical treatment rest solely in the hands of those who are most knowledgeable about the disease. C) trying to remain cool, calm, and collected, and not getting angry about having cancer. D) accepting that your thoughts about the disease don't matter since only medical procedures have a bearing on cancer recovery.
A
Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A
Fear differs from anxiety in that: A) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. C) anxiety is to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat. D) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague.
A
Generalized anxiety disorder is more common: A) in African Americans than in white Americans. B) in men than in women. C) years after rather than immediately after traumatic events. D) in wealthy people than in poor people.
A
If a study showed that both monozygotic and dizygotic twins ran about a 10% chance of having unipolar depression if their twin had unipolar depression, this would provide: A) very little support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression. B) moderate support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression. C) strong support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression. D) near-certain support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
A
Mary Ann experiences a mugging and robbery in which her prized poodle is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of: A) localized amnesia. B) continuous amnesia. C) selective amnesia. D) generalized amnesia.
A
Studies show that less than 10% of people who experience major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression? A) almost none—about 10% of adults in the U.S. experience some level of clinical depression each year B) some—about 5% of adults in the U.S. experience some level of clinical depression each year C) strong—about 2% of adults in the U.S. experience some level of clinical depression each year D) very strong—only about 1% of adults in the U.S. experience some level of clinical depression each year
A
The heart patient complained of adhesions from the scar, leg cramps, and joint stiffness. He seemed to be hurting all over, but no medical reason could be found to explain the symptoms. The best diagnosis for this disorder is: A) pain disorder associated with psychological factors. B) somatization disorder. C) preoccupation disorder. D) conversion disorder.
A
The key emotions in mood disorders are: A) sadness and euphoria. B) helplessness and hopelessness. C) cyclothymia and dysthymia. D) self-denial and self-aggrandizement.
A
Which of the following is true about malingering and factitious disorders? A) Malingerers are trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness. B) Malingerers and those with factitious disorders have no control over their behavior. C) Hysterical and factitious disorders are identical. D) Those with factitious disorders do not intentionally create illness
A
Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) No therapy has emerged as particularly effective for treating depersonalization disorder. B) Most cases of depersonalization disorder are associated with changes in brain activity. C) The presence of severe stressors in one's life is not a predictor of depersonalization disorder. D) Depersonalization disorder rarely occurs transiently.
A
Which of the following would be a motivational symptom of depression? A) lack of desire to eat B) a negative view of oneself C) experiences of sadness and anger D) staying in bed for hours during the day
A
Which of these statements would not reflect a part of the cognitive triad? A) Everyone is out to get me. B) Life is just too overwhelming. C) I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. D) I just can't go on.
A
While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example? A) the trees B) the lightning C) the rain storm D) the feelings of fear
A
You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A) panic attack. B) phobia. C) obsessive-compulsive response. D) posttraumatic disorder.
A
n the past 20 years, public interest in somatoform and dissociative disorders has: A) increased, although therapy effectiveness has not increased. B) decreased, and therapy effectiveness has not increased. C) decreased, although therapy effectiveness has increased. D) increased, as has therapy effectiveness.
A
A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ______symptoms. A) emotional B) cognitive C) motivational D) behavioral
B
A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects is displaying: A) metaworry. B) irrational assumption. C) compulsion. D) condition of worth.
B
A person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of: A) interpersonal loss. B) interpersonal deficits. C) interpersonal role transition. D) interpersonal role dispute.
B
A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of: A) psychodynamic therapy. B) behavioral therapy. C) humanistic therapy. D) cognitive therapy.
B
About what proportion of the normal population become irritated if forced to depart from their normal routine? A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80%
B
Among the reasons cited for so many college students experiencing emotional problems are all of the following except: A) psychiatric medication that allows more students with serious problems to go to college. B) a lack of sensitivity to the issue by admissions counselors. C) burnout from the competitive admissions process. D) excessive pressure to do well and get into a top college
B
I have just arrived in a city where I know no one, and English is not spoken by very many people. I feel as though my mind is separating from my body, that I am actually observing myself do things. What I am experiencing is: A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) temporary depersonalization. C) transient posttraumatic distress. D) depersonalization disorder.
B
If a person were experiencing numerous physical complaints, visiting doctors frequently, and expressed great concern about normal bodily symptoms, one would most likely suspect: A) body dysmorphic disorder. B) hypochondriasis. C) somatization. D) pain disorder associated with psychological factors.
B
If a professor had the notion that there were germs lurking everywhere, on papers students handed in, on books checked out of the library, on the chalk left by the previous teacher, the professor would be experiencing: A) obsessive wishes. B) obsessive ideas. C) obsessive images. D) obsessive doubt.
B
If you are receiving therapy designed to teach you and your spouse specific communication and problem-solving skills, your therapist is practicing: A) role transition therapy. B) behavioral marital therapy. C) psychoeducational therapy. D) premarital instructional therapy.
B
In cognitive behavior therapy, the process of altering or challenging primary attitudes is similar to: A) increasing positive reinforcements. B) conducting an experiment. C) identifying distorted thinking. D) increasing daily activities.
B
More women than men experience all of the following anxiety disorders except: A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) panic disorder. D) specific phobia.
B
Obesity and lack of exercise have been linked most closely to which of the following psychophysiological disorders? A) ulcers B) coronary heart disease C) muscle contraction headaches D) asthma
B
Object relations therapists use: A) flooding to prompt patients to reexperience traumatic events. B) psychodynamic techniques to help patients work through childhood relationship problems. C) cognitive therapy to help patients identify their maladaptive patterns of thinking. D) sociocultural analysis of one's environment to understand generalized anxiety.
B
Of the following alternatives, which is usually the best advice you could give someone with bipolar disorder? A) "Be especially concerned about the mania; that's a lot more common than the depression." B) "Be especially concerned about the depression; that's a lot more common than the mania." C) "Be equally concerned about mania and depression; they occur about equally often, and last about equally long." D) "Don't worry too much; most people with bipolar disorder stop having mood episodes, even without therapy."
B
One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called: A) flooding. B) modeling. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.
B
People who become preoccupied with some imagined or exaggerated defect in their appearance suffer from a: A) conversion disorder. B) body dysmorphic disorder. C) somatization disorder. D) hypochondriacal disorder
B
Preoccupation somatoform disorders are typically explained by therapists in much the same way as ______ disorders are. A) mood B) anxiety C) substance abuse D) schizophrenic
B
Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depressions and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is most likely to recommend treatment with: A) imipramine. B) lithium. C) tranquilizers. D) ECT.
B
Suzanne is told that if she does not increase her work output significantly in the next week, she will be fired. According to Selye, her immediate reaction to this news is likely to be: A) collapse. B) alarm. C) exhaustion. D) resistance.
B
Which of the following is not a part of Beck's cognitive therapy for unipolar depression? A) education about what automatic thoughts are B) discussion with family members about their maladaptive thoughts C) encouraging people to become more active and confident D) prompting people to test their attitudes and thoughts
B
Which of the following is the best prototype (best reflects national data) of a rape victim? A) an adult woman who does not know the attacker B) a young woman who knows the attacker C) an African American male D) an adult (over 21) who is white
B
Which of the following would lead you to suspect hysterical rather than medical symptoms? A) a great number of accidents and an inability to get around in a "blind" person B) uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand C) muscle atrophy in the "paralyzed" body part D) symptoms consistent with the way the neurological system is known to work
B
Your best advice to a friend who is experiencing severe depression would be: A) "Couple therapy works better than other therapies if you have no marital problems." B) "Try combining cognitive therapy with drug therapy." C) "Try behavior therapy; it's the best therapy for severe depression." D) "Psychodynamic therapy or behavior therapy should work better than anything else."
B
A cognitive theorist would be most likely to say which of the following about hysterical disorders? A) The patient is being rewarded for behaving in this way. B) The patient is unable to express any emotion except anxiety. C) The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions. D) The patient is receiving secondary gain from the symptoms.
C
A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called ______ disorder. A) dysthymic B) anhedomic C) cyclothymic D) anxiety
C
A person appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. When examined further, it was found that the person was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication, and liked being a patient. This person is most likely experiencing: A) malingering. B) a psychophysical disorder. C) a factitious disorder. D) a somatoform disorder.
C
A person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder has recovered almost completely, even though the person had not received any therapy. That person was least likely to have been diagnosed with: A) dissociative amnesia. B) malingering. C) dissociative identity disorder. D) dissociative fugue.
C
A person feels well rested during the day, does not have burning sensations in the stomach, and appears to have normal breathing function. If you are told this person has a psychophysiological disorder, your best guess about what the disorder is would be: A) insomnia. B) ulcers. C) hypertension. D) asthma.
C
A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for all dissociative disorders except: A) dissociative identity disorder. B) dissociative amnesia. C) A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for dissociative identity disorder, dissociative fugue, and dissociative amnesia. D) dissociative fugue.
C
Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder center on all of the following except: A) neurotransmitter activity. B) sodium ion activity. C) hormonal functioning. D) genetic factors.
C
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) has changed over the years. Patients given this treatment now may receive: A) insulin. B) oxygen to prevent memory loss. C) anesthetics. D) higher levels of current.
C
Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist most likely to agree with this quote would be a: A) psychodynamic theorist. B) behaviorist. C) cognitive theorist. D) biologist.
C
Hypertension is more common among African Americans than among white Americans. If someone believes this is because African Americans are more likely to live in dangerous areas, work at unsatisfying jobs, and suffer discrimination, one is emphasizing the role of ______ factors in the development of the disorder. A) interactive B) biological C) sociocultural D) psychological
C
In the "permissive theory" of mood disorders, low ______ activity opens the door to a mood disorder and permits other neurotransmitters to define the form of the disorder. A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) serotonin D) lithium
C
Jose is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and eat meals with his wife. In short, he should increase his positive activity. His therapist most likely reflects the ______ orientation. A) psychodynamic B) interpersonal C) behavioral D) humanistic
C
Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she most likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic
C
Many of today's cognitive-behavioral therapists would agree that: A) acceptance and commitment therapy is outdated and no longer useful. B) therapy needs to be individualized, not delivered in a group setting. C) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated. D) Beck's approach to therapy should continue to be followed without modification.
C
Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as ______ disorders. A) hypomanic-depressive B) dysthymic C) cyclothymic D) manic-depressive
C
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A) has not received much support at all in therapy applications. B) receives support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder. C) receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. D) is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.
C
Often those who respond to stress with a set of positive attitudes are less negatively affected by the stress, demonstrating what researchers call: A) the Rebound Effect. B) low perceived self-control. C) hardiness or resiliency. D) angst.
C
One study showed that playing with a Game Boy prior to surgery was _______ in relaxing young patients. A) less effective than holding their parents' hands B) effective in girls but not boys C) more effective than antianxiety drugs D) not effective at all
C
Maureen is learning to warm her hands. She looks at a dial that reflects the output from a heat-sensitive device on her fingers. She simply tried to make the dial go up. This is a form of: A) meditation. B) cognitive intervention. C) relaxation training. D) biofeedback training.
D
The best treatment recommendation you could give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is: A) broad; a number of different therapies work equally well. B) no therapy has been shown to be effective. C) drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy. D) complex, due to conflicting experimental results.
C
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A) have relatives who are atypically anxious. B) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C) misinterpret bodily sensations. D) experience more stress than average.
C
The generic term for the white blood cells that react to foreign invaders in the body is: A) helper T-cells. B) killer T-cells. C) lymphocytes. D) antigens.
C
The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about: A) 40%. B) 60%. C) 80%. D) almost 100%.
C
Which of the following is likely to be useful in distinguishing hysterical somatoform disorders from true medical problems? A) you can tell that the person is faking the symptoms B) the patient's description of the source of the symptoms C) the failure of a condition to develop as expected D) the particular body part showing the symptom
C
Which one of the following is a likely reason for using adjunctive therapy to treat bipolar disorder? A) People take overdoses of lithium because it makes them feel so good. B) People stop taking lithium because they dislike the euphoria it causes. C) People stop taking lithium because they feel more productive and creative without it. D) People stop taking lithium because they miss the depression.
C
_________ is a treatment in which current is delivered to the prefrontal cortex through an external helmet-like electrical coil. A) ECT B) Deep brain stimulation C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation D) Vagus nerve stimulation
C
Max is upset because he cannot stop thinking that he has forgotten something and is constantly going back to his apartment to check. It is interfering with his life because he does it so often. This behavior is an example of a(n): A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D
A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an explicit and overt manner. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's: A) fugue state. B) schizophrenia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D
A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. She appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be: A) preoccupation disorder. B) factitious disorder. C) malingering. D) conversion disorder.
D
A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it's like: A) a roller coaster—up and down, up and down. B) a meteorite—a sudden burst of energy that's quickly gone. C) a power plant's output—steady, regular energy being produced. D) a flash flood—spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.
D
A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is: A) common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid 40s. B) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid 40s. C) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid to late 20s. D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20s.
D
A patient who treats severe pain by meditating, paying attention to her thoughts and sensations, but remaining nonjudgmental is engaging in: A) cognitive therapy. B) biofeedback. C) hypnosis. D) mindful meditation.
D
A professor who becomes anxious unless students sit in alphabetical order, turn in their papers in alphabetical order, and leave tests in that same order is experiencing a(n): A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) phobia. C) panic disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D
A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture? A) deprivation B) physical C) sexual D) psychological
D
All of the following about lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder are true, except that it: A) also alleviates depressive symptoms, though to a lesser degree. B) is highly effective at eliminating manic symptoms. C) appears to help prevent relapse. D) interferes with the effectiveness of antidepressant medications.
D
All of the following are true about hypnosis, except: A) hypnotized subjects adhere to their usual values. B) you can be hypnotized during exercise. C) subjects can say "no" or stop hypnosis. D) hypnosis involves a sleep-like state.
D
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.
D
Approximately ______ of people with one anxiety disorder are likely to experience at least one more anxiety disorder. A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80%
D
At what point is distress the greatest after a rape? A) within one week after the assault B) immediately after the assault C) more than several months after the assault D) within one month after the assault
D
Dorian was only 10 miles away when Mt. St. Helens exploded with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was sure he was going to die. He was terrified to the core of his being. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later he still has nightmares and wakes up in a cold sweat. This description best fits a(n): A) acute stress disorder. B) phobia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D
If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research on the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would most likely do research on which of the following? A) learned helplessness B) the "cognitive triad" C) parent-child patterns of interaction D) neurotransmitters in the brain
D
If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n): A) increase in energy and creativity. B) insulin-induced coma. C) reuptake of serotonin. D) brain seizure.
D
Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.
D
Relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrate the use of: A) combinations of physical and psychological treatments. B) insight and social support therapies. C) physical treatments for psychological illnesses. D) psychological treatments for physical illnesses.
D
Surveys show that in the U.S., the typical female victim of rape: A) is tested for HIV, and has long-term health problems. B) is not tested for HIV, and has no long-term health problems. C) is tested for HIV, and has no long-term health problems. D) is not tested for HIV, and has long-term health problems.
D
The combination of lithium and psychotherapy is better than lithium treatment alone. This therapeutic addition is called: A) conjoint ego analysis. B) chemo-behavioral treatment. C) sociodynamic training. D) adjunctive psychotherapy.
D
The white blood cells that destroy infected body cells are called: A) antigens. B) B-cells. C) helper T-cells. D) natural killer T-cells.
D
Tony just does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an: A) interpersonal loss. B) interpersonal role dispute. C) interpersonal role transition. D) interpersonal deficit.
D
What conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support? A) Self-hypnosis relies on different processes and produces different behavioral outcomes. B) Dissociative disorders are extremely odd and inexplicable events. C) People with multiple personalities may be faking their condition. D) Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.
D
What treatment approach is often used in cases of dissociative amnesia and fugue? A) family therapy B) amphetamine injections C) electroconvulsive shock therapy D) hypnotherapy
D
Which of the following risk percentage patterns would best support the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder? ______ in the general population; ______ among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder; ______ among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder. A) 10%; 10%; 10% B) 40%; 10%; 1% C) 40%; 40%; 40% D) 1%; 10%; 40%
D
