Adipose tissue
leptin
Produced principally by WAT
brown adipose tissue
found mainly in newborn babies (~5% of the body mass)
little
fuel reserve and storage.. Energy is stored with ____________ water, making adipose very efficient!
within
fuel reserve and storage.. Fatty acids store energy _______________ adipose cells
flattened
white adipose tissue (WAT).. Cytoplasm of adipose cell is sheet-like with a ___________________ nucleus
single
white adipose tissue (WAT).. Each adipocyte of WAT is spherical and contains a large ____________ droplet of fat (unilocular) that accounts for 90% of the cell volume!
body distribution
white adipose tissue (WAT).. Mainly under the skin (subcutaneous) Also in deposits between the muscles In the intestines and in their membrane folds Around the heart and gonads Men accumulate fat around the waist women tend to accumulate more fat around the hips than the waist
triglycerides
white adipose tissue (WAT).. The lipid type found in WAT adipocytes is mainly ___________________
depends
white adipose tissue (WAT).. Variable size mainly ______________ on the size of the single lipid droplet stored in them
widely
white adipose tissue (WAT).. ____________ distributed in the body
fat
BAT.. Brown adipocytes contain numerous and smaller _______ droplets (multilocular)
hibernating animals
BAT.. (e.g., grizzly bears and black bears) BAT is found in adults and plays an important role in survival "hibernating gland " BAT consumes energy and releases heat (nonshivering thermogenesis)
oxygen
BAT.. Greater _________________ demand, contains more capillaries than white fat.
iron
BAT.. Higher in __________, more oxygenated (capillaries)
widely
BAT.. Not _______________ distributed. Located on the back, upper half of the spine and shoulders (mainly found around vessels, adrenal glands and neck region)
alternative
BAT.. Provides an infant with an ___________________ means of heat regulation
abundance
BAT.. Tan color due to ___________________ of lysosomes and mitochondria (energy-producing from ATP)
generates
BAT.. __________________ heat and actually consumes energy
lipolysis
Breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids
function
The classical view of the _________________ of adipose tissue is to provide a long-term fuel reserve (energy storage) which can be mobilized during food deprivation with the release of fatty acids for oxidation in other organs.
adipose tissue
Type of connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells (adipocytes), specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat, within a structural network of fibers.
antagonistic
WAT and BAT have essentially ___________________ functions
obesity and inflammation
WAT play a key role in inflammatory processes Dysregulation can lead to diabetes In obese states, adipose tissue is subjected to oxidative stress, resulting in aging, accumulation of macrophages, production of proi-nflammatory cytokines and suppression of hormone production
brown
___________ fat is closer to muscle than to fat
white
____________ fat plays a wide-ranging role in metabolic regulation and physiological homeostasis, far beyond the simple paradigm of fat storage
store
adipose tissue function.. 1. Serve as an energy ____________ for times of starvation (TAG)
insulation
adipose tissue function.. 2. Provide _____________________
Mechanical
adipose tissue function.. 3. ____________________: forms pads between organs
Secrete, synthesize
adipose tissue function.. 4. ________________ and ___________________ hormones and molecules with major roles in: glucose homeostasis, feed intake and metabolism, inflammation, etc.
need, lipolysis
fuel reserve and storage.. When other tissues ____________ energy, certain hormones bind to adipose cells and trigger the hydrolysis of TAG, resulting in the release of energy-rich fatty acids and glycerol: process known as __________________
fatty acids
fuel reserve and storage.. ___________ ___________ are the major secretory product of WAT
glucose
fuel reserve and storage.. _________________ is the primary energy source for the brain, not fatty acids
WAT
is a source of HORMONES, which serve various roles in METABOLISM and ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
balance
leptin.. Critical hormone in energy __________________
inhibits
leptin.. Function: "satiety hormone" _____________ hunger!
levels
leptin.. Leptin _____________ in blood are higher while we sleep suppressing appetite (?) decreased after short-term fasting and cronically increased in obese patients
both
leptin.. Leptin has actions ____________ centrally (hypothalamus where it has receptors) and in peripheral organs
Regulates
leptin.. __________________ apeptite and energy expenditure
lipase
lipolysis.. Enzyme: _______________
hydrolyze
lipolysis.. _________________ triglycerides (fats) into their component fatty acid and glycerol molecules
hormones
lipolysis.. activated by ___________________ such as: epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon (which bind to adipocytes).
express
metabolism of steroid hormones.. WAT does not synthesize steroid hormones de novo but it does _____________ enzymes which are involved in the conversion of both glucocorticoids and sex hormones
stores
metabolism of steroid hormones.. White fat also ______________ CHOLESTEROL
involved
metabolism of steroid hormones.. White fat is __________________ in the metabolism of steroid hormones
required
role in glucose homeostasis.. Both of these products can be used in the metabolic processes __________________ for glucose production.
metabolize
role in glucose homeostasis.. WAT has the ability to __________________ glucose under certain conditions to provide energy for the body
normal
role in glucose homeostasis.. WAT is needed for _________________ glucose homeostasis
triglycerides
role in glucose homeostasis.. _____________________ (stored within adipocytes), are broken into fatty acids and glycerol
BAT
specialized in the dissipation of energy through the productionof heat
WAT
stores excess energy as TAG
accumulate
white adipose tissue (WAT).. body distribution Men ___________________ fat around the waist women tend to ___________________ more fat around the hips than the waist