Adipose tissue

leptin

Produced principally by WAT

brown adipose tissue

found mainly in newborn babies (~5% of the body mass)

little

fuel reserve and storage.. Energy is stored with ____________ water, making adipose very efficient!

within

fuel reserve and storage.. Fatty acids store energy _______________ adipose cells

flattened

white adipose tissue (WAT).. Cytoplasm of adipose cell is sheet-like with a ___________________ nucleus

single

white adipose tissue (WAT).. Each adipocyte of WAT is spherical and contains a large ____________ droplet of fat (unilocular) that accounts for 90% of the cell volume!

body distribution

white adipose tissue (WAT).. Mainly under the skin (subcutaneous) Also in deposits between the muscles In the intestines and in their membrane folds Around the heart and gonads Men accumulate fat around the waist women tend to accumulate more fat around the hips than the waist

triglycerides

white adipose tissue (WAT).. The lipid type found in WAT adipocytes is mainly ___________________

depends

white adipose tissue (WAT).. Variable size mainly ______________ on the size of the single lipid droplet stored in them

widely

white adipose tissue (WAT).. ____________ distributed in the body

fat

BAT.. Brown adipocytes contain numerous and smaller _______ droplets (multilocular)

hibernating animals

BAT.. (e.g., grizzly bears and black bears) BAT is found in adults and plays an important role in survival "hibernating gland " BAT consumes energy and releases heat (nonshivering thermogenesis)

oxygen

BAT.. Greater _________________ demand, contains more capillaries than white fat.

iron

BAT.. Higher in __________, more oxygenated (capillaries)

widely

BAT.. Not _______________ distributed. Located on the back, upper half of the spine and shoulders (mainly found around vessels, adrenal glands and neck region)

alternative

BAT.. Provides an infant with an ___________________ means of heat regulation

abundance

BAT.. Tan color due to ___________________ of lysosomes and mitochondria (energy-producing from ATP)

generates

BAT.. __________________ heat and actually consumes energy

lipolysis

Breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids

function

The classical view of the _________________ of adipose tissue is to provide a long-term fuel reserve (energy storage) which can be mobilized during food deprivation with the release of fatty acids for oxidation in other organs.

adipose tissue

Type of connective tissue consisting mainly of fat cells (adipocytes), specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat, within a structural network of fibers.

antagonistic

WAT and BAT have essentially ___________________ functions

obesity and inflammation

WAT play a key role in inflammatory processes Dysregulation can lead to diabetes In obese states, adipose tissue is subjected to oxidative stress, resulting in aging, accumulation of macrophages, production of proi-nflammatory cytokines and suppression of hormone production

brown

___________ fat is closer to muscle than to fat

white

____________ fat plays a wide-ranging role in metabolic regulation and physiological homeostasis, far beyond the simple paradigm of fat storage

store

adipose tissue function.. 1. Serve as an energy ____________ for times of starvation (TAG)

insulation

adipose tissue function.. 2. Provide _____________________

Mechanical

adipose tissue function.. 3. ____________________: forms pads between organs

Secrete, synthesize

adipose tissue function.. 4. ________________ and ___________________ hormones and molecules with major roles in: glucose homeostasis, feed intake and metabolism, inflammation, etc.

need, lipolysis

fuel reserve and storage.. When other tissues ____________ energy, certain hormones bind to adipose cells and trigger the hydrolysis of TAG, resulting in the release of energy-rich fatty acids and glycerol: process known as __________________

fatty acids

fuel reserve and storage.. ___________ ___________ are the major secretory product of WAT

glucose

fuel reserve and storage.. _________________ is the primary energy source for the brain, not fatty acids

WAT

is a source of HORMONES, which serve various roles in METABOLISM and ENDOCRINE FUNCTION

balance

leptin.. Critical hormone in energy __________________

inhibits

leptin.. Function: "satiety hormone" _____________ hunger!

levels

leptin.. Leptin _____________ in blood are higher while we sleep suppressing appetite (?) decreased after short-term fasting and cronically increased in obese patients

both

leptin.. Leptin has actions ____________ centrally (hypothalamus where it has receptors) and in peripheral organs

Regulates

leptin.. __________________ apeptite and energy expenditure

lipase

lipolysis.. Enzyme: _______________

hydrolyze

lipolysis.. _________________ triglycerides (fats) into their component fatty acid and glycerol molecules

hormones

lipolysis.. activated by ___________________ such as: epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon (which bind to adipocytes).

express

metabolism of steroid hormones.. WAT does not synthesize steroid hormones de novo but it does _____________ enzymes which are involved in the conversion of both glucocorticoids and sex hormones

stores

metabolism of steroid hormones.. White fat also ______________ CHOLESTEROL

involved

metabolism of steroid hormones.. White fat is __________________ in the metabolism of steroid hormones

required

role in glucose homeostasis.. Both of these products can be used in the metabolic processes __________________ for glucose production.

metabolize

role in glucose homeostasis.. WAT has the ability to __________________ glucose under certain conditions to provide energy for the body

normal

role in glucose homeostasis.. WAT is needed for _________________ glucose homeostasis

triglycerides

role in glucose homeostasis.. _____________________ (stored within adipocytes), are broken into fatty acids and glycerol

BAT

specialized in the dissipation of energy through the productionof heat

WAT

stores excess energy as TAG

accumulate

white adipose tissue (WAT).. body distribution Men ___________________ fat around the waist women tend to ___________________ more fat around the hips than the waist