Adolescence Chapter 1 & 2

Exosystem

Consists of links between a social setting in which the adolescent doesn't have an active role and the individual's immediate context. Ex. a husands experience at home may be influenced by a mother's experience at work.

Chronosystem

Consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well sociohistorical circumstances. For exmaple, divorce is one transition.

Thyroid Gland

interacts with the pituitary gland to influence growth and skeletal maturation.

Development

pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, although it also includes decay.

Biological Processes

physical changes in an individuals body. Ex. Height/Weight gains.

G. Stanley Hall

proposed that development is controlled primarily by biological factors.

Cohort Effects

refers to effects due to a person's date of birth, era or generation but not to actual chronological age.

1890-1920

"Age of adolescence" Lawmakers passed laws that excluded youth from most jobs and required them to attend secondary school. Two Changes Happen -Decreased employment of youth -Increased school attendance in youth

Margaret Meads

-Basic nature of adolescent is Sociocultural. -Culturals that allowed adolescent to observe sexual relations and other adult things, will know clearly what their adult roles will be, tend to promote a stress free adolescence.

Allens ways to help adolescent to become mature

-provide them with opportunites to be contributors -give candid quality feedback to adolescent -create positive adult connections with adolescents -challenge adolescent to become more competent

Formal Operational Stage

11 to 15, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical terms. Adolescents develop images of ideal circumstances, they become more systematic, developing hypotheses about why something is happening the way it is and then testing thoses hypothesis.

Emerging Adulthood

18 to 25, experimentation and exploration characterize the emerging adult.

Middle Adulthood

35-45, Increasing interest in transmitting values to the next generation

Late Adulthood

60,70, to death, reviewing one's life and adapting to changing social roles.

Concrete Operational Stage

7 to 11, children can perform operations that involves objects and they can reason logically as long as they can apply reasoning to specific or concrete examples.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

8 stages of development unfold as we go through life. Each stage consists of a unique developmental tasks that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced.

Correlational Coefficient

A number based on a statical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.

Puberty

A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place primarily in early adolescence. Puberty is thought of as the most important marker for the beginning of adolescene However, puberty doesn't necessarily span all of adolescene. For most people, puberty ends long before the end of adolescence.

Longitudinal Research

A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.

Cross Sectional Research

A research strategy that involves studying people all at one time.

Adolescent Generalization Gap

Adelson's concept of generalization about adolescent based on information regarding a limited, often highly visible group of adolescent.

Debriefing

After the study has been completed, participants should be informed of its purpose and the methods that were used.

Jacqueline Lerner 5 Cs of Positive Youth Development

Competence-Confidence-Connection-Character-Caring/Compassion To develop these five positive characteristics youth need access to positive social contexts. Ex. youth development programs, organized youth activitites

Contributions of Psychanalytic Theories

Emphasis on a developmental framework, family relationship and unconscious aspects of the mind.

Cognitive Theories

Emphasizes conscious thoughts

Information Processing Theory

Emphasizing the individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about it. Central to this approach are the processes of memory and thinking. Like a computer.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory

Focusing on the influence of five environmental systems.

Storm and Stress View

G. Stanley Halls concept that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings.

Jeffery Arnett 5 features of Emerging Adulthood

Identity exploration, instability, self focused, feeling in between, age of possibilities

Weight, body fat and Leptin

In boys, undernutrition may delay puberty. Higher weight and obesity is linked to earlier pubertal development Some researcher hypothesize that the onset of menarche(first menstrual period) is influenced by the % of body fat in relation to total body weight in females. Increasing evidence for a link between birth weight and weight gain during infancy and the onset of puberty.

Deception

In some circumstances telling the participants beforehand what the research study is about substantially alters the participants' and invalidates the researchers data. The psychologist must ensure that the deception will not harm the participants and that the participants will be told the complete nature of the study as soon as possible after the study is completed.

Criticisms of Psychanalytic Theories

Lack of scientific support, too much emphasis on sexual underpinning and an image of people that is too negative.

Bronfenbrenner's Five Systems

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem.

Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

Orientation that doesn't follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it.

Contributions of Cognitive Theories

Positive view of development and an emphasis on the active construction of understanding.

Hormones

Powerful chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

Periods of Development

Prenatal period infancy Early childhood

Growth Spurt

Puberty brings forth the most rapid increases in growth since infancy. Occurs approzimately two years earlier for girls(9) than boys(11). The peak of pubertal change in growth occurs 11 and half for girls and 13 and a half for boys. Girls increase in height about 3 and a half inches per year: boys about 4 inches.

Heredity

Puberty is not an environmental accident. The timing for the energence of puberty is programmed into the genes of human beings. Onset takes place between about 9 and 16 years of age for most individuals. Environmental factors also play some role and influence its onset and duration.

The Endocrine System

Puberty onset involves the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

Sociocultural and Environmental Factors

Recent research indicates that cultural variations and early experiences may be related to earlier pubertal onset. -Adolescents in developed countries and large urban areas reach puberty earlier than their counterparts in less developed countries and rural areas. -Children adopted from developing countries to developed countries often enter puberty earlier than their counterparts who continue to live in developing countries.

Experience Sampling Method

Research method that involves providing participants with electronic pagers and then beeping them at random times, at which point they are asked to report on various aspects of their lives.

Descriptive Research

Research that aims to observe and record behavior.

Experimental Research

Research that involves an experiment, a carefully regulated procedure procedure in which one or more of the factors, believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.

Correlation Research

Research whose goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics. Correlation doesn't equal causation.

Confidentiallity

Researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and when possible completely anonymous

Criticism of Margaret Meads

Samoan adolescence is more stressful than Mead suggested and that delinquency does appear.

Social Cognitive Theory Emphasis

Scientific research and environmental determinants of behavior.

4 Stages of Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage.

Criticism of Cognitive Theories

Skepticism about the pureness of Piagets stages and too little attention to individual variations.

Piagets Theory

States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.

Independent Variable

The factor that is manipulated in experimental research.

Dependent Variable

The factor that is measured in experimental research.

Estrogens

The main class of female sex hormones.

Androgens

The main class of male sex hormones.

Criticisms of Social Cognitive Theory

Too little emphasis on cognitions in Skinner views and give inadequate attention to developmental changes.

Ethnic Gloss

Use of an ethnic label such as African American and Latino in superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.

Behaviorisms

We can study scientifically only we can directly observe and measure.

Determinants of Puberty

a number of complex factors are involved in the initation of puberty, though no single, precise has been identified. -Changes in the endocrine system -weight -body fat We don't know if thoses factors are a cause or a consequence of puberty

Resilience

adapting positively and achieving successful outcomes in the face of significant risks and adverse circumstances.

Informed Consent

all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop. Participants must retain right to withdraw from their study at any time and for any reason

Testosterone is..

an androgen. Plays an important role in male pubertal development. Rising testerone levels are associated with a number of physical changes in boys: -development of external genitals -increase in height -voice change -also linked to sexual desire and activitly

Estradiol is....

an estrogen. Important in female pubertal development, as levels rises changes that occur: -breast development -uterine development -skeletal changes Less clear whether estradoil contributes to sexual desires and activity in adolescent girls than it is that testosterone does so for boys.

Theory

an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.

Hypotheses

are specific assertions and predictions that can be tested.

Early Adulthood

begins in the late teens or early 20s and last through the 30s. Establishing personal and economic independence and career development.

Socioemotional Processes

changes in an individuals emotions, personality, relationships with other and social contexts. Ex. talking back to parents, aggression toward peers.

Cognitive Processes

changes in an individuals thinking and intelligence. Ex. memorizing a poem.

Joseph Adelson

coined the term adolescent generalization gap.

Early Adolescence

corresponds roughly to the middle school or junior high school years, includes most pubertal changes.

Psycholanalytic Theories

describes development as primarily unconscious(beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion. Emphasizes that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and deep inner working of the mind.

Human development is

determined by biological, cognitive and socioemotional process.

Adolescence

development period of transition from childhood to adulthood: it involves biological, cognitive and socioemotional changes. Begins 10 to 13, ends in late teens.

Positive Youth Development

emphasizes the strengths of youth and the positive qualities and developmental trajectories that are desired for youth.

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

focused on observational learning, which learning occurs through observing what others do.

Daniel Offer

found no support for negative views of adolescence.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

gave social interaction and culture far more important roles in cognitive theory.

Stereotype

generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a broad groups of people. All stereotypes refer to an image of what the typical member of a specific group is like.

Millennials

generation born after 1980, first to come of age and enter emerging adulthood in the new millennium. Two Characteristics -ethnic diversity -connection to technology

Intimacy vs. Isolation

individuals experience during early adulthood years. They face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships.

Adrenarche

involves hormonal changes in the adrenal glands. Theses changes occur early, from about 6 to 9 years of age in girls and about one year later in boys. Occurs before what is generally considered the beginning of puberty.

Mesosystem

involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. Example are the relation of family experiences to school experiences to peer experiences. For ex, adolescents whose parents have rejected them may have difficulty developing positive relations with teachers.

Macrosystem

involves the culture in which adolescents live. Culture refers to the behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

Vygotsky's Theory

is a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.

Boundary Testing

is a way in which adolescent move toward accepting, rather than rejecting parental views.

Identity vs Identity confusion

is the adolescent stage of erikson theory. If adolescent explore roles in a healthy manner and arrive at a positive path to follow in life, they achieve a positive identity, if not identity confusion reigns.

Gonadarche

is the period most people think of of as puberty. Follows adrenarche by about two years. Invovles the maturation of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

Microsystem

is the setting which the adolescent lives. These contexts include the adolescents family, peers school and neighborhood. The most direct interactions with social agents take place. Adolescent is not a passive recipient of experiences in these settings but someone who helps to construct the settings.

Contexts

settings in which development occurs. These settings are influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors.

Hypothalamus

structure in the higher portion of the brain that monitors eating, drinking and sex.

Inventionist View

that adolescence is a sociohistorical creation. Especially important in this view are the sociohistorical circumstnaces at the beginning of the 20th century, a time when legisalation was enacted that ensured the dependent of youth and made their move into economic sphere more manageable.

Social Policy

the course of action designed by the national government to influence the welfare of its citizens. Peter Benson thinks government too often focused on the negative development deficits of adolescent, such as drug use and delinquency and not enough on positive strength based approaches.

Nature vs Nurture

the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture.

Early vs Later experiences Issue

the degree to which early experiences (especially early in childhood) or later experiences are the key determinants of development.

Pituitary Gland

the endorcrine glad controls growth and regulates other

Continuity vs Discontinuity Issue

the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)

Late Adolescence

the latter half of the second decade of life. Career interests, dating and idenitity exploration are often more pronounced.

Gonads

the sex glands, testes in males, ovaries in females- that secrete sex hormones.

Social Cognitive Theory

the view that behavior, environment and cognitive are the key factors in development.

B.F Skinner

through operant conditioning the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior occurance. Behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to recur, wheras a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus.