Adolescent psychology final exam study guide

One study that used brain- imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to rejection while playing on online are called "cyberball" fount that?

Adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called?

Autonomy

The sexual _______ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual_____ of males and females is quite different?

Behavior; socialization

HIV is transmitted through?

Bodily fluids

Optimal social development during adolescence most likely requests healthy relationships with?

Both parents and peers

When college students were asked to rate the most important criteria for deciding when someone is ready to get married, what was the most consistently endorsed item?

Capacity for intimacy

Carol has just learned that her son, Mike, has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. Carol told the police that mike is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. How accurate is carol's idea?

Carol is incorrect, problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of the normative adolescent changes

Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents harshly criticize their children's performance when it does not meet their standards are more likely to develop?

Fear of failure

Alcohol and marijuana are considered______ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs?

Gateway

Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are _____ and ______?

Healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; les tendency to be over-controlling

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?

Herpes

To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs know as______ has been shown to be effective, especially when used in conjunction with cognitive behavior therapy?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Which of the following statements about comorbidity?

Some experts question whether it makes sense to draw distinctions between anxiety and depression because rates of comorbidity are so high

Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes shifts in?

The kind of reasoning that individuals use to make decisions

In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found that?

The number of same-sex intimate friends adolescents have tends to increase or stay the same as they make opposite-sex intimate friends

"Sexual socialization" refers to?

The way in which an individual is exposed to and educated about sexuality

Which of the following statements about girls in middle adolescence is true?

Their friendships are fragile

Which of the following statements best characterizes the nature of research into adolescent sexuality?

Until recently, researchers focused mostly on the problematic aspects of adolescent sexuality (precocious sex, promiscuous sex, unsafe sex,etc.)

According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by?

a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace

Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular?

alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, E-cigarettes

Individuals high in callous- unemotional (CU) traits?

are less likely to empathize with others

What is the best way to conceptualize adolescent sexual development?

as gradual stages of increasing intimacy

Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

authoritative

In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more _______ with respect to parents, and more ______ with respect to peers?

autonomous; conformist

Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them?

behavioral autonomy

Which of the following would be considered a status offense?

being truant from school

Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called?

diathesis-stress model

Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest?

drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent.

Which type of educational achievement has the most important effect of later earnings?

educational attainment

Treating juvenile externalizing problems with programs and therapies that have a proven scientific basis is known as using?

evidence-based practices

Neuroimaging studies have shown that connections between different parts of the brain during adolescence cause?

improved interpersonal competence

The message society sends to teenagers about tobacco, drugs, and alcohol?

is mixed and unclear about whether they should or should not be used

Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children?

loyalty

Studies of the long-term consequences of adolescent parenthood indicate that the problems associated with it?

may actually be greater for the mothers than for their children.

Between middle and late adolescence,individuals become?

more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices.

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______ in evaluative situations?

performance

Which would be considered a cognitive symptom of depression?

pessimism

Which is considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence?

psychological factors

Adolescents behave in a variety of ways within dating relationships that are usually most significantly shaped by?

scripts that are learned at home and from the mass media

Even though Chloe works very hard in school, she gives her classmates the impression that she is uninterested in school in order to have an excuse for her poor performance. What type of behavior is this?

self-handicapping

Many adolescents commit acts of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This is a behavior?

such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself

The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is?

the subjective state of distress

Research into sexual activity among adolescents has found that?

there is wide variation in what activities adolescents think count as sex

According to one study from furman and Simon, on which person's behavior does an internal working model of relationships have the greatest effect?

Sarah, an adolescent girl

Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as?

A personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma

Research indicates that ________ has negative effects on adolescents' metal health , whereas _______ has positive effects?

Detachment; individuation

The neurotransmitters associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as?

Dopamine

"Decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities" and "low self-esteem" would be examples of what type of depressive symptoms?

Emotional

Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationship?

Emotional autonomy

What would a social scientist friend useful about NAEP date?

It allows social scientists to see how the performance of students in the United States has improved or worsened over multiple generations

Comprehensive sex education has which of the following elements?

It must teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex

Who is likely to attain the most occupational success?

Karen, who has a master's degree

Te belief or expectation that one cannot influence events is called?

Learned helplessness

Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from becoming proficient at a task is called?

Mastery motivation

According to a study of more than 10,000 American adolescents, approximately______of teenagers report having an anxiety disorder by age 8 and______ of these individuals had already developed an anxiety disorder before turning 12?

One-third; almost all

Sex differences in the level of the hormone_____ may play a role in making females both more invested in close relationships, and more vulnerable to adverse consequences of interpersonal problems?

Oxytocin

Which of these is one of the factors that researchers study in connection with how home environment positively influences adolescents' level of achievement ?

Parenting style

Which of the following statements about parent- adolescent communication about sex is true?

Parents assume that if they disapprove of sexual activity, their adolescent is not likely to be sexually active

Post-conventional reasoning can also be referred to as?

Principled moral reasoning

Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in?

Same-sex relationship