Adulthood and Aging Exam 1

more years

One study described in Chapter 3 found that individuals who have faster reaction times in their 50s live ______________ compared to individuals who have slower reaction times.

disentangle the effects of age, cohort, and time of measurement

Sequential designs are used in order to ________________.

there is a decline in cognitive ability test scores prior to death

"Terminal drop" specifically refers to the fact that ___________.

focuses on quantitative differences between age groups

A developmental scientist with a mechanistic metamodel ______.

All of the above

According to a study by Hummert, which of the following stereotypes do young adult college students have about older adults?

True

According to findings from the Nun Study, it is possible to predict longevity on the basis of the level of positive emotional expression found in autobiographies that the nuns wrote when they were entering the convent as young adults.

scaffolding in the brain compensates for age-related decline in the brain's neural circuitry

According to the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC), __________.

choose a few skills and activities on which to focus their energies

According to the Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model, people who adapt best to the aging process are those who _______________.

people adapt best when environmental challenges, or press, is tailored to their own level of competence

According to the ecological model of aging, ____________.

Organismic

According to which metamodel might the individual act rather react to the environment?

organismic

Age is a(n)________ variable.

have low expectations about older adults' cognitive or social capabilities. discriminate against others based on their age. view older adults as helpless. D. All of the above

Ageism is shown when people ______________.

decreases

As age increases from middle to older adulthood, the volume of the brain _____.

Obtaining informed consent from study participants or their caretakers if they are unable to give it. Safeguarding the privacy of the study participants. Insuring that the benefits of the findings outweigh any temporary discomforts participants may experience. d. All of the above

As far as the ethics of conducting research, which guideline(s) is (are) important?

older than Dennis

At age 55, Dennis has decided to fulfill a long-time dream of becoming a lawyer and he is studying for the law school entrance exam (LSAT). His best friend, John, also age 55, has decided to sell her house and move into a retirement community, where she will spend her leisure time playing cards in the community club house. In terms of social age, John would be considered _______________.

external validity

Being able to generalize the findings obtained from a sample of research participants to the population from which this sample was drawn refers to the ___________ of a research study.

better

Compared to programmed theories of biological aging, stochastic theories are ________ able to explain how lifestyle factors affect an individual person's rate of aging and chances of living a long life.

populations

Demography is the scientific study of _____________.

False

Genetic make-up can fully account for how long a person will live.

socially younger

George lived with his parents until he got married at the age of 40. At the age of 45, George became a parent. Compared to other men of the same chronological age, George would be considered ___________.

Men

Harris surveyed adults from a wide range of ages on their attitudes toward the use of age concealment techniques such as coloring hair or getting a facelift. Harris found that the people in her survey were least likely to be favorably viewed when such techniques were used by _______.

has stayed the same since 1900

Human life span _______________.

young adults are compared with older adults.

In studies with an extreme age groups design, ________.

has increased

In the United States, life expectancy at birth________ from 1900 to the present.

the oldest-old age group

In the United States, the fastest growing segment of the older adult population in the United States is ___________.

65

In the United States, which chronological age traditionally signifies entry into the older adult age group?

Job retirement at age 65

In the United States, which is most likely to be considered a normative age-graded influence on development?

Introduction of cell phones and iPods

In the United States, which would be considered a normative history-graded influence on development?

Experimental studies

In which kind of research studies are participants randomly assigned to levels of an independent variable?

Longitudinal

In which research design is attrition the most obvious issue to consider?

old

John is 58 years old but when he went for his last check-up, his doctor told him that his blood pressure and cardiovascular functioning were similar to that of the average 75-year-old. In terms of biological age, John would be considered __________ .

psychologically younger

Mary enjoys eating in a new restaurant every weekend and taking a vacation to a different place every year. Mary would be considered ________ compared to Sue, who likes to eat at the same restaurant every week and return to the same vacation resort every year.

illness; death

Morbidity refers to ________, whereas mortality refers to ________.

genetic factors; environmental factors

Nature and nurture is an important theme in developmental psychology. Nature refers to _______ and nurture refers to ________.

False

Obesity has become a public health issue in the United States, but, fortunately, it is extremely rare in adults ages 65 and older.

affect all members of the species

Primary aging refers to age-related changes that ____________.

Time-lag

Professor Gish is interested in comparing the attitude today's 70-year-old adults have toward using computers with the attitude that 70-year-old adults had 10 years ago. Which type of research design might Professor Gish use for this study?

Longitudinal

Professor Gish wants to conduct a study on a sample of 60-year-old adults who expect to retire from their jobs in five years. He will administer a questionnaire that asks them what they plan to do once they do retire. Then he will locate these same people every five years (until they are age 75) to find out whether they followed their original plans for retirement. Which research design is Professor Gish using for his study?

whether there are any changes in strategies one might use to maintain level of functioning. which level of environment challenges most likely insures the highest level of adaption whether losses of functioning had been compensated by gains during this period at various points of adult life span f. All of the above

Regarding the SOC and ECO theoretical models and their relationship to the metamodels, the contextual model would have the closest fit in that both conceptualize development bi-directionally between the individual and environment. More specifically to the ECO model and research designs, the longitudinal method holds usefulness in determining:

just about their own age; younger than they are

Research on the relationship between chronological age and how old a person feels has found that young adults feel ______, and older adults feel ________.

younger than they are

Research on the relationship between chronological age and how old a person feels indicates that middle-aged and older adults usually feel __________.

is lower

Reserve capacity is the extra capacity needed when stressful or demanding situations require more than the normal capacity. With increasing age, the level of this reserve capacity __________.

result from disease, disuse, and abuse

Secondary aging refers to age-related changes that ___________.

internal validity

The _______ of a study refers to whether there can be accurate identification and interpretation of the factor(s) responsible for an observation.

65-74

The ages of ______ define the category of older adulthood that is often referred to as "young-old."

1946-1964

The baby boom generation refers to individuals born between ________.

geriatrics

The branch of medicine concerned with treating and managing diseases related to aging is ___________.

Medicare, Medicaid

The federal health insurance program that covers most Americans ages 65 and older is __________ and the federal health insurance program administered by individual states is __________.

celebrated their 65th birthday in the year 2011

The first wave of baby boomers_______.

age and time of measurement

The longitudinal research design confounds (is unable to separate) ________.

longitudinal

The most commonly used developmental research design that attempts to study age-related differences is ________.

gerontology

The study of the biological, behavioral, and social phenomena that occur from the point of maturity to old age is ___________.

life expectancy is approaching life span for a larger proportion of the population

The term "rectangular survival curve" means that ____________.

those married to the same person at midlife years had a lower mortality risk than those married more than once

Tucker and her colleagues studied the relationship between marital status at midlife and longevity in a sample of men and women in the Terman Life-Cycle longitudinal study initiated in 1921. They found that _______________.

develop to a peak point in young adulthood but decline after that

Until recently, a two-stages-of-life viewpoint was prevalent in developmental psychology. According to this perspective, physical and psychological functions were thought to _______________.

consistent

When a measurement instrument is reliable that means it is _________.

takes less time for young adults than it does for older adults

When people are exposed to conditions of stress, their physiological responses are associated with an increase in the level of stress-related hormones. When the stressful conditions return to normal, the elevated hormone levels do too. A return to normal, or baseline, levels of stress hormones ______________.

-.75

Which correlation shows the strongest association between two variables?

Cross-sectional

Which developmental research design confounds (is unable to separate) age and cohort?

20%

Which is the closest estimate of the percentage of the U.S. population that will be aged 65+ by the year 2030?

Mechanistic

Which metamodel places the heaviest emphasis on the nurture (extrinsic, or environmental) side of the nature-nurture debate?

Organismic

Which metamodel views development as a progressive sequence of stages which are internally generated?

Contextual

Which metamodel views the organism and the environment as being in continuous interaction?

Development proceeds in only one direction.

Which of the following is NOT an important aspect of the lifespan developmental perspective?

Immune theory

Which of the following is NOT considered a stochastic theory of biological aging?

Bathing

Which of the following is the best example of an activity of daily living (ADL)?

Cooking

Which of the following is the best example of an instrumental activity of daily living (IADL)?

Heart disease

Which of the following is the leading cause of death for people age 65+ in the United States?

Older adults

Which of the following terms would be considered by older adults to be the most favorable?

There are gains and losses over the life span with a shift in older adulthood toward a greater proportion of losses than of gains.

Which statement is closest to the lifespan development perspective?

Cohort and time of measurement

Which two factors are confounded (unable to be separated) when measures of computer attitudes made today on a sample of 70-year-olds today are compared with measures of computer attitudes made 10 years ago on a sample of 70-year-olds?

An experimental study

Which type of study is best for identifying cause and effect?

will be ill only immediately prior to death

With compression of morbidity, more and more people __________.

fewer

With regard to the life expectancy of Americans who reach the age of 65, men have fewer years left than women do.