AGP 370 final

rank the following practices for feeding hay. Assign The most efficient a "1" the second most efficient a "2" etc.

1- cone feeder 2- hay ring 3- trailer 4- unrolling on the ground (3 day supply)

If you have a 1000 pound beef steer (boy cow), his rumen (big stomach compartment) will hold about _____ pounds of NDF.

10

The ensiling process can produce poisonous gases. Therefore it can be dangerous to enter a silo without ventilation. The greatest risk occurs _____ after filling

12-72 hours

As late as ____, seed of many forage species were sold without cultivar identity because improved cultivars were not available

1950

Buckbrush (more widely known as coralberry) can be inexpensively and well-managed with ______ now (April-early May) without injury to surround grasses. However, this treatment won't work later in the season after leaves "harden off".

2,4-D

Endophyte (fescue) toxicosis has been shown to reduce milk production in cattle by ___%.

30

Bloat can be reduced if at least _____% of mixed legume-grass pasture is grass

50

Farm receipts (i.e. income) in Missouri are roughly split ___ for livestock crops.

50/50

If a manager divides his/her fields into at least 10 paddocks of relatively similar productivity, each paddock will be "at rest" about ____ percent of the time.

90

About ____ percent of feed used in beef production is not edible by humans

98

______ could be used to reduce endophyte ("fescue") toxicosis.

Adding legume species to the pasture to dilute the tall fescue Planting novel endophyte varieties of tall fescue

One disadvantage of using silage is ____

All answers correct

When attempting to establish legumes, it is important to _____ (select all correct answers)

All answers correct

Factors that should influence A producers decision of the best forage species or variety include

All are correct

Non-legume sources of natural N input to a feel my include

All are correct

Timely action with ____ can make a big difference in forage productivity and quality

All are correct

Depending on their formation, coatings applied to seeds ______ (select all correct answers)

All of above

An animal's desire to eat can be affected by ______.

All of the above

As soil pH decreases below about 6.5, plant uptake (i.e. nutrient availability) decreases for _____

All of the above

High temperatures during forage growth often lead to reduced ______.

All of the above

Legumes added to a pasture that has a lot of grass can improve ______

All of the above

Forage is at greater risk of becoming moldy if _____

All of the above is correct

Feeding moldy hay presents added risks to livestock if it is _____

All of them

When buying inoculant in plastic bags or pouches, you _____ (select all correct answers)

All of them

Alfalfa has an important requirement for boron. Although the quantity applied is small, it is important that the boron be applied _____ (select all correct answers)

All selected

Although it is not free, forage producers should soil test and adjust _____ whenever they plan to establish alfalfa using conventional tillage methods (select all correct answers)

All selected

Benefits of the fungal endophyte neotyphodium coenophialum in Kentucky 31 tall fescue include

All selected

____ is an example of "symbiosis" (select all correct answers)

All selected

given a choice, horses prefer to graze

Annual Ryegrass

Poison hemlock ______.

Both A and B

Soils are quite variable throughout the South in terms of water- and nutrient-holding capacity, native fertility, and potential for pests (e.g. nematodes). However, soils throughout much pf the region tend to be ______.

Both A and B

Where available energy to microbes is low (e.g. warm season grasses), it might be necessary to add ___ to increase in ensiling success

Both A and B

when using the grazing stick to estimate forage, it is important to account for forage you want to leave on the ground to protect against erosion and provide for regrowth growth. Therefore, it was recommended that you should _____.

Both A and B

Based on work by Dr. Provenza at Utah State University, Kathy Voth demonstrated that ______.

Calves and lambs will often choose to eat what they see their mothers eat Cattle can be trained to eat "unpalatable" weeds Some of our traditional ideas about what is palatable to livestock are wrong

Through his plant breeding program, Dr. G.W. Burton extended the adapted range and greatly increased the yield of ____. (Ch. 1)

Coastal bermudagrass

____ Is ranked as the best silage crap because it is high and energy and results and good animal performance

Corn

_____ is potentially a good source for annual warm-season legume forage or hair production (select all correct answers)

Cow pea, Sunn help, and Soybean

Inadequate _____ in the diet is the primary limiting factor in most Southern livestock operations

Digestible energy

______ could be well managed now (April-early May) be close mowing or grazing as (or before) it begins to flower.

Downy brome

______ is among the herbicides that a producer must use extra caution because it will kill clovers and be present and Haiti in the newer for more than a year

DuraCor/GrazonNext

Dr. Woods (growingdeertv.com) demonstrated that forage use by wildlife can be estimated using

Enclosure "cages"

In April 2019 more than 150 cattle in southwest Missouri died of nitrite poisoning from eating baled forage that was high in nitrate. This problem highlights the risks of _____

Failing to test hay quality

Alfalfa varieties with more pronounced contractile growth tend to have greater _______

Fall dormacy

"Growth regulators" types of herbicides (such as 2,4-D) are considered broad - spectrum herbicides, which means the route will be killed if the herbicide is applied to the lease

False

Aerobic bacteria are responsible for "picking" (reducing pH to <4.2) silage after anaerobic bacteria deplete the available oxygen

False

Alfalfa was originally introduced to North America from Afghanistan.

False

Although soil pH and nutrient levels can limit The forage species and varieties a producer should choose, soil drainage has a little affect on species or varietal selection

False

Annual amounts of nitrogen fixed by common legumes vary with environmental conditions, but common crops can fix as much as 400 pounds of N per acre (450 kg N/ha) in a well-watered , well-managed crop

False

As their ability to purchase more expensive goods increases, national populations (e.g. USA or China) tend to demand fewer meat and animal products.

False

Because it is all "plant-based material", cell wall components and cell contents are relatively similar in terms of digestibility

False

Bloat is caused by the buildup of gas that becomes obvious as swelling on the animal's right side.

False

Civilizations have developed more slowly where adequate forges have been available

False

Conversion of feed to food live weight for both beef and swine is about 3:1

False

Despite the small seed size, alfalfa seatings are strong, competitive plants and do not experience much "die-off" during the first two years after seating

False

Fortunately, endophyte infected (E+) tall fescue is least toxic at the time most people harvest hay in southwestern Missouri: late May through mid-June.

False

Grass tetany (a blood disorder in cattle) is most likely to occur in late spring (late May) through mid-summer (early august)

False

Horses are slightly more efficient digesting cell wall components such as cellulose than ruminants (e.g. cattle, sheep and goats).

False

If renovating an E+ pasture or hay field to novel endophyte tall fescue (E++), your textbook (and MU Extension) recommends spraying with a broad-spectrum herbicide (e.g. Roundup) after spring hay harvest, followed by drilling the E++ tall fescue into the dead grass so that it can establish during the summer months.

False

If the first cutting of alfalfa is delayed until later in the flowering period (e.g. at full bloom), % crude protein in the hay will be higher.

False

In forage test results, ADF is indirectly (inversely) correlated to intake and NDF is indirectly (inversely) correlated to digestibility.

False

Integrated Pest management (IPM) is only concerned with the economical management of pests — it does not advise about choosing "least toxic" methods or timing of pest management.

False

Korean lespedeza produces only one unifoliate leaf, while white clover produces two.

False

Normally, the food plot species that are most attractive to deer are also most attractive to gamebirds

False

One approved and economical method for applying rhizobium Inocula to the soil is to mix it with dry fertilizer before spreading the fertilizer on the field. In this method the bacteria will be moved into the soil as the fertilizer is buried by tillage removed by rainfall infiltration

False

One way producers can improve water quality is by providing shade for livestock along riparian areas

False

Planting dates vary with location, but the weather and temperatures play only a minor role in crop establishment. Producers need not be too concerned about establishing crops within the "optimum" window of opportunity

False

Relative Feed Value (RFV) can range from "0" up to a maximum (i.e. highest quality) value of "100" for alfalfa at full bloom.

False

Rhizobium bacteria directly help grass plants by converting ("fixing") atmospheric nitrogen into chemical forms the host plant can use

False

Seed coatings that include rhizobium bacteria are very thin and light. Therefore coated seed per pound (or kg) are nearly the same as uncoated seeds

False

Sharon long (Stanford) used microscopic in her video to demonstrate that lateral roots, not hair roots, curve around a Rhizobium bacteria to initiate infection

False

Synthetic varieties are produced by forcing cross pollinated species to intermix through emasculation of many "mother" clonal online

False

The photosynthetic rate of individual leaves remains relatively constant as leaves age

False

The process of "mass selection" in plant breeding requires maintaining separate collections from individual mother plants and making a massive number of subsequent planned crosses between the collections

False

When establishing a forage crop using no-tillage techniques - especially small seeded crops - it is important to firm the soil with a small amount of compaction to assure that soil-to-soil contact will provide for capillary action that will supply water from deeper in the soil to germinating ceilings

False

When establishing perennial grasses, producers should apply the full amount of nitrogen fertilizer during a spring planting because this will give an advantage to the crop to compete with annual grass weeds

False

Where herbicide drift is a concern, it is safer to use the ester form of 2,4- D

False

in cattle, the cecum aids in digestion and cellulosic materials

False

tall fescue physiological stage Has a little affect on forage quality

False

_____ results in the largest total field and harvest losses

Field-cured hay

when growing mixed grass and legume pastures (such as tall fescue/white clover) the______

Forage productivity (tonnage) and the rate of gain of steers will both be higher

________ is a disorder that results from a deficiency of magnesium in forage tissues

Grass tetany

A great wildlife food plot will not make up for poor

Habitat

Sclerenchyma cells _____.

Have low digestibility. Include a few different types of cells, including xylem cells

____ in cross-pollinated forage species makes it difficult to propagate individual lines from seed and maintain their identity

Heterozygosity

Plant tissue comprised of mostly cells with thick cell walls and relatively small volume of cytoplasm would have ______

High ADF, High NDF

Grass tetany is more likely to occur where soils are ____

High in potassium, high in nitrogen, low phosphorous

In her video, Sharon long (Stanford university) explained that the signaling that occurs during the initial phases of rhizobial infection is complex, with chemical signaling occurring from ____

In both directions from the plant to the bacterium and from the bacterium to the plant

Based upon his observations of the side-by-side deer food plots at the Kentucky proving grounds, Dr. Wood said he would recommend that the land owner ____ for the next year

Increase the area planted to soybean and decrease the area planted corn

The optimal growth stage for harvest of corn for silage is ______

Kernels dented of black layer

The optimal growth stage for harvest of alfalfa for silage is _____

Kernels dented or black layer

______ are among the legumes that are most likely to cause bloat.

Ladino clover and alfalfa

The combination of high temperature, high humidity and ____ complicate disease management and legume haymaking, especially in the South

Little air movement

Production "philosophy" has an important influence on the type of forage program a producer develops. Most USA producers see themselves as _____, while excellent managers in other parts of the world see themselves first as _______.

Livestock managers; forage producers

Because most forage species are ____, many years are required to evaluate persistence and productiveness of new varieties

Long- lived perennials

Seed having _____ moisture content during storage will have greater longevity

Low

A forage of high ADF and high NDF would be correlated to ______.

Low digestible energy and low intake by the animal

______ would be considered to be very bad conditions for planting inoculated seeds. Most Rhizobium would be expected to die within a few days under extreme conditions

Low soil pH (e.g. less than 5.5) Drought (dry soil conditions) High temperature (heat)

When a bale of hay is harvested and fed off- site, mineral nutrients are included in the plant material. Rank the N, P(P2O5), Mg, and K (K2O) in order of most (1) to least (4) for pounds of mineral fertility removed in a bale of tall fescue hay

N,K20,P2O5,Mg

Tall fescue is well-adapted to ____ of Missouri.

Nearly the whole state

Excessive use of ____ fertilizer increases ergot alkaloid concentrations and is associated with endophyte toxicosis.

Nitrogen

Moderate orhigh levels of soil ____ can inhibit nitrogen fixation by rhizobium

Nitrogen

A rhizome may be distinguished from a root on the basis of the presence of ______

Nodes

An animal's dry matter intake (DMI) will remain relatively constant even if the Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) level of the feed is increased by more than _____%

None of the above - if NDF goes up, DMI will go down

A "band seeder" was used because it could _____

Place fertilizer in a "band" just below the seats so that the crop will have quick access to it

When ____ levels decline in the soil it can greatly reduce the availability of ______

Potassium: clovers to compete with grasses

Winter Strip Grazing (as demonstrated by the NRCS video) required ___.

Redistribution of manure using a tractor dragging a piece of fence or tree branches Daily movement of electrified fence (e.g. polywire) Careful, daily estimation of forage availability within the new strip

your neighbor killed and renovated a hay field. Unfortunately, no seedlings emerged. On close inspection you find that seeds germinated but failed to emerge. Reasonable explanations to investigate include ______.

Select all

Ergovaline intake by livestock tends to be high during ____, but can also be high at other times.

September

Among the species listed below, ____ is most sensitive to overgrazing because its growing point is elevated early in the growing season and it has few leaves near the ground

Switchgrass (warm - season, native)

Your friend wants to buy high quality alfalfa hay for his hard-working ranch horse. You know that alfalfa is harvested every time it regrows and begins to flower. You advise him to buy alfalfa hay from the "second cutting" because the first cutting is more likely to include dead stems from the previous year, which means that ______.

The first cutting would be less digestible The first cutting would be more nutritious The first cutting would be higher in cellulose and fiber

Older plant cells will have ____ cell walls.

Thicker, less digestible

"Creep grazing" is a technique that allows young animals to pass through in opening or narrow gate to feed on higher quality or more palatable material ahead of their mothers

True

"Public varieties" are those varieties of plants developed by institutions such as USDA or state universities that are supported by taxpayers

True

A forage user should be aware that there could be risk of prussic acid poisoning with sorghum species (including Johnsongrass), but problems are usually associated with grazing after a frost or other stressful weather event.

True

A major advantage of rotational grazing (rotational stocking) is increased carrying capacity, which may be 20 to over 30 percent higher then would be realized with continuous grazing

True

A manager who considers herself a forage producer might manage her land and livestock differently than someone who considers herself to be a life stock manager

True

According to state law, seed bags sold in the state of Missouri must include a tag that indicates where the seed was produced

True

Alfalfa weevil can often be well managed by "flash grazing" with with cattle or sheep, which means the animals are moved through fast enough that they only have time to eat the tops (upper most growing tips) of the alfalfa plants.

True

All major southern Ford grasses in lagoons used in the USA are introduced species (i.e. not native to the USA).

True

An accurate definition of "symbiosis" is prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that result in benefits to one or more species

True

As forage crops mature growers can obtain higher yields (tonnage).

True

Average life expectancy in the USA increased to age 54 in 1920 to age 74 in 1980. Increased longevity increases the demand for food even if average birth rates do not change

True

Because of the higher expense associated with baleage, producers should want to reduce food waste (i.e. increase feeding efficiency) by placing the bell and a cone-feeder or bale ring

True

Because perfect weed management is not among the goals of food plot, when a wildlife management manager "flip-flops" a food plot s/he gains the advantage of crop rotation and desirable weed species

True

Because ruminant animals will normally defecate within two minutes of standing up (after ruminating), it is important to keep loafing animals away from (i.e. fenced out) areas near surface waters or sinkholes

True

Beef stockering is the system of buying Calves in the spring and then selling them at the end of the summer

True

C4 plants have an extra cycle within their system of photosynthesis that enables them to concentrate CO2 where it is needed to be more productive under high temperature conditions.

True

Certified seed is inspected against common diseases seed damages, as well as quantified for "off-type" species or varieties. You pay more for certified seed, but you also gain some assurance of seed quality

True

Coated seeds move much faster through a planter than Uncoated seed, so the planter must be calibrated to give the correct seeding rate

True

Commercial mixtures of seed advertised as deer "food plot seed" often cost at least twice (2x) as much per pound as purchasing bulk or bagged crop seed of the same species. Buying and blending seed from local sources (e.g. Nixa seed and hardware, MSA, SOMO, etc.) with excellent germination can be far more cost effective

True

Compared to the cost of seed or tillage, the cost of adding inoculum is small. You should always do it unless you are certain that field has been planted with a compatible crop in the past few years

True

Cool season plants (C3 plants) are generally more digestible and higher in % protein than warm season plants (C4 plants)

True

Cows on endophyte-free (E-) forage are much more likely (e.g 95% probability compared to 45%) to produce a calf (baby cow) than cows on E+ forage.

True

Genetic improvements in crops along with improved soil fertilization and weed management have greatly increased the productivity of pastures and hay areas.

True

Grazing management can have have short and long-term effects; stand density, forage quality, nutrient recycling and distribution, and environmental quality can be affected by the difference between rotational and continuous grazing

True

If a forage producer observes that her soil is highly acid, it is recommended that half of the recommended quality of lime and till it into the soil several months in advance of planting to provide plenty of time for the chemical reactions to occur

True

If silage is too dry during the ensiling process, heat can develop that damages the feed value of the forage and result in a caramel color

True

Improved pastures in large-scale beef and dairy production did not occur in much of the south until the 1930s and 1940s

True

In terms of stands (number of plants per foot or meter of row) obtained, there are normally no differences between coated and uncoated seeds when planting the same amount (by weight) of seeds per acre (or hectare)

True

Inoculating legumes with newer strains of Rhizobium can result in increased likeee Kum productivity compared to older selections of Rhizobium

True

Loose (or "fluffy") soil at the time of planting small legumes can result and seeds being planted to deeply or experience fatal germination (dying soon after germination because the soil is too dry. Firming the soil with a culti-packer or roller is recommended before and after planting small seeded crops.

True

Major improvements in tall fescue have included a winter productive variety for the lower south and the development of novel (non-toxic) endophyte tall fescue varieties

True

Management Intensive Grazing (MIG) can extend the grazing season by "stockpiling" forage to graze during less productive seasons.

True

Many people view silage as a convenient and economical source of feed for the dairy industry; however it is increasingly used in beef backgrounding and finishing programs

True

Most commercially available forms of nitrogen fertilizer tend to increase soil acidity, particularly at high application rates

True

Nitrogen fixation is influenced by soil pH and fertility, as well as soil temperature

True

Not all tall fescue pastures are infected with the toxic in defy, so it is important to determine the level of infection if there is any question about it. You should have samples tested out an end a fight lab to his determine it's toxicity level.

True

Often an inexperienced (but highly motivated) individual can find and use reliable (research-based) information and technology and quickly develop a more efficient and profitable operation than his/her more experienced neighbors.

True

One problem in forage breeding is that many species are poor seed producers

True

One problem in forage crop breeding is that strains (I.e. crop varieties) might perform differently under different grazing systems

True

Per ton of dry matter harvested from an area, alfalfa is known to remove more potassium than either warm or cool season grasses

True

Planting on the basis of pure life seed (PLS) is most often practiced with native warm season grasses (NWSG) on conservation plantings

True

Rhizobial relationship with plants is species-specific, meaning that you must be careful to select the correct inoculum for your crop species

True

Round bales (not wrapped) stored outside may have high spoilage loss, while he stored inside should have very little storage loss

True

Selecting a species (or variety) that is well-adapted to the soil type, climate, and drainage characteristics will increase the probability of satisfactory performance of the crop

True

Shading by tall plants (e.g. in an undergrazed pasture or over mature hayfield) can reduce overall forage quality and plant diversity

True

Soils throughout much of the southern USA tend to be acid and require pH and nutrient adjustment for successful production of the legumes

True

Sulfur deficiency is more common today than it was when industrial pollution resulted in atmospheric contributions of sulfur to landscape

True

The combination of high temperatures and humidity in the southern USA favors the development of plant disease

True

The ergovaline levels in E+ tall fescue are highest in the inflorescence and at the base of the plant. Therefore, close grazing can result in increased risk of a toxic response.

True

The rhizomes or stolons of Bermuda grass, Kentucky blue grass, and white clover provide large food reserves for the plant and allow them to better tolerate intensive grazing

True

Total ergot alkaloid (e.g. ergovaline) levels in stored hay and ammoniated hay decreased significantly compared to fresh forage

True

Weed palatability (I.e. how much animals want to eat it) can change with the growth stage of the weed. Heavy grazing during the correct season (more palatable growth stage), however, can reduce Growth and weaken weeds such as broomesedge

True

When developing a forage program written plans are best because they help the producer clarify objectives, identify problems or limitations, and define needs and opportunities

True

When establishing a forage crop using conventional tillage techniques - especially small seeded crops - it is important to firm the soil with a small amount of compaction to assure that soil Dash two Dash soil contact will provide for a capillary action that will supply water from deeper in the soil to germinating seedlings

True

When inoculating legumes with peat/bacteria mixtures it is helpful to first moisten or coat the seeds with a sticky material (such as a sugary beverage) to cause the inoculum to stick to the seeds. The sugars can also serve as a temporary food source for the bacteria

True

When planting legumes, it is best to plant into moist soil to ensure the survival of both the seed and the inoculant

True

Whenever possible, wildlife food plots should be long and narrow (as opposed to square) and adjacent to escape habitat

True

White and Ladino clover are the same species, but ladino refers to the larger "type" of white clover

True

White clovers are better adapted to tolerate lower soil pH levels than red clover or sweet clover

True

Wrapped bales (baleage) are usually of greater quality (e.g. improved digestibility) than dry hay

True

Yellow-flowered sweetclover is finer stemmed and produces forage of higher quality (but lower yield ) than white- flowered

True

Young leaves have higher forage quality than older leaves, and older leaves are more valuable than stems.

True

alfalfa weevil normally emerges from its egg at about 300° days (using base 48)

True

improving the grazing tolerance of alfalfa and other legumes, improving the management of grazing systems, and increasing the practice of silvopasture may offer ways of increasing sustainability of grazing operations in the southern USA

True

managing hey in a manner that results in quick drying and collection (i.e. baling) helps to reduce quality losses caused by respiration and sun-bleaching

True

stocking rate affects forage intake and availability

True

suppressing grass growth with a light application of contact herbicide (i.e. a "chemical frost") such as paraquat can be helpful in the establishment of legumes (such as white clover) for a grass/legume mixed pasture.

True

______ have low forage value because they have thick cell walls and no cytoplasm

Xylem

The frequent rotations associated with Management Intensive of High Density grazing results in ______

a more uniform distribution of manure and associated nutrients.

Broadcast seeding is acceptable for small-seeded forage crops such as alfalfa, but on a prepared (tilled) seedbed this should be followed by

adequate firming of the soil with a cultipacker or roller

overgrazing adversely affects all of the following except

all are adversely affected

One advantage of rotational grazing (rotational stocking) is _______.

all of the above

there is potential for nitrate to accumulate in pasture plants to dangerous levels

all of the above

A person with 50 cows (1000 lbs each) would have a stock density of ______.

all of the above are correct - depends on the area in which they are enclosed

Pure live seed is an important concept ____

all of them

vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM)

all of them

Among the species listed below, ___ is most sensitive to overgrazing.

bermudagrass

______ is of particular danger to horses if the insect or its contents are included in hay

blister beetle

With continuous grazing (continuous stocking) animal excrement (an the nutrients it contains) is normally

concentrated on a small percentage of the total area grazed

______ lends itself to environmental problems associated with soil compaction, bare soil, concentration of manure and nutrients, and water quality

continuous grazing

Sodseeding/no-tillage planting has been used with success throughout the southern USA. The two situations that are by far the most Common are _____

establishment of legumes into cool seas grasses. cool season annual grasses and or legumes are planted into dormant warm season grass odds.

Missouri uses a "salt" pH test when estimating soil pH. This means that ______.

everything other than the test is designed for salty/saline soils

in an average year, feeding he has historically been about 4X more expensive than grazing for ruminant animal feeding

false

_____ frequency of disturbance normally results in the greatest species diversity because it reset the system

frequent

Seed that are ___ are those that are viable but will not germinate immediately because of seed coat impermeability

hard

If growing small grains for grazing AND subsequent grain harvest, you must remove grazing animals at the ___ stage, or risk losing grain yield.

joint

A critical factor in promoting deeper rooting depth in grazing land is

long resting period

E+ tall fescue is _____ E- tall fescue.

more resistant to drought and insects (e.g. nematodes) than

When dung and urine spots become obvious, pastured are

nutrient deficient

When dung and urine spots become obvious, pastures are _____.

nutrient deficient

When preparing to establish a forage crop, it is very important to examine the soil ____ because it will influence the availability and uptake of various nutrients

pH level

_______ is normally not a problem in the first cutting of alfalfa because it does not overwinter in Missouri and must be blown in by winds from the south east year

potato leaf hopper

There are many wildlife benefits that came from the conservation reserve program. The Missouri Department of conservation recognize that northern bobwhite quail tend to _____ CRP fields.

prefer young

The pure live seed concept helps a grower adjust for _____

seed dormancy, seed purity

Legumes have been less successful in the southern USA because of ______.

subsoil acidity and drought. heat and pests (e.g. alfalfa weevil). higher management requirements. low soil fertility

Pastures dominated by ____ make poor habitat for Northern bobwhite quail

tall fescue

Clovers, Bermuda grass, and other small-seeded species may need to be planted at rates so low that the available equipment cannot be adjusted to put out such small quantities of seed. In these cases, _____ might be necessary

thoroughly mixing the seed with coarse sand or other inert material

although adding nitrogen fertilizer has not been shown to increase digestibility of young grasses, adding sulfur to deficient soil's may improve rumen fermentation

true

animals might perform as well unless palatable forage as they would on more palatable forage provided that the less palatable forage is all that is available to them

true

normally, palatability is not a problem when stocking rates are high

true

When establishing hybrid Bermuda grass sprigs or native warm-season grasses, it is recommended that a producer _____

use a pre-emergence herbicide to minimize competition from weeds

Undergrazing a grass-clover pasture is more likely to result in decreasing _____ stands

white clover

leaves _____ can be deadly toxic on broken branches- a manager should take care to search the pasture following storms or before animals are released to graze

wild cherry