Ameoba Sisters: 27-53 Bio Unit 4
DNA replication occurs
during the S phase of the cell cycle
The following questions refer to the data in Figures 1 through 4 below, which were collected during a study of the growth of plant seedlings. When the concentration of GAl is highest, the average height of the control seedlings is approximately
10 cm
Damaged tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets and stimulate the formation of blood clots. Which of the following predictions about the activity of platelets best describes a positive feedback mechanism?
Activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.
Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?
Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP
Based on the model of eukaryotic cell cycle regulation shown in the figure, which of the following best describes the effect of a drug that blocks the production of the mitotic cyclin?
The cell would be prevented from entering mitosis, and the cell would stop dividing.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of GDP to the G protein?
The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.
The endocrine system incorporates feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system?
After a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels.
Notch is a receptor protein displayed on the surface of certain cells in developing fruit fly embryos. Notch's ligand is a membrane-bound protein called Delta that is displayed on the surface of adjacent cells. When Notch is activated by its ligand, the intracellular tail of the Notch protein becomes separated from the rest of the protein. This allows the intracellular tail to move to the cell's nucleus and alter the expression of specific genes. Which of the following statements best explains Delta's role in regulating cell communication through the Notch signaling pathway?
Delta restricts cell communication to short distances within a developing embryo.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. A researcher claims that the epinephrine signaling pathway controls a catabolic process in muscle cells. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim?
Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?
In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Cortisol is a hormone produced in response to stress, including starvation, in humans. Which of the following is most likely an immediate effect of a starvation-induced increase in cortisol secretion?
Increased mobilization of fatty acids from fat cells
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Which of the following statements best describes the role of adenylyl cyclase in the epinephrine signaling pathway?
It accelerates the production of a second messenger.
In a certain signal transduction pathway, the binding of an extracellular molecule to a cell-surface protein results in a rapid increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP inside the cell. The cyclic AMP binds to and activates cytosolic enzymes that then activate other enzymes in the cell. Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMP in the signal transduction pathway?
It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.
Ethylene causes fruits to ripen. In a signaling pathway, receptors activate transcription factors, which ultimately leads to ripening. Which of the following best supports the claim that ethylene initiates the signal transduction pathway that leads to ripening of fruit?
Loss-of-function mutations in ethylene receptors result in changes to the ripening process.
Figure 1 is a proposed model of the feedback system controlling erythrocyte (red blood cell) production. Air is less dense at very high elevations, so less oxygen is available than in the denser air at sea level. Based on the model in Figure 1, if a person travels from sea level to a high elevation location, which of the following correctly predicts the response to the decreased blood oxygen level?
More erythropoietin will be secreted from the kidneys, increasing production of erythrocytes.
The following questions refer to the data in Figures 1 through 4 below, which were collected during a study of the growth of plant seedlings. Which of the following is a correct conclusion that can be drawn from the data in Figures 1, 2, and 3?
Most of the increase in the concentration of all gibberellins 40 to 45 days after planting is due to an increase in the concentration of GAl.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cyclic AMP to a different molecule. Which of the following best predicts the effect of inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in a muscle cell stimulated by epinephrine?
Phosphorylase kinase will remain active because protein kinase A will no longer be deactivated.
Steroid hormones, such as testosterone, pass through the plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular protein, as shown in the diagram below. The hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus, where it interacts with DNA to promote transcription of a specific gene. Based on the information presented, which of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?
Production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone-receptor complex to the DNA
During mitosis, which of the following normally occurs?
Replicated chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate.
Most cells that have become transformed into cancer cells have which of the following characteristics when compared to normal, healthy cells?
Shorter cell cycle
In flowering plants, plasmodesmata are narrow channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. An explanation of how plant cells communicate across cell walls will most likely refer to the diffusion through plasmodesmata of which of the following?
Small, water-soluble molecules
A student claims that the Y chromosome contains the sex-determining region gene, known as the SRY gene, which causes male fetuses to develop testes. Which of the following provides correct information about cell signaling that supports the claim?
The SRY gene produces a protein that binds to specific regions of DNA in certain tissues, which affects the development of these tissues.
Cancer cells behave differently than normal body cells. For example, they ignore signals that tell them to stop dividing. Which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell?
The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.
The following questions refer to the data in Figures 1 through 4 below, which were collected during a study of the growth of plant seedlings. Which of the following is a correct conclusion that can be drawn based only on the data in Figure 4?
The greater the inhibition of GAl synthesis, the lower the plant height after 80 days.
Figure 1 shows a model of a signal transduction cascade, initiated by the binding of a ligand to the transmembrane receptor protein AA. A DNA mutation changes the shape of the extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor protein A produced by the cell. Which of the following predictions is the most likely consequence of the mutation?
The molecule that normally binds to protein A will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.
Vertebrate immune responses involve communication over short and long distances. Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?
The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.