American Government (5th Edition) Chapter 7 & Vocab [McClain, Tauber]

In 1936, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized the president as the _______________________ in __________________________________.

"Sole organ", foreign affairs

In _______, civil rights activist, ____________________ finished _______ in the battle for the Democratic Party nomination for president.

1984, Jesse Jackson, third

In ______, _____________________, won more votes and delegates than he had won in 1984, and he finished _____________.

1988, Jesse Jackson, second

The last time a cabinet member was rejected was in _______ when the Senate rejected President George H.W. Bush's choice of former Texas Senator _______________________ to be secretary of defense because of Tower's reputation for _______________________________ and __________________________________________, as well as his ___________________________________________________.

1989, John Tower, overuse of alcohol, mistreatment of women, financial dealings with defense contractors

As of November 22, 2020, _______ Super PACs raised more than _______ billion and spent almost ______ billion in the 2020 election.

2,214, $2.5, $1.9

A total of ________ Super PACs raised more than ___________ billion and spent over __________ billion in the 2016 election.

2,393, $1.79, $1.06

In ________, successful president candidate Joe Biden raised approximately __________________ dollars, which is the most in American history. In contrast, Trump raised only about _______________________ dollars.

2020, one billion, 600 million

All presidents have been over ___ at the time of their inauguration, with most over the age of __.

40, 50

During Obama's presidency, he issued up to ____ signing statements. George W. Bush however, got to issue _____ during his presidency. Trump got to issue up to ____.

41, 160, 57

Barack Obama was ___ when he was inaugurated, which makes him one of the youngest presidents, and Bill Clinton was even younger at __

47, 46

Al Gore received more overall popular votes nationally than Bush (________ percent to Gore, _________ to Bush). Because Bush was declared the narrow winner in states like __________ and ______, he was able to manage victory even though Gore stemmed wide victories from large states like __________________, ____________, and __________________________.

48.4, 47.9, Florida, Ohio, California, New York, Massachusetts

President Obama ended up winning handily in 2008, earning ______ percent of the ____________ vote and _______ percent of the __________________________ vote.

52.9, popular, 67.8, Electoral College

Donald Trump was ___ at his inauguration, making him the oldest president in American history at the time of his inauguration. However, Joe Biden will far surpass that record because he will be ___ when he is inaugurated on January 20, 2021.

70, 78

As of 2019, New Hampshire is ________ percent White, and Iowa is ________ percent White.

93.1, 90.6

Which of the following is not one of the three presidential foreign policy-making powers granted by the Constitution? A. Declare war B. Receive foreign ambassadors C. Negotiate treaties D. Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces.

A. Declare war

During the first 50 years of the _____________________________________ (1789-1839), presidents negotiated ____________ as many treaties as executive agreements. However, since 1990, presidents have used executive agreements ________ times more often than treaties.

American Republic, twice, nine

In 2017, Trump withdrew his nomination for Secretary of Labor ___________________________ after reports emerged that his ex-wife accused him of _______________________________.

Andrew Pudzer, domestic violence

Which article and section of the Constitution requires that the U.S. President be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen of the United States, and a U.S. resident for at least 14 years?

Article 2, Section 1

The administrative power of the president concerns the president's ______________ to enforce ________ and ensure that policies _____________________.

Authority, laws, take effect

Despite the ratification requirement, presidents possess the ________________ to __________________ from treaties without ______________ the Senate's consent. For instance, in 2002, President George W. Bush unilaterally withdrew the U.S. from the ___________________________________________ with Russia to pursue a space-based missile defense system.

Authority, withdraw, seeking, Anit-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Scholar Russel Riley shows that both premodern and modern presidents, including Lyndon B. Johnson, __________________ taking the lead on ___________________________ unless ______________________and ________________________ sufficiently pressured them to do so.

Avoided, civil rights action, public opinion, social movements

What was true about Barack Obama?

Barack Obama outraised his primary and general elections opponents only in 2008.

Which of the following was not a characteristic of all U.S. presidents prior to 2009? A. White B. Male C. Protestant D. None of the above.

C. Protestant

A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby party members convene at local meetings.

Caucuses

A controversial statement that Trump signed was his disagreement with a bill that sanctioned ___________ for its _____________________________________, an Islamic ethnic minority group living in China. The law constrains the president's ability to remove the sanctions, but Trump rejected that portion of the bill, arguing that "_________________________________________________________________________."

China, persecution of the Uyghurs, it interferes with the president's conduct of diplomacy

Prior to the 1950s, either ______________ declared war or ____________________ sent troops only into limited engagements without congressional authorization. In 1950, however, President __________________________ dispatched U.S. forces into the Korean conflict without the authorization of _____________.

Congress, presidents, Harry Truman, Congress

The power granted by the Constitution (in Article 1, Section 8) to Congress to decide when the United States goes to war.

Congressional War Powers

During George W. Bush's presidency, the use of signing statements became more ______________________ because he used them to _____________ aspects of laws requiring better treatment of ____________________ captured in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Controversial, ignore, detainees

Super PACs cannot do which of the following?

Coordinate with the campaign of a political candidate.

No individual in the custody or under the physical control of the United States Government, regardless of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.

Detainee Treatment Act

Because individuals or corporations can donate an unlimited amount of money to Super PACs, they can ____________ political campaigns

Dominate

President Bush also authorized the use of __________ to attack suspected terrorists, despite the fact that these drones often killed _________________. Obama significantly ___________________ the drone program. Accordingly, he ordered ______ times more drone strikes than Bush did.

Drones, civilians, expanded, ten

Article 2 grants presidents the power to ___________________________________________________________________________. A reprieve ___________________ a sentence, but the conviction ____________, whereas a pardon completely _____________ the conviction.

Pardon and grant reprieves to convicted federal criminals, alleviates, remains, erases

The entity that selects the president and vice president, consisting of 538 electors chosen from the states and District of Columbia.

Electoral College

The status given to individuals captured in battle who do not belong to any national military force

Enemy Combatants

At times, a signing statement can even indicate areas that the president intends not to _______________. Presidents have used signing statements since the administration of ________________________, but their use has increased tremendously since the _____________.

Enforce, James Monroe, 1980s

President Bush took other extraordinary powers in the name of fighting terrorism after 2001. He allowed "__________________________________________________________" to be used on people captured in Afghanistan and in the subsequent war in Iraq. The most controversial technique was ________________________.

Enhanced interrogation techniques, waterboarding

Agreements between the president and foreign nations that, because they are not treaties, do not need the approval of the Senate.

Executive Agreements

Directives that the president issues to subordinates in the executive branch and that have the force of law.

Executive Orders

The president's ability to exert administrative power in the area of policy making is most directly seen in:

Executive Orders

Article 2 of the Constitution grants presidents the power to nominate:

Executive branch officials, ambassadors, and federal judges.

Super PACs are _______________________________ in elections because unlike campaigns, which are restricted in how much money they can raise from individuals or corporations, they are able to raise ___________________________.

Extremely influential, unlimited funds

In the second stage of the presidential selection process, the two nominees _____________________________________.

Face each other in the general election

The Obama administration enforced ____________________________ by _________________________________________that did not actively address housing discrimination, but since 2020 the ___________________________________ has sought to end this enforcement strategy.

Fair housing law, limiting funding to cities, Trump administration

In 2016, Hillary Clinton and her allies raised _________________ money than Donald Trump and his allies did: ____________________ to ___________________________.

Far more, $973.2 million, $564.3 million

In 2016, Hillary Clinton won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College due to key states like ______________, _____________________, ____________, and ______________. On several occasions, President Trump claimed that the only reason that Hillary Clinton won the popular vote is that three million __________________________________ voted _________________..

Florida, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, undocumented immigrants, illegally

Another example of a candidate receiving the popular vote but losing to the electoral college, was the presidential election of 2000. The results from the state of _________ were disputed because of problems with ___________, as well as widespread reports of difficulties that _________________ had faced when ______________.

Florida, ballots, minorities, voting,

How many presidents have won the popular vote but lost the Electoral College vote in a presidential election?

Four

Although the _______________ of the Constitution recognized the necessity of a national executive branch, they were wary of __________________ power. As a result, the U.S. Constitution provides for only limited _________________ powers.

Framers, executive, presidential

An example of executive orders that have affected racial and ethnic politics:

Franklin Roosevelt's 1943 Executive Order 9066, forcibly relocating more than 100,000 Japanese Americans from their homes to internment camps in the desert. However, in 1941, Roosevelt advanced racial and ethnic quality by issuing Executive Order 8802, which banned racial, ethnic, and religious discrimination in the federal government and in defense companies under contract with the federal government.

Although administrative power presumes that presidents will _________________________ of Congress, it often provides presidents themselves with the ability to shape public policy because they enjoy ______________________ when enforcing laws.

Fulfill the will, wide discretion

A set of treaties and international agreements controlling the treatment of civilians and prisoners of war during armed conflict.

Geneva Conventions

[Presidential election of 2000] Although the Florida Supreme Court required a hand recount of votes in counties with disputed ballots, the U.S. Supreme Court ___________ the recount, arguing that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the _______________________________________________________. This decision then gave the electors of the state of Florida, and the presidency, to __________________________.

Halted, recount rules be uniform for all counties throughout the state, George W. Bush (R)

The 2008 presidential elections were also notable for having ___________________________________________ as the first female candidate to launch a significant campaign. She was the early favorite to win the _________________________________ before losing to Barack Obama. New Mexico governor ________________________________ also became the first major ____________ candidate.

Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY), Democratic nomination, Bill Richardson (D-NM), Latino

Shirley Chisholm was the first African American female to be elected to the __________________________________ in 1968.

House of Representatives

Traditionally, ________ holds the first caucus and _____________________ holds the first primary.

Iowa, New Hampshire

Because Obama's appeal cut across racial and ethnic boundaries, he was able to win predominantly White states, such as __________, _____________, ____________________, __________, and ___________________.

Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Minnesota

Trump ended two major executive agreements that Obama negotiated: a deal with ________ to stop their ______________________________________ in exchange for _____________________________________ and a multinational agreement to ___________________________ emissions in an effort to ___________________ climate change.

Iran, nuclear weapons production, ending sanctions on Iran, curb greenhouse gas, ameliorate

It is clear that _______________ won the popular vote by approximately four percentage points (_____________________________). He also won a majority of electoral votes: ________ to Trump's ______.

Joe Biden, over six million votes, 306, 232

Until 2009, all presidents were White, male, and Christian. In fact, except for Catholics _____________________ and _________________, all other presidents have been ______________.

John F. Kennedy, Joe Biden, Protestant

Hillary Clinton was not as successful as Obama in generating turnout because overall voter turnout in 2016 was the _____________ in terms of percentage since _______.

Lowest, 1996

Gives the president absolute power to decide who is an enemy of our country and to imprison people indefinitely without charging them with a crime.

Military Commissions Act

In 2012, President Obama still outraised his Republican opponents, including his general election rival ______________________, but the margin was __________.

Mitt Romney, closer

Since Franklin Roosevelt in 1933, the conception of the presidency, which is characterized by a powerful president who seeks to lead Congress, connects with the American public, and presides over an enormous executive branch.

Modern Presidency

Other examples of executive orders:

President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9981 that desegregated the armed forces in 1948. Lyndon B. Johnson's Executive Order 11246, which required that businesses contracting with the federal government "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."

A method for political parties to select their candidates for office whereby people vote in an election.

Primaries

Unlike the Senate, states' influence in selecting the president is __________________ to the state's population.

Proportional

The Obama administration emphasized enforcement of civil rights laws in an effort to limit _________________________ and ___________________________ and ____________________ against racial and ethnic minorities, religious minorities, women, and members of the LGBTQ+ community.

Racial profiling, stop housing discrimination, hate crimes

In 2017, Trump's pardon of former Maricopa County, Arizona, Sheriff Joe Arpaio was extremely controversial. Arpaio was convicted of criminal contempt because he continued to _____________________________________ as part of his crackdown on illegal immigration, despite a court order to _________ his discriminatory actions. Arpaio was facing possible jail time when Trump __________________ him.

Racially profile Latinos, cease, pardoned

Occasionally, the Senate has ____________________ treaties that presidents negotiated, but the Senate ________________ the vast majority of treaties. It rejected the __________________________________ at the end of World War 1 because __________________________ opposed the requirement that the United States commit military troops to European conflicts.

Rejected, approves, Treaty of Versailles, too many senators

Modern presidents have increasingly ___________ on executive agreements as a way to avoid the ____________________ on their authority to negotiate with other nations.

Relied, Senate's check

In the election of 1876, Democrat _____________________ won the popular vote but received ____________ electoral votes than Republican ______________________________. In 1888, the incumbent Democratic president won the ________________ vote but received _________ electoral votes than Republican _______________________________.

Samuel Tilden, fewer, Rutherford B. Hayes, popular, fewer, Benjamin Harrison

There is, however, a check on the presidential appointment power because most appointments are subject to __________________________. For the most part, the Senate approves presidents' executive branch nominations, but it has occasionally rejected nominees for ______________________________, such as _______________________________ or display of ______________________________________.

Senate confirmation, character-related reasons, dishonest financial dealings, inappropriate behavior

In accordance with the Constitution, who is the president NOT in charge of nominating?

Senators

Who was the first African American to seek the presidency on a major party ticket?

Shirley Chisholm

Presidential declarations issued along with legislative bill signings that express reservations about parts of a bill or announce an unwillingness to enforce aspects of a bill.

Signing Statements

Emerged in 2010, political action committees allowed to raise an unlimited amount of money from any source, including individuals, corporations, labor unions, and interest groups. These committees are then allowed to spend this money in support of or opposition to any political candidate, including people running for president, so long as their activities are not directly coordinated with a campaign.

Super PACs

As of July 2020, Joe Biden received more support than Donald Trump did from ___________________ and ________________________, and Super PACs spent _____________________ overall advocating for ___________________ than they did advocating for ______________.

Super PACs, outside groups, less money, conservatives, liberals

The 2016 campaign has also featured a diverse set of candidates. Two Cuban Americans, Senator _________________________, and Senator __________________________ ran competitive races for the Republican nomination, but they both lost to the eventual nominee ____________________. There also included an African American, retired neurosurgeon __________________, and a female candidate, former business executive ___________________ before dropping out of the race in early 2016.

Ted Cruz (R-TX), Marco Rubio (R-FL), Donald Trump, Dr. Ben Carson, Carly Fiorina

Which major conflicts have presidents dispatched troops into without a congressional declaration of war?

The Korean War, Vietnam, the first Persian Gulf War, the Iraq War, the war in Afghanistan, and combat operations against ISIS

Why did the Framers only provide for limited presidential powers as expressed in the U.S. Constitution?

They were wary of significant executive power.

The presidential election is thus decided by separate elections in each of the 50 states, plus the District of Columbia, which receives __________ electoral votes.

Three

Once a candidate announces a bid for the presidency, he or she must raise considerable sums of money to pay for the extensive costs of _________, _____________, _______________, and ________________.

Travel, polling, advisers, advertising

The race for the 2020 Democratic nomination was quite diverse, there featured six candidates that were ____________, four candidates that were _________, and one that was openly ___________, that being ______________________.

Women, Jewish, LGBTQ+, Pete Buttigieg

President Trump claimed that he granted Roger Stone the reprieve because he received an _________________________, whereas his critics argued that the president was trying to ____________________________________ and avoid continued questions over __________________________________________________________________________.

Unfair trial. protect his friends, Russian interference in the 2016 election

In 1872, _________________________ became the first woman to run for president. She ran with former slave _____________________ as her vice-presidential candidate.

Victoria Woodhull, Frederick Douglass

How many times have formal Congressional War Powers been used since the 1950s?

Zero

At the end of 2007 and in early 2008, President Bush angered many _______________________________, as well as members of _______________, when he issued a signing statement indicating that he could ignore some of the sanctions that Congress has imposed on the _____________________________________ for egregious _________________________________ it was committing in _____________.

civil rights leaders, Congress, government of Sudan, human-rights violations, Darfur

The presidential selection process is divided into two stages, both of which eliminate many candidates. In the first stage, Candidates vie for the Democratic or Republican Party nomination by _______________________________________________ and the _____________________. The candidate who receives a majority of the party's delegates is selected as the party's _____________.

competing for delegates in each state, several territories, nominee

Our system awards each state a number of electoral votes based on how many representatives ___________________ send to the U.S. House, plus _____ more to represent the number of senators each state has.

each state, two

The 2008 presidential elections was historic because for the first time Americans _______________________________ to be president

elected a non-White candidate

The process of running for president, including both the nomination process and the general election, is extremely ________________.

expensive

A significant reason for Obama's successful fundraising was his campaign's ability to use __________________________________________ that target individual contributors according to each person's ________________, _______________________, and _____________. The Obama campaign also used these techniques to encourage people to _______.

high-tech data-mining techniques, online activity, social media use, purchases, vote

In the private sector, the hiring of personnel is a ____________________________ task; similarly, the president's appointment power is an essential part of the presidential __________________________________.

key administrative, administrative function

The Framers designed the presidency primarily to exert ____________________________ on policymaking; instead, the president should focus on ____________________ the nation and ___________________________________ enacted by Congress

minimal influence, protecting, administering policies

It is possible for a candidate to win more ___________ votes than his or her opponent but lose in the __________ College and not become president because a candidate could narrowly win in enough key states but lose by large margins in other states.

overall, Electoral,

In closed primaries, only ________________ members of the party can vote in their party's primary, and in open primaries, any ________________ voter, regardless of party registration, can receive _______________________ major party ballots when he or she shows up at the __________.

registered, registered, one of the two, polls

President Trump granted a ______________ to political operative ______________________, who was convicted of _____________ and _____________________ and ____________ to Congress. Stone's conviction stemmed from his involvement with __________________ who interfered in the 2016 campaign on behalf of _____________.

reprieve, Roger Stone, witness, tampering, lying, Russians, Trump

President Trump's nomination of Betsy DeVos to be the Secretary of Education resulted in a ________________ that Vice President Mike Pence had to break. Every Democrat and _______ republicans voted against DeVos because of her lack of ______________________________________________, _____________________________________________________________, and _________________________________________________________. This vote was the first time that the vice president needed to break a ____ to confirm a cabinet ___________________.

tie vote, two, experience in public education, favoritism of private schools over public schools, weak performance in her confirmation hearings, tie, secretary

Article 2 of the Constitution gives the president the authority to negotiate treaties, but it requires that ___________________ of the Senate ratify a treaty for it to take effect.

two-thirds