AMH 2020 chapter 1 test

Political Machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity, baskets of food, bags of coal. save those arrested for petty crimes from jail. found jobs for the unemployed. rewarded many of his loyal followers with patronage, jobs in city government or in city agencies as police, garbage collectors, or operating the new transit systems; and with opportunities to rise in the political organization itself.

How did the American government force Native Americans of the Great Plains onto reservations in the late 19th century?

Andrew Jackson's administration, the Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 forcing the remaining eastern tribes west across the Mississippi River, the "Policy of Concentration" aka the "Reservation System". treaties signed, with more tribes giving up their lands to the US government. killed buffalo

Andrew Carnegie Vertical Integration

Biggest steel business, growth of industry came from railroad building. In 1872 he built the worlds largest most up-to-date steel mill in Pennsylvania. His formula was to cut the prices, scoop the market, run the meals for, wash the cars and profits take care of themselves.all aspects of business were under his control, mining, transportation, and production

Life out on the plains and its problems

Blizzards tornadoes grasshoppers hail storms drought prairie fires accidental death and disease were only some of the catastrophes. Poor farmers made houses from sod (sodbusters), water was scarce

what were some of the things that fueled or contributed to the rise of industrial American

Endless Supply of Natural Resources - Or what appeared, at the time to be an endless supply. The big three fueling industrialization Coal, Iron Ore, and Oil. After the Civil War, the methods and equipment for getting these items out of the ground improved. Did they care about what it did to the environment? No, it was all about making money. Alongside, the improvements came discovery. New deposits of the aforementioned items were found. Oil originally discovered in Pennsylvania was now found in places like Texas and Oklahoma. New iron ore deposits, in addition to Alabama, were found in southern Minnesota, upper Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. More coal fields were found in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, and Kentucky, to name a few. Add to all of this the discovery of gold, silver, and copper in Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. To the people of the time, this was amazing and looked like it would never end. We today, know better. Cheap and Abundant Labor - From 1860 to 1890 we went from a nation of 31 million to 75 million people. Yes, some was due to natural increase, however that large growth was due to European immigration. It was the immigrants that turned America into the world's mightiest industrial nation during the Gilded Age. Free Enterprise System - American business developed and grew to large proportions due to something known as "Laissez-Faire ( the French word for Let Alone) There were few if any rules governing the behavior or practices of big business. Our government took the laissez-faire approach. Government and big business cooperated with each other, sought favors from each other. (Credit Mobilier) Allowing for kickbacks, bribes, money under the table to take place. The "Lobbyist" became a new profession during the Gilded Age. Ambitious people went into business during this time period. The idea being, you could rise as high and go as far as your talents would take you. New Technology - From 1870 to 1900, 900,000 patents were applied for in this country. Seems we had a considerable amount restless energy in this country and some turned to inventing or making improvements on what already existed. For example, the typewriter was invented in 1868 and became a popular business tool. So much easier to read something typed versus handwritten and cut back on mistakes or misunderstandings. Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone introduced to the American public for the first time at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial World's Fair. Thomas Edison and his improvement of the light bulb. I know as children we were all taught he invented the light bulb. Untrue, the light bulb had been around since the 1840s, the problem was getting it to burn for an extended period of time. That's what Edison did in 1879, at his lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey, he was able to come up with the right combination of filaments to allow the bulb to glow for hours and hours. Now that we have the bulb, we have to come up with a way to supply electrical power. Electricity was nothing new, we knew about it going all the way back and even before Ben Franklin and his kite and key experiment. Well, that is what we did during the Gilded Age found an economical way to produce, harness and distribute electrical power, thanks to Edison and Westinghouse. Economics of Scale - In others words, mass production. Large factories produce more goods, along with improvement and innovations to produce goods faster, thereby being more productive, lowering the costs of production and the cost savings are then passed onto the consumer. The classic example, although not used in the Gilded Age, is Henry Ford and his moving assembly line, making the automobile affordable to the average family. The Bessemer Process - This was probably the biggest innovation of the late 19th century, it allowed railroads to become America's first big business. The transforming of iron into steel. True this should come under the category of "New Technology" but because it transformed the railroads and architecture, I break it out into its own category. A simple explanation of the Bessemer process - Iron ore is melted down in massive open-hearth furnaces, cooled air is then blown through the molten ore removing the impurities, thereby transforming iron into steel. Steel is harder than iron and 20 times lighter. It was steel that allowed for the building of skyscrapers in the late 19th century. The first skyscraper opened in 1885, the Home Insurance Building in Chicago and was 10 stories tall. I realize by today's standards a 10 story building is not a big deal. But take yourself back to 1885, it must have been an awe-inspiring sight to watch the construction and then finally this immense building. Of course, we can't forget Elisha Otis and the improvements he made to elevators. In regard to railroads, iron rails lasted 3 years, steel rails 20 years - reducing the cost of construction and replacement. Because steel rails are safer, you can move faster and haul heavier and larger loads. Larger loads drive down the cost of shipping, thereby saving people money. Steel had a profound effect on the expansion of railroads in this country - our nation's first big business.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - made to regulate RR but was weak and wasn't a watch dog

Jay Gould railroad tycoon

Gould operated in the stock market like a shark looking for vulnerable railroads, buying enough stock to take control, and threatening to undercut his competitors until they bought him out at a high profit. The railroads that fell in his hands often went bankrupt, his genius Lay not in providing transportation but in cleverly buying and selling railroad stock on Wall Street. He realized that Corporate failure could mean financial success he used the strategy of expansion and consolidation.

The "Forgettable Presidents"

Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland

The Grant presidency ended up being one of the scandal-ridden administrations in our history.

Grant delegated too much of his authority to others in his staff. Most of the Credit Mobilier Scandal had occurred before Grant took office, however, the story broke while he was in office so he bears the brunt of the criticism. Probably because of all the other problems during his administration. Now, how this all started. Members of the Union Pacific Railroad created a company known as Credit Mobilier. The job of this corporation was to build railroads. The Union Pacific then proceeded to hire Credit Mobilier to build for them. That's right, they basically hired themselves to build rail lines. Credit Mobilier then proceeds to charge the government $50,000 per mile of construction, when the act costs were $30,000 per mile of construction. $20,000 pure profit. Well, several members of Congress found out what was going on. To keep these men silent, Credit Mobilier allowed these politicians to purchase stock in the company below market price or simply gave them stock for free. As construction continues the price of Credit Mobilier stock climbs, allowing the various Congressmen to earn nice profits when they decide to sell the stock. The story broke in 1872. Needless to say, there was an investigation and the nation finds out that the Vice President Schuyler Colfax was one of the men who was allowed to purchase stock below face value. Black Friday - Speculators James Fisk and Jay Gould set out to corner the gold market. To ensure that the administration would not foil their scheme by dumping federal gold reserves onto the market, Fisk and Gould employed the president's brother-in-law, Abel Corbin to exercise his influence in the White House. They also arranged to be seen entertaining the president aboard Fisk's yacht, thus encouraging speculation that Grant was on their side. The pair then began to purchase gold aggressively, driving up its price from $140 to $163and a half in four days. Finally realizing that he has been duped, Grant ordered the Treasury Secretary Boutwell to sell off immediately $4 million in federal gold. Its price nosedived, ending the crisis, but not before many investors and some businesses were ruined. Delinquent Corruption - Treasury Secretary William Richardson appointed John D. Sanborn as a special agent in charge of collecting delinquent taxes under an arrangement that allowed Sanborn to retain as his fee a whopping 50% of all revenue collected. A House investigation in 1874 revealed that he had collected $400,000 in back taxes, half of which he kept. Exposure of this scandal forced the resignation of Secretary Richardson. Whiskey Ring - Hundreds of distillers and federal officials were suspected of diverting millions of dollars in liquor taxes into their own pockets in a conspiracy uncovered by Treasury Secretary Benjamin Bristow in 1875. Grant at first called for swift action, "Let no guilty man escape" he instructed prosecutors. But when the scandal reached to his own personal secretary, Orville Babcock, Grant interceded on his behalf and Bristow was forced to resign. Still, 110 conspirators were convicted. Belknap bribery - In 1876 it was revealed that War Secretary W.W. Belknap had been taking annual kickbacks from traders at Indian posts. At first, these payments went to his wife, but on her death, he took the bribes directly. He was acquitted of impeachment charges only because he resigned before the Senate trial started.

The treatment of Native Americans during the Gilded Age

In the name of manifest destiny US forced removal of tribes (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole) Reservations= Land assigned by the federal government to Indians beginning in the 1860s in an attempt to reduce tensions between Indians and white settlers there they subsisted on major government rations and faced a life of poverty and starvation whites brought alcohol, guns, & disease, on reserves religious practice outlawed, bison killed to force assimilation, children kidnapped to indian schools, President Grant, in his inaugural address in 1869, announced a new "Peace Policy" toward Native Americans. He urged "their civilization and ultimate citizenship". Civilization meant acceptance of white culture, including the English language, Christianity and individual ownership of property. It also meant allegiance to the United States rather than to a tribe. In 1869, Grant established a Board of Indian Commissioners and staffed it with humanitarian reformers. By 1871, the century-long policy of negotiating treaties with Indian "nations" came to an end. From then on, Indians became "wards of the nation" to be civilized and prepared for citizenship, first on reservations and eventually on individually owned parcels of land that were carved out of the reservation In the 1850s, when the Kansas and Nebraska territories opened to white settlement, the government forced dozens of tribes living there to cede 15 million acres. This was the beginning of an idea toward Indians, the "Policy of Concentration" or what we know as the "Reservation System". More treaties will be signed, with more tribes giving up their lands to the US government. Many tribes willingly moved on the reservations. They realized resistance was futile. Others like the Sioux, Cheyenne, or Comanche, the nomadic tribes followed the herds of buffalo across the plains. Thanks to the introduction of the horse by the Spanish these tribes became skillful hunters and warriors less willing to give up their culture and settle for life on the reservation. The will to resist led to what is known in our history as "The Indian Wars" starting in 1868 and ending in 1890. Natives constantly on the move with the US Calvary chasing after them, trying to find them and then when they did, they would clash In spite of the call for the elimination of Native Americans due to Custer's defeat in the 1880s, a split occurred between Easterners and Westerners. Folks back east believed that assimilation was the route, Indians needed to adopt the white man's ways. This view can best be described as misdirected kindness, reformers lacked respect for Native American culture. Indian Schools were started by Christian reformers. Young children were taken away from their parents to live at these schools. These children were forced to abandon their culture and language, if they were caught speaking in their native tongue they were severely punished. They had to dress like white children, learn like white children, all in the name of assimilation.

OTHER ITEMS THAT HAD THEIR EFFECTS ON POLITICS OF THE GILDED AGE

Political Patronage or the Spoils Systems - This started during the administration of Andrew Jackson and continued to grow during the 19th century to proportions where it became a problem. Under the patronage or the spoils systems government jobs were doled out to supporters or friends, obviously due to their loyalty regardless of qualifications to hold the job. Needless to say, after every election there was a large turnover in government employment. As the size of the federal government increased so did patronage. And as more scandals came to light this system drew heavy criticism. From 1865-1891 the federal payroll went from 53,000 to 166,000. The lowest paid federal employee was able to make 2 to 3 times more than an unskilled factory worker and only had to work an 8 hour day as opposed to the 12 hour day of the unskilled worker. If definitely was worth your while to get involved in politics in this era. "Waving the Bloody Shirt" - Obviously figurative not literal. This was a campaigning technique used by Republicans against Democrats in this period. The "bloody shirt" referred to the Union men killed or wounded during the Civil War. Therefore by "waving the bloody shirt" Republicans were continually painting the Democrats as the party of the South. The party who was responsible for the breaking apart of the Union and caused the Civil War. The party of the disrupters - Can you trust them to lead? Was probably a question that was asked of voters of the time period. The Grand Amy of the Republic - This was an organization of a little over 400,000 Union Civil War veterans. They sought to acquire pensions for Union vets and the widows and orphans of those killed during the conflict. This group proved highly successful at acquiring federal support. Because it was the Republican Party that gave this group their pensions, needless to say, they voted Republican. The Tariff - Your text discusses the tariff in terms of protection of industry. There was another reason the tariff during the Gilded Age was as high as it was. The tariff was one of the ways in which the government made money. Remember there was no such thing as federal income tax at this time. The payment of pensions to members of the Grand Army of the Republic was paid from money earned by the tariff. When Grover Cleveland was elected to his first term in office he was all for lowering the tariff. He was also against a large government surplus. Now, you are probably asking yourself, given the enormous deficit we have today, why would Cleveland be against a surplus? Simple, a large government surplus would provide Congress too much temptation to waste it. In attempting to lower the tariff, Cleveland started to look at how and where the government spent its money. Low and behold he found that a number of the pensions paid out were fraudulent. As an example - One man applied and was granted a pension for an injury he sustained while on his way to enlist in the Union Army. Cleveland then processed to veto a number of pensions. As you can see by the illustration from Puck Magazine this became a national issue. Cleveland was defeated in his bid for reelection by Benjamin Harrison in 1888. Harrison and the Congress promptly gave back what Cleveland took away. (See Harrison Page). The pensions finally died away with the last Civil War veterans.

What factors allowed American business to grow and thrive during this period?

Railroads were the key development in this change, creating a national market and spurring the growth of the steel industry. Bankers played an important role, "Endless" Supply of Natural Resources, Cheap and Abundant Labor, Free Enterprise System, new tech, mass production

Ulysses S. Grant

Republican major scandals, Credit Mobilier, war hero, The main issue of the campaign was Reconstruction: Republicans pledged to continue the radical programs enacted over Johnson's vetoes Black Friday - Fisk & Gould set out to corner the gold market. administration would not foil their scheme by dumping federal gold reserves onto the market, The pair then began to purchase gold aggressively, driving up its price from $140 to $163and a half in four days. Finally realizing that he has been duped, Grant ordered the Treasury Secretary to sell off immediately $4 million in federal gold. Its price nosedived, ending the crisis, but not before many investors and some businesses were ruined. Delinquent Corruption - Treasury Secretary William Richardson appointed John D. Sanborn as a special agent in charge of collecting delinquent taxes under an arrangement that allowed Sanborn to retain as his fee a whopping 50% of all revenue collected. Exposure of this scandal forced the resignation of Secretary Richardson. Whiskey Ring - Hundreds of distillers and federal officials were suspected of diverting millions of dollars in liquor taxes into their own pockets in a conspiracy uncovered by Treasury Secretary Benjamin Bristow in 1875. Belknap bribery - In 1876 it was revealed that War Secretary W.W. Belknap had been taking annual bribes from traders at Indian posts.

Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who refused to sign treaty, wanted armed resistance one of the chiefs who annihilated US soldiers during Battle of the Little Big Horn

Crazy Horse

Sioux chief who refused to sign treaty, wanted armed resistance, one of the chiefs who annihilated US soldiers during Battle of the Little Big Horn

Gospel of Wealth

The idea that the financially successful should use their wisdom, experience, and wealth to help the poor , Andrew Carnegie promoted this view in an 1889 essay in which he maintains that the wealthy should serve as stewards of society as a whole, that the wealthy should consider all revenues in excess of their own needs as "trust funds" to be used for the good of the community.

Why did some Americans oppose the gold standard in the late 19th century?

They wanted to increase the money supply with silver dollars and create inflation which would give them some debt relief by enabling them to pay off their creditors with cheaper dollars, others wanted paper currency not tied to gold supply (Greenbackers)

How did mining change in the late 19th century?

When precious metals were initially discovered they were surface deposits and mined by individual prospectors or men and their families panning for gold. This created mining camps or Boom Towns.

Columbian Expo 1893

Worlds fair held in Chicago that attracted millions of visitors, elaborately designed pavilions of the "white city" included exhibit of technological innovation and of cultural exoticism the embodied an urban ideal the contrasted with the realities of Chicago life

What attractions and incentives did the city offer?

american dream, making it rich, escape from religious prosecution (immigrants)

Dawes Act of 1877

dissolved tribes, took away tribal ownership of land, got 160 acres to farm, gave individual Indians land and promised them citizenship in 25 yrs, Congress passed and President Grover Cleveland signed. 1887 law that divided up reservations and allotted parcels of land to individual Indians as private property. in the end the US government sold almost 2/3 of "surplus" Indian land to white settlers this dealt a crippling blow to traditional tribal culture. Reduced Indian land from 138 million acres to 48 million.

Joseph Glidden and barbed wire

have farmers fencing in their lands, you can imagine what barbed wire does to flesh.

What business practices did John D. Rockefeller use to gain control 90% of the nations oil refining industry in the 1890s?

illegal rebates to RR companies in exchange for his business which enabled him to drive out competitors through predatory pricing, trusts which gobbled competitors, used holding company when trust was outlawed to control companies Rockefeller abandoned partnership or single proprietorship to embrace the corporation as a business structure best suited to maximize profit and minimize personal liability and an 1870 he founded the standard oil company. Holding companies brought competing companies under one central administration so one business controlled competition without violating antitrust laws

Promontory Point

in Utah 1869, when the final "Golden Spike" was driven into the ground completing the first transcontinental rail line.

How did American farming change in the late 19th century?

it was no longer done just to survive, farming was now done for profit many farmers in the Gilded Age became commercial farmers, specializing in a cash crop like wheat, which were sold in national or international markets. But, by doing this they became more dependent on others - Banks, Interest Rates, Railroads, Grain Elevator Operators and the rates both charged to store and then ship the product to market to be converted into a finished product, and the Commodity Market with its up and downs with prices.

How did the railroad business develop in the late 19th century? What were its effects on consumers?

tied the country together, The air brake and coupling system saved thousands of lives. It also meant bigger profits for railroads by making longer trains possible, bigger railroads buying up smaller ones, the owners of the lines in 1873 decided upon a standard gauge by 1886 all the major rail lines converted, created time zones

Ellis Island

used to be a fort, An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy,In part that is why Ellis Island was opened, yes to handle the masses, but also to take a closer look at who we were letting into this country. During World War II, the island served as a detention center for enemy aliens. Then, in March 1955, Ellis Island was declared surplus property by the federal government and was turned over to the General Services Administration.

Nativism

wealthy-looking gentlemen attempting to stop the poor fellow from leaving the boat. Yet, the shadows they cast do not look much different than the new arrival. many folks forgot their origins. These new immigrants were not coming from the places we were used to, northern and western Europe. We felt comfortable with immigrants that had light hair color, light eye color, pale skin tones, Protestant, could read and write and had job skills. Now, dark hair and eye color, dark skin tones, many could not read or write, and the languages they spoke sounded harsh to our ears.

who were the cowboys

-Young single men -Black American, Indian, Spanish and Mexican, as well as white American -Former soldiers or drifters -Criminals on the run -Tough, hard working and hard drinking -Rode between 12 and 24 hours a day in all weathers -Often worked miles apart so could be lonely most cowboys were hardworking, ethnic minorities who spent their days in the saddle in all type of weather surrounded by methane-producing cattle for weeks on end. Yes, some cowboys were white males. Ex-Confederate soldiers escaping the devastation of the Civil War to start life anew. But, also former slaves, Mexicans, or some Chinese who had worked on the railroads.

Battle of Little Big Horn AKA custer's last stand

1876 - General Custer and his men (7th Cavalry) were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, was the pinnacle of the Indians' power. Battle began when American cavalry under George Armstrong Custer attacked an encampment of Indians who refused to remove to a reservation. The army launched a three prong attack led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, general George crook, and Colonel John Gibbon. Crazy horse stopped Crook at the Battle of the Rosebud, Custer divided his troops and ordered attack. Americans were annihilated but victory was short-lived. Little Bighorn was the pinnacle of the Indians' power. They had achieved their greatest victory yet, but soon their tenuous union fell apart in the face of the white onslaught. Outraged over the death of a popular Civil War hero on the eve of the Centennial, the nation demanded and received harsh retribution. The Black Hills dispute was quickly settled by redrawing the boundary lines, placing the Black Hills outside the reservation and open to white settlement. Within a year, the Sioux nation was defeated and broken. "Custer's Last Stand" was their last stand as well.

Munn v. Illinois

1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders

Helen Hunt Jackson and "A Century of Dishonor"

1881 best seller that detailed cynicism w/ gov't dealing with natives Convinced many readers that NA had been treated unfairly. "Our indian policy is usually spoliation behind the mask of benevolence"-NY times

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890 act outlawed pools and trust, ruling the businesses can no longer enter into agreements to restrict competition. Government in action combined with the Supreme Court's narrow reading of the act in the United States vs EC Knight company undermined the laws effectiveness "Every contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal." The Sherman Act authorized the attorney general to move against such combinations and force them to dissolve. The Sherman Act was no more successful in halting the consolidation movement than the Interstate Commerce Act was in controlling the railroads.

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890 massacre of Sioux Indians by the 7th Cavalry at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota ,, sent to suppress the Ghost Dance, soldiers killed as Sioux surrendered More than 200 Sioux men women and children were killed. was the last gasp of Indian resistance.

1862 Homestead Act

A family or individual "claimed" 160-acre plot of land, lived on it, improved it, in other words, farmed or ranched it, and at the end of 5 years the land was theirs to keep for cost of $10 to file the claim. Problems:Fraud - Land speculators paid people to lay something that resembled a foundation of a house and they might have scattered a few seeds of corn around. However, there was a lack of government inspectors traveling around the West to see exactly what was happening. Look closely at the above document. The individual filing the claim only swears that he has made improvements, we are not sure if he actually did. Railroads held a large portion of the most desirable land (Remember checkerboard pattern) As a farmer you want to be within a reasonable distance of the tracks in order to get your product to market. So you might end up buying your land from the railroads or the speculators that they sold it to. Another problem with the act was the 160 acres, that acreage was based on Eastern farming standards. The subsistence farmer, the man who worked the land along with his family for survival, could not make a profit,160 acres was too small for grazing cattle or sheep. 160 acres was not enough for grain farmers to make a profit. The government didn't take into account the increased mechanization of farming. Thanks to horse-drawn seeders, reapers, and threshers, farmers no longer used the sickle or scythe. Which meant more upfront costs to the farmer, 160 just wasn't enough to earn back what you had laid out. One big change in the Gilded Age concerning farmers, it was no longer done just to survive, farming was now done for profit Another factor drawing farmers to the plains was, in the 1870s there were abnormal amounts of rainfall, making the Great American Desert look like the Great American Oasis. Along comes the 1880s and rainfall totals went back to normal. Then, of course, there are other battles to be waged, swarms of grasshoppers or locusts that ate everything in sight. Violent thunderstorms with hail that beat crops or animals to the ground. Tornado's that blew everything away.

Social Darwinism

A social theory popularized in the late 19th century by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, proponents believe the only relentless competition could produce social progress and that wealth was a sign of fitness and poverty a sign of unfitness for survival

Railroad Strike of 1877

A violent multi city strike the began in 1877 with West Virginia railroad brakeman who protested against sharp wage reductions and quickly spread to include roughly 600,000 workers. President Rutherford B Hayes used federal troops to break the strike however following the strike failure union membership surged

What factors contributed to the rise of the city in the 19th century?

After the Civil War, industrial growth in the United States caused large-scale redistribution of the population as people who relied on agriculture moved into the cities to join the industrial labor force

What insecurities did workers face?

All workers were vulnerable to the boom-and-bust cycle of the industrial economy, and some lost their jobs because of technological advances or because of the seasonal nature of their work. Even those who kept jobs could find their wages suddenly and substantially cut in hard times. Few workers, were ever very far from poverty.

How did big-city government operate?

As cities grew upward and outward city services like garbage removal, paved streets, sidewalk and public transportation had to expand as well, Several factors made boss rule possible. One was the power of immigrant voters, who were less concerned with middle-class ideas of political morality than with obtaining the services that machines provided and reformers did not. Another was the link between political organizations and wealthy, prominent citizens who profited from the dealings with bosses and resisted efforts to get rid of them. Still, another was the structural weakness of city governments. Within municipal governments, no single official usually had decisive power or responsibility. Instead, authority was generally divided among many officeholders and was limited by the state legislature.

Democrats vs Republicans

Both parties were solidly committed to the growth of the corporate industrial economy. Both were hostile to all forms of economic and social radicalism. Both were committed (at least until the 1890s) to the existing structure of the financial system. DEMOCRATS Believed in states rights and limited government Greatest support in the South Did receive support in the North. Primarily in the industrial cities and received support for the "political machines" New immigrants and working poor tended to vote for the Democrats, the champions of the common folk Catholics and Lutherans voted Democratic Democratic platform included support of antitrust laws, condemnation of the oppression of Lutherans and Jews in czarist Russia, sympathy for Ireland's struggle for home rule, improvement of inland waterways, construction of a canal across Central America, federal aid to education, and statehood for New Mexico and Arizona. REPUBLICANS Favored limited federal regulation of economic and moral affairs Greatest support in the North - Midwest farmers and small rural towns in the Northeast Old-stock Protestants (i.e. Protestant dominations that had lived in the US for several generations) Industry and business supported the Republican Party because they favored high tariffs Republicans favored restrictions on immigration and English-only schools Blacks in this time period voted Republican (Party of Lincoln) Republican platform included support for a high tariff, bimetallism, stiffer immigration laws, free rural mail delivery, a canal across Central America, sympathy for Ireland's struggle and the plight of Jews under persecution in czarist Russia.

What factors shaped the social geography of the city?

Bullseye: black area as"Walking City". When the mass of a city's people moved around by foot or in horse-drawn buggies, city growth was limited in area to a radius of a mile or two, as far as workers could walk to their jobs, bosses to their offices, and housekeepers to the market. The wealthy needed to have their maids and butlers in their homes, and, nearby, the small businessmen who provided services: keepers of stables, retailers of all kinds, coal and ice dealers, needed to be within easy reach. As cities began to grow, due to increasing industrialization, the upper class started to leave. In fact when the opportunity to flee the congestion, turmoil, noise and dirt of urban living the wealthy did so. Thanks to trolley cars the fabulously wealthy move to the green zone. Mass Transit led to the creation of suburbs. the rich moved up and out because they could afford to do so. Immigrants and poor filled the void left, because they could not afford to ride trolley cars. This mass of people tightly packed and poor turned many areas in the black zone into slums. In between the rich and poor are two more zones, the purple-red area became known as the "Zone of Emergence". This area usually contained second-generation city dwellers, some skilled factory workers, and lower middle class. Now for the blue zone, this was the area where the middle class lived. It was during the Gilded Age when "Middle Class" solidly established itself. This was due to industrialization and the creation of something known as "Middle Management".

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation, had federal government involvement. The Union Pacific hired Irish labors to do the most dangerous and dirty jobs for them. The Union Pacific Railroad was chosen to start building from Omaha, Nebraska westward, the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, California eastward and somewhere those two lines would link up Then came the glorious day of May 10, 1869, when the two lines met. Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, when the final "Golden Spike" was driven into the ground completing the first transcontinental rail line

How did the 1886 Haymarket Square Riot affect the American labor movement?

Conflict in which both workers and police men were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration in Chicago the violence began when someone threw a bomb into the ranks of police at the gathering the incident created a backlash against labor activism. News provoked a nationwide convulsion of fear followed by blind rage directed at anarchist labor unions strikers immigrants & the working class in general. It effectively scotched the eight hour day movement and dealt a blow to the knights of labor.

Grover Cleveland

Democrat The Democratic platform, tariff reform, taxing luxuries more severely than necessities, the rights of organized labor, expansion of the merchant marine and continued curbs on Chinese immigration. Cleveland came out against the free coinage of silver, pleasing the West and South, also promised the lowering of the tariff. Other planks in the Democratic platform included support of antitrust laws, condemnation of the oppression of Lutherans and Jews in czarist Russia, sympathy for Ireland's struggle for home rule, improvement of inland waterways, construction of a canal across Central America, federal aid to education, and statehood for New Mexico and Arizona. Democrats assailed Blaine with charges that he had profited from association with railroad interests while in Congress, Cleveland his involvement with Mrs. Halpin. Premarital Affair - In 1871 Mrs. Maria Halpin, a 33-year-old widow, moved to Buffalo, New York seeking a new life. In Buffalo, she kept the company of various men, among them Grover Cleveland. In 1874 she gave birth to a son, whom she named Oscar Folsom Cleveland, after Oscar Folsom (Father of the president's future bride) She named Cleveland as the father. Although Cleveland was unsure of the child's paternity, he accepted responsibility rather than burden the other potential fathers, all of whom were married. As a bachelor, he reasoned he had the least to lose from the admission. He agreed to pay child support but decided not to marry the woman. The tariff issue dominated this rather lackluster campaign. Harrison defended the protectionist McKinley Tariff passed during his term; Cleveland assured voters that he opposed absolute free trade, and continued his campaign for the reduction of the tariff. Presidential Succession Act, 1886 - Superseding the presidential succession act of 1792, this law provided that on the death, incapacity, or resignation of both the president and vice president, the line of succession to the presidency was to fall to the cabinet in the chronological order of the creation of each department. The law was superseded by the Presidential Act of 1947 and ultimately by the 25th Amendment. Pension and Private Relief Bills - President Cleveland vetoed hundreds of pension and private relief bills as unwarranted drains of the Treasury. His action drew strong criticism from the Grand Army of the Republic, a Civil War Union veterans organization. Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 - The law created the Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC), the first federal regulatory agency. The ICC was to see that interstate railroad rate were "reasonable and just" and to put an end to rebates and other discriminatory practices by which the railroads had longed favored large corporations over small businessmen and farmers. The commission lacked enforcement powers, however, until the Theodore Roosevelt administration. Dawes Act, 1887 - Prodded by Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor, criticizing U.S. treatment of Indians, Congress passed and Cleveland approved this law, which granted citizenship and parceled out land to individuals willing to renounce tribal allegiance. Hatch Act, 1887 - A compliment to the Morrill Act of 1862, it provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations under the direction of an agricultural college in the various states. Tariff - In his third message to Congress, December 1887, Cleveland argued strongly for tariff reduction. Republicans responded by defending the high tariff as a protection of domestic manufactures and the wages of labor. No action was taken during this term. 2nd term: Hawaii - In 1893 Cleveland condemned the American complicity in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii and withdrew from the Senate consideration of the treaty for the annexation of the islands submitted by President Benjamin Harrison. Panic of 1893 - Touched off by the failing of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad in February of 1893, the panic was followed by a four-year depression. Underlying causes of the depression were dwindling gold reserves, industrial overexpansion, poor crop harvests in the South and West, and an economic slump in Europe. Thousands of businesses, including a quarter of this nation's railroads, worth hundreds of millions of dollars went bankrupt during this period. Riots broke out in Chicago.(Pullman Strike) In Massillon, Ohio, Jacob Coxey organized 100 area jobless for a march on Washington. Coxey's Army swelled to 500 by the time it reached the nation's capital in May 1894 to petition, unsuccessfully, for a $500 million public works program. Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1893 - Convinced that the Sherman Silver Purchase Act(See Harrison) was largely responsible for the alarming drain on federal gold reserves, President Cleveland called Congress into a special session to urge its repeal. Congress consented, only after a heated debate that divided the Democratic party into two hostile camps - the eastern "goldbugs" and the silver wing of the West and South that was to propel a young William Jennings Bryan to the forefront in the 1896 election. When gold reserves continued to decline even after the repeal of the act, Cleveland in 1895 sold gold bonds at a discount to J.P.Morgan and other Wall Street bankers in return for their cooperation in checking the withdrawal of gold from the treasury. The arrangement further alienated Cleveland from Populist elements in the party. Wilson-Gorman Act, 1894 - This bill reduced tariff rates from 48% to 41%, not exactly what Cleveland wanted, but it was a reduction in the tariff. This act also provided for a federal income tax, a provision declared unconstitutional in 1895. This act was replaced by the Dingley Tariff Act, 1897 during the McKinley administration. Pullman Strike, 1894 - In response to a declining economy, the Pullman Palace Car Company sharply reduced employee wages while maintaining rents and prices of goods workers were forced to buy from company stores. A strike followed and quickly spread to other railroad companies. Under the direction of Eugene V. Debs, who had recently formed the American Railway Union, strikers managed to cripple rail traffic between Chicago and the West Coast. When violence broke out railroad executives appealed to the federal government. On the advice of Attorney General Olney, Cleveland secured an injunction against the strikers and over the protest of Illinois Governor John Altgeld, sent federal troops to Chicago on the grounds that the interruption of rail service was unlawfully obstructed the mail. The strike was broken and Debs was arrested for violating the injunction.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Effort in the 1800s to end the spoils system and reduce government corruption, this act of 1883 created the Civil Service Commission to award government jobs under a merit system that required examinations for office and made it impossible to remove jobholders for political reasons

John D. Rockefeller Horizontal Integration

Established the Standard Oil Company, used rebates to force RR to give him business, used horizontal integration to control only an aspect of oil (refining), used trust: a system in which corps give shares of stocks to trustees, thereby coordinating the industry to ensure profits to their corps and curb competition Several trustees held stock in various refinery companies "in trust" for Standard's stockholders. this elaborate stock swap allowed the trustees to coordinate policy among the refineries by gobbling up small competing refineries ( buyers did not know they were actually selling out to standard oil)

How did the Knights of Labor differ from the American Federation of Labor? What competing visions of unionization did the two groups offer?

Founded in 1869; open to all workers, skilled and unskilled. Unique in that they allowed blacks and women to join. Declined after 1886 due to the Haymarket Square Riot, Disapproved of strikes; supported a broad array of labor reforms, including cooperatives; favored political involvement VS Founded in 1886; opened to skilled workers only, and organized by the skill. Hostile to blacks and women; became the major U.S. labor organization after the 1880s Opposed political involvement; supported a limited number of labor reforms; approved of strikes

Credit Mobilier

Grant delegated too much of his authority to others in his staff. Members of the Union Pacific Railroad created a company known as Credit Mobilier. this corporation was to build railroads. The Union Pacific then proceeded to hire Credit Mobilier to build for them. they basically hired themselves to build rail lines. CM then proceeds to charge the government $50,000 per mile of construction, when the act costs were $30,000 per mile of construction. Credit Mobilier allowed these politicians to purchase stock in the company below market price or simply gave them stock for free.

J.P. Morgan and the banking industry

He was a finance capitalist of the late 19 century who hated competition and whenever possible eliminated competition by substituting consolidation and central control. Dominated American banking, acted as a power broker in the reorganization of the railroads and creation of industrial giants. Created US Steel after buying out Carnegie.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. Wanted to organize skilled workers to use strikes to gain immediate objective such as higher pay and better working conditions

Sand Creek Massacre

In 1864 in Colorado territory Colonel John M. Chivington and his Colorado militia descended on a village of Cheyenne mostly women and children their leader Black Kettle surrendered but the charging Calgary ignored his surrender and butchered 270 Indians they killed many children.

Why did unskilled American workers receive low wages in the late 19th century despite an increase in the demand for laborers?

Industrialists like Andrew Carnegie liked to invest in new machines that replaced skilled workers because it saved the company money. Consequently, wages fell, and workers found they exerted less and less control over the workplace.

Bessemer Process

Iron ore is melted down in massive open-hearth furnaces, cooled air is then blown through the molten ore removing the impurities, thereby transforming iron into steel. Steel is harder than iron and 20 times lighter

What was Social Darwinism and how did it influence American attitudes toward social and economic reform?

Just as only the fittest survived in the process of evolution, so in human society only the fittest individuals survived and flourished in the marketplace, Social Darwinism appealed to businessmen because it seemed to legitimize their success and confirm their virtues. Darwinists insisted that all attempts by labor to raise wages by forming unions and all endeavors by the government to regulate economic activities would fail because economic life was controlled by a natural law, the law of competition and the laws of supply and demand. Social Darwinist insisted that societal progress came about as a result of relentless competition in which the strong survived and the weak died out.people were becoming deeply concerned abt the growth of monopoly (control of the market by large corporate combinations) A wide range of groups began to assail monopoly and economic concentration. Laborers, farmers, consumers, small manufacturers, conservative bankers and financiers and advocates of radical change all joined the attack.

How did a skilled laborer's work experience differ from that of an unskilled laborer?

Members of the urban middle and professional classes had large blocks of time in which they were not at work - evenings, weekends and even vacations, Industrial workers still might be on the job 6 days a week, by many of them had more time off in the evening, performance of routine, repetitive tasks, often requiring little skill, on a strict monotonous schedule, Factory laborers worked 10 to 12-hour days, five days a week, with a half day on Saturday. Many worked in appallingly unsafe and unhealthy factories.

What effect did the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 have on middle-class view of workers? What effect did it have on the workers themselves?

Middle-class Americans condemn to the strikers for violence and property damage. Workers flock to join unions and the nations first national strike dramatize the frustration and unity of workers and served as an alarm bell to labor

Were the farmer's attempts to farm the "Great American Desert" successful?

More farmers failed than succeeded. Those that did, made the necessary adjustments to life on the plains. They dug deepwater wells and pumped the water out of the ground using windmills. Dug crop furrows deeper.

Why did young, white, middle-class women turn to secretarial work?

More gentle than factory work or domestic labor office work meant more money for shorter hours women became "" typewriters" who were hired by businesses in the decades after the Civil War to keep records and conduct correspondence this work was one of the very few areas were middle-class women could use literacy for wages

Who were the "New Immigrants"? How did Americans respond to them? How did they differ from the "Old Immigrants"?

Native-born Americans liked to believe that crime was a result of the violent tendencies of certain immigrant groups and they cited the rise of gangs and criminal organizations of various ethnicity as proof. Unlike previous immigrant groups, a majority of these "New Immigrants" could not read or write, they were from the peasant class in Europe and were considered unskilled labors once arriving here. newcomers originated from places such as Poland, Italy, Russia, Greece, old immigrants= British Isles, Germany, or Scandinavia

Why did farmers migrate into the semi-arid areas of western Kansas, Nebraska, and eastern Colorado in the 1870s and 1880s?

One was the Homestead Act of 1862, which promised free land to any citizen or prospective citizen who would live on it and farm it for five years; the other the emergence of the railroads. Together, these two factors pushed homesteaders across the frontier into the Dakotas, western Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma and across the Rocky Mountains.

What were political machines?

Organizations that provided social services and jobs in exchange for votes. Machines were also a way of making money. Politicians lined their pockets and their allies through various forms of graft and corruption. For example, a politician might discover in advance where a new road or streetcar line was to be built, buy some land near it, and profit when the city had to buy the land from him or when property values rose as a result of construction. There was also covert graft: kickbacks from contractors in exchange for contracts to build streets, sewers, public buildings, or other projects.most corrupt city boss from this time period was William Tweed, boss of New York City's Tammany Hall, whose excesses finally landed him in jail in 1872.

What new social problems did urbanization create? How did city dwellers respond to some of these problems?

Overcrowded living conditions plagued the poor. Crowding led to epidemic outbreaks of serious diseases like smallpox, measles, typhus, and scarlet fever. Poverty and crowding naturally bred crime and violence. larger and more professional police forces.

"Peace Policy"

President Grant, inaugural address in 1869, urged "their civilization and ultimate citizenship". Civilization meant acceptance of white culture, including the English language, Christianity and individual ownership of property. It also meant allegiance to the United States rather than to a tribe

The Long Drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

James A. Garfield

Republican Republicans called for a high tariff, Due to his brief time in office Garfield wasn't able to accomplish much bc he was assassinated He ordered Postmaster General James to investigate charges that mail route contracts were being awarded fraudulently, was true & although no one was convicted, the revelation of scandal helped lead to the passage of civil service reform laws. Charles Guiteau, a deranged, disappointed office seeker whose application to be the U. S. ambassador to France was denied, fired two shots at President Garfield.

Chester Arthur

Republican Chinese Exclusion Act - In 1882 Congress passed a bill that suspended Chinese immigration for 20 years. he vetoed it but signed a subsequent measure, the Chinese Exclusion Act, which shortened the term of suspension to 10 years. The law applied to "both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining". It also forbade U.S. courts to grant citizenship to Chinese already living in the United States. River and Harbors Act - he vetoed this bill in 1882 appropriating $19 million for various internal improvements because he deemed it pork barrel legislation although Congress overrode his veto Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883 -a three-member bipartisan commission to oversee the system, provided for open, competitive exams for applicants for government jobs classified under civil service Mongrel Tariff, 1883- reduced duties overall by less than 1.5 percent.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican Compromise of 1877, which he agreed to end the military occupation of the South, to support the genuine reconstruction of education and transportation in the South and to bring at least one southern Democrat into his cabinet, repeatedly called for comprehensive civil service reform and funding a civil service commission, but Congress failed to act. In 1879 Congress passes a bill negating the Burlingame Treaty of 1868, which recognized the right of Chinese to come to this country. Hayes vetoed the measure because it jeopardized relations with China and instead authorized Secretary of State Evarts to negotiate a new pact, the Treaty of 1880, restricting, but not banning altogether future Chinese immigration.Also entering into the picture, the Panama Canal, the French at this time were attempting to build a canal across Central America. In a special message to Congress in March 1880, invoking the Monroe Doctrine, Hayes set down the policy that was carried out a quarter-century later: "The policy of this country is a canal under American control. The United States can not consent to the surrender of this control to a European power or to any combination of European powers."

Benjamin Harrison

Republican The tariff issue dominated the campaign. Cleveland promised a reduction while making it clear that he opposed absolute free trade. Harrison promised a strong protective tariff as a safeguard for domestic industry. Dependent and Disability Pensions Act, 1890 - A longtime champion of his fellow veterans, Harrison approved this law, which extended compensation to veterans disabled from nonmilitary causes and to veterans' dependents. Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 - The first of the antitrust laws to attempt to curb the abuses of monopolies. However, the law was deliberately vague about what in fact constituted a "trust". This law was really only a half-hearted attempt to curb business. For the most part, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act sat on the shelf and gathered dust until the administrations of Teddy Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and was strengthened during Woodrow Wilson's time in office by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act. McKinley Tariff Act, 1890 - A severely protectionist act, this law set the average tariff rate at a whopping 48%, the highest in peacetime up to that point. Although the intention was to protect domestic industry, its excessive rates proved prohibitive in some cases. The net effect was a marked increase in consumer prices. Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890 - A concession to the western silver interests in return for their support of the McKinley Tariff. Under its terms, the U.S. Treasury was required to purchase at the market price 4.5 million ounces of silver per month. The silver was to be bought with notes redeemable in gold or silver. Many holders of the notes promptly redeemed them for gold, seriously depleting federal reserves.

Who were political bosses, and how did they differ from political reformers?

Several factors made boss rule possible. One was the power of immigrant voters, who were less concerned with middle-class ideas of political morality than with obtaining the services that machines provided and reformers did not. Another was the link between political organizations and wealthy, prominent citizens who profited from the dealings with bosses and resisted efforts to get rid of them. Still, another was the structural weakness of city governments.

Positives of the city

So-called Mass Transit led to the creation of suburbs, not quite the burbs that we know today, As cities grew upward and outward city services like garbage removal, paved streets, sidewalk and public transportation had to expand as well. Then when John Wanamaker's in Philly opened its doors in 1876, the department store was born. Along with the rise of the department store came the "chain store". The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) began creating a national network of grocery stores as early as the 1850s and it expanded rapidly after the Civil War. F. W. Woolworth opened his first "Five and Ten Cent Store" in Utica, New York, in 1879 and went on to build a national chain of dry goods stores. Members of the urban middle and professional classes had large blocks of time in which they were not at work - evenings, weekends and even vacations Mass entertainment did not always bridge the gaps between class, race, or gender. Saloons and some sporting events tended to be male preserves. Shopping, itself started to become a leisure-time activity, going to tea rooms and luncheonettes were more characteristic of female leisure. Theaters, pubs, and clubs were often specific to particular ethnic communities or work groups. There were, in fact, relatively few places where people of widely diverse backgrounds gathered together. When the classes did meet in public spaces - as they did, for example in city parks- there was often considerable conflict over what was appropriate public behavior. Elites tried to prohibit anything by quiet activities. Whereas the working class wanted to use public spaces for sports.

solution to ranchers fight against bad weather

The "Open Range" industry never recovered. However, this did cause a change in the thought process of cattle producers. They realized to survive they had to do things differently. Ranchers start taking advantage of barbed wire to keep cattle fenced in. They took part of their lands and start to plant hay, that way they'll have food during the winter months. The building of shelters for cattle and also smaller herds, the ideas became quality over quantity.

railroads

The Union Pacific Railroad was chosen to start building from Omaha, Nebraska westward, the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, California eastward and somewhere those two lines would link up. The Central Pacific had the more difficult job of the two railroads working on this project. They had to build through the Sierra Nevada mountain range, which rose over 7000 feet in a 100-mile stretch. The dirty, dangerous jobs were given to Chinese labors, who were originally imported to work in the gold fields of California. this first transcontinental railroad apart from previous railroads was federal government involvement they gave the two lines not only land, but money as well to get the job done. Some railroaders deliberately built odd gauges (The distance between the rails) so that only their own locomotives and rolling stock could run on their tracks. After a round of consolidation, in other words, bigger railroads buying up smaller ones, the owners of the lines in 1873 decided upon a standard gauge of 4 feet 8.5 inches, by 1886 all the major rail lines in this country had converted to that gauge.

Mining

The first economic boom to the West was mining with the discovery of gold in California in 1849. Followed by gold in Colorado in 1859, the Comstock Lode (Silver) in Nevada. Gold was also discovered in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory in 1874. A large copper strike called the Anacosta Mine was discovered in Arizona in 1881. When the surface deposits of whatever ran out - Ghost Towns were created - people simply packed up and moved on.However, there were many mines where the deposits were large enough to last for several years, an example would be the Anacosta Copper Mine in Arizona. That type of mine led to a more stable way of life. Permanent towns were created that grew into cities that are still around today When these precious metals were initially discovered they were surface deposits and mined by individual prospectors or men and their families panning for gold. This created mining camps or Boom Towns. Needless to say, this was a very rugged way of life, but Everyone hoped to "Strike it Rich". Because these camps or towns sprang up out of nowhere quickly they lacked law enforcement officials. The group more or less set the rules and regulations themselves and vigilante justice was accepted.

problems between cowboys ranchers etc

The last thing those farmers wanted was herds of cattle trampling across their crops. It was not unusual for farmers to get out their rifles when cattle were near and start shooting at them. Now, as the cowboy, the last thing you needed was a stampede of the herd. Enter a man by the name of Joseph Glidden. Do you know what he invented? he invented Barbed Wire. Now you have farmers fencing in their lands, you can imagine what barbed wire does to flesh. Sheepherders will also take advantage of the free grazing land, leading to "Range Wars" where cattlemen and sheepherders took shots at each other and their herds. Then some ranchers came up with the idea - if I am making this much money with 200 head of cattle, just think how much more I could make if I had 400 head of cattle. Bad idea, this led to overgrazing, too much competition for food.

What was the New South supposed to be? Did the reality of the New South live up to the ideal?

The post-Civil War South, for the most part, stayed rural and agricultural. They farmed and grew cotton. It was described as the "New South", but for the most part, it was not. Slavery was replaced by Tenant Farming or Sharecropping. textile industry moved south after the Civil War because of cheaper labor. there was some industry, the cigarette rolling machine was invented in the 1880s, giving a boost to the tobacco industry. Iron ore deposits were discovered in and around the Birmingham, Alabama area, allowing for the growth of a small iron and steel industry in Birmingham, the city's nickname, "Pittsburgh of the South".

In what ways did the company town of Pullman operate to the benefit of the company owner rather than his workers?

The town was like a gilded cage workers had their wages cut, Pullman paid stockholders well the company controlled the work process, substituting piecework for day wages and undermined skilled wokrers

How did Andrew Carnegie achieve high productivity and low costs in his steel manufacturing?

The transforming of iron into steel, Steel is harder than iron and 20 times lighter. iron rails lasted 3 years, steel rails 20 years - reducing the cost of construction and replacement. Because steel rails are safer, you can move faster and haul heavier and larger loads. Larger loads drive down the cost of shipping, thereby saving people money. Steel had a profound effect on the expansion of railroads in this country - our nation's first big business. Carnegie deliberately pitted managers against one another, fired losers and rewarded the winners with a share of the company, Workers endured low wages dangerous working conditions and 12 hour days six days a week

Grand Army of the Republic

This was an organization of a little over 400,000 Union Civil War veterans. They sought to acquire pensions for Union vets and the widows and orphans of those killed during the conflict. This group proved highly successful at acquiring federal support. Because it was the Republican Party that gave this group their pensions, needless to say, they voted Republican.

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist, created The Gilded Age a satire abt the get rich quick era, crass materialism and political corruption When the author Mark Twain coined this phrase when writing a book with the same title he was not being complimentary. Twain was critiquing the glitter and flashiness of the times that seemed to mask the ugliness and crass pursuit of wealth and materialism that lay beneath the surface.

Walking Cities

When the mass of a city's people moved around by foot or in horse-drawn buggies, city growth was limited in area to a radius of a mile or two, as far as workers could walk to their jobs, bosses to their offices, and housekeepers to the market. Except for those on the very bottom, the social classes of the walking city lived in close proximity to each other.

What role did Americans think that the federal government should play in solving problems caused by the expansion in the late 19th century?

Whether or not this relentless concentration of economic power was the only way or the best way to promote industrial expansion became a major source of debate in America in the late 19th century and beyond

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. evoking civil war loyalty, referred to the Union men killed or wounded during the Civil War. Therefore by "waving the bloody shirt" Republicans were continually painting the Democrats as the party of the South. The party who was responsible for the breaking apart of the Union and caused the Civil War

How did ranching change in the late 19th century, and why?

became highly profitable after the Civil War. Why? Because of the increasing demand for beef from the East. Ranchers start taking advantage of barbed wire to keep cattle fenced in. They took part of their lands and start to plant hay, that way they'll have food during the winter months. The building of shelters for cattle and also smaller herds, the ideas became quality over quantity.

"Galloping Department Store"

buffalo Meat for food The hide for clothing, shoes, tepees, and blankets Bones for knives, arrow tips, cooking and sewing utensils Tendons to string the bow Dried Manure more commonly known as "Buffalo Chips" for cooking, remember the Great Plains lacked a lot of timber, white settlers used chips also.

Cattle ranching

cattle ranching is a Mexican industry by heritage. The Mexicans developed the techniques associated with cowboys and cattle. The equipment - Chaps, Spurs, and the Western Saddle. The techniques The Round-up, Branding and so on. some cowboys were white males. Ex-Confederate soldiers escaping the devastation of the Civil War to start life anew. But, also former slaves, Mexicans, or some Chinese who had worked on the railroads.Cattle ranching became highly profitable after the Civil War Because of the increasing demand for beef from the East. cattle out on the open range where the temperatures reached into the 20's and many times below freezing. Deep snow covers the ground, so deep that the cattle cannot paw the ground to get to the grass underneath. Needless to say, there was a large loss of life because of freezing or starving to death. Then along comes the summer of 1886, drought conditions, very little rainfall. The grass did not grow, rivers, streams, and creeks dried up, leading to more loss of life. Then the winter of 1886-87 with the same weather conditions as the previous winter, more loss. The "Open Range" industry never recovered. However, this did cause a change in the thought process of cattle producers. They realized to survive they had to do things differently. Ranchers start taking advantage of barbed wire to keep cattle fenced in. They took part of their lands and start to plant hay, that way they'll have food during the winter months. The building of shelters for cattle and also smaller herds, the ideas became quality over quantity.

Union Pacific Railroad

chosen to start building from Omaha, Nebraska westward, hired Irish labors for this

Central Pacific Railroad

chosen to start building from Sacramento, California eastward, 1865 there were 6000 Chinese working for this

Ring or "Bulls Eye" Pattern

cities grew outward in a distinct pattern of settlement

Push Pull Theory of Immigration

many are pulled here by what they have heard about America, the land of opportunity, a place of fabulous wealth and good fortune. If they work hard, they too can become successful and rich beyond their wildest dreams. Others are pushed out of their native lands due to political turmoil, or religious persecution, an example, Russian Jews, either leave or lose your life.

Know the factors influencing politics at a national level during this time period

patronage, ethnicity, religion, sectional loyalty, race, gender Democrats= south Republicans= north "Waving the Bloody Shirt" tariff

How did the city become the home to both the nation's poor and its millionaires?

poor was immigrants who lived in middle of bullseye, rich who profited off of industrialization and unskilled workers lived in outer bullseye

Socialism

radical labor group, reform was futile and social revolution was necessary wanted 8 hour work day

Ghost Dance

religion founded in 1889 by Paiute shaman Wovoka, combo of christianity & traditional NA religion, was nonviolent form of resistance for NA. Frightened whites and was violently suppressed. Religion born of despair and with a message of hope where dancers went into hypnotic trance dancing until they dropped from exhaustion

How did race and ethnicity divide American workers?

skilled workers were old immigrants , ethnicities= race black ppl, asians, polish, and itlaian had poor jobs

Indian Schools

started by Christian reformers. Young children were taken away from their parents to live at these schools. These children were forced to abandon their culture and language. Carlisle Indian school was an institution established in Pennsylvania in 1879 to educate/assimilate Indians it pioneered the outing system in which Indian students were sent to live with white families in order to accelerate acculturation

Political Patronage (Spoils System)

system in which politicians doled out government positions to their loyal supporters, patronage system led to widespread corruption

"The Great American Desert"

the Great Plains. the states of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Colorado.

How did the federal government's economic policies hurt farmers in the late 19th century?

the act was the 160 acres, that acreage was based on Eastern farming standards. The subsistence farmer, the man who worked the land along with his family for survival, could not make a profit,160 acres was too small for grazing cattle or sheep. 160 acres was not enough for grain farmers to make a profit. The government didn't take into account the increased mechanization of farming. Thanks to horse-drawn seeders, reapers, and threshers, farmers no longer used the sickle or scythe. Which meant more upfront costs to the farmer, 160 just wasn't enough to earn back what you had laid out.