Anatomy 211 final
The total fraction of carbon dioxide that is transported as dissolved gas in the plasma is
8 percent
Select the incorrect statement regarding blood cell formation. A) Erythrocytes are formed from normoblasts B) platelets are formed from myeloblasts C) lymphocytes are formed from lymphoblasts D) Eosinophils are formed from myeloblasts
???
Pressure waves in the air that we detect as sound are very weak and must be amplified to facilitate detection, Amplification of sound in the ear is accomplished by A) concentration of sound waves conducted from the pinna to the external auditory canal B) amplification of vibrations receive from the tympanic membrane by the incus C) presence of perilymph in the vestibular duct D) A and B E) all of the above
??? A and B- concentration of sound waves and amplification of vibrations
Light waves refract ( bend) as they pass through what structures of the eye? A) cornea B) lens C) iris D) A & B E) B and C
A and B
Aqueous humor that is responsible for maintaining the internal pressure of the eye ball A) also nourishes the lens and the cornea B) is absorbed by the canal of Schlemm C) is secreted by the retinal arteries D) A and B E) all of the above
A and B - nourish lens and cornea and absorbed by the canal of Schlemm
The primary differences between conducting arteries and muscular arteries are that
conducting arteries have a mix of elastic and muscle tissue in the tunica media
Stimuli that will at to increase the rate and depth of breathing include which of the following?
decreasing pH detected by peripheral baroreceptors
Depolarization of pacemaker cells
is caused spontaneously by sodium channels that open when the cell is at resting membrane potential
Most of the carbon dioxide that is transported in the blood
is converted to bicarbonate in RBC's
Breathing in infants and children less than 2 years in age
is diaphragmatic because the ribs are horizontal
Regulation of heart rate in a healthy resting heart
is primarily caused by inhibitory input from branches of the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
During the contraction cycle of the ventricles, blood cannot exit the ventricles until the ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure. this segment of a contraction is referred to as
isovolumetric contraction
The only special sense not fully functional at birth is the sense of? A) hearing B) taste C) vision D) smell E) equilibrium
vision
Which of the following is an example of humoral control of hormones secretion? A) Thyroid stimulating hormone increases the release of thyroid hormones B) Glucose decreases the release of inhibin C) Glucose increases the releases of glucagon D) both B and C E) all of the above
...
When a molecule of sugar stimulates a sweet taste bud, it binds to a receptor site of a potassium channel causing the channel to close. This is an example of A) a direct-acting stimulus that forms a second messenger to stimulate the cell B) an indirect stimulus that shortens the duration of the depolarization of the taste bud C) a direct -acting stimulus that acts rapidly to depolarize the cell D) an indirect stimulus that is slow to respond but amplifies the stimulus
...
A patient arrives at the hospital reporting a long a long period of vomiting and diarrhea. Blood pressure is take and shows a significant drop in mean arterial blood pressure. one effect this condition has on the heart with respect to cardiac output is
A reduction in stroke volume due to diminished venous return and EDV
Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood as it exits the lung is A) 40 mm Hg B)105 mm Hg C) 45 mm Hg D) 60 mm Hg
A) 40 mm Hg
Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary? A) Prolactin inhibiting hormone B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone C) Luteinizing hormone D) Growth hormone E) Follicle stimulating hormone
A) Prolactin inhibiting hormone
Endocarditis would be inflammatory disease of the A) endothelial lining of the heart B) parietal pericardium of the heart C) endothelium of the aorta D) visceral pericardium of the heart
A) endothelial lining of the heart
A patient is experiencing reduced nut concentrated urine flow accompanied by mild bloating and high blood pressure. During the examination the nurse practitioner notes that the patient has a severe junk food habit, commonly consuming a full bag of salty snack foods daily. One probable cause for the patients symptoms could be A) excessive ADH secretion in response to high plasma sodium levels B) reduced ACTH secretion in response to high carbohydrate intake C) high glucocorticoid secretion in response to high carbohydrate consumption D) high aldosterone secretion in response to sodium imbalance
A) excessive ADH secretion in response to high plasma sodium levels
Importana features of pacemake/ conducting cells that set them apart from contractile cells of the heart include A) few myofibrils B) pacemaker and conducting cells are modified nerve tissue C) absence of t-tubules D) A and B E) all of the above
A) few myofibrils
Bipolar cells of the retina are depolarized when A) light strikes a rod or cone , hyperpolarizing the receptor and decreasing neurotransmitter secretion B) light depolarizes photoreceptors increasing secretion of excitatory neurotransmitter C) light strikes photoreceptors depolarizing them and decreasing the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter D) light hypopolarizes photoreceptors increasing the release of an excitatory neurotransmitter
A) light strikes a rod or cone , hyperpolarizing the receptor and decreasing neurotransmitter secretion
What type of leukocyte differentiates into macrophages in the tissues? A) monocytes B) eosinophils C) basophils D) neutrophils E) lymphocytes
A) monocytes
Antidiuretic hormone is synthesized in the the ____ nucleus located within the ____. A) paraventricular : hypothalamus B) paraventricular : posterior pituitary C) paraventricular : anterior D) supraoptic : posterior pituitary E) supraoptic : hypothalamus
A) paraventricular : hypothalamus
Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by response to a hormone? A) stimulates production of an action potential B) activates or deactivates enzymes C) induces secretory activity D) alters plasma membrane permeability
A) stimulates production of an action potential
regulation of blood vessel diameter throughout most of the body is accomplished A) sympathetic stimulation at alpha-1 receptors B) sympathetic inhibition at beta-2 receptors C) parasympathetic inhibition at M receptors D) A and B E) A and C
A) sympathetic stimulation at alpha-1 receptors
Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following? A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion B) ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion C) pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron D) synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
You are able to focus on objects that are nearer than 20 feet from your eye by which mechanism? A) the ciliary muscle contracts, relaxing tension on the lens, increasing its curvature B) the ciliary m. relaxes, relaxing tension on the lens, increasing its curvature C) the radial m. contracts reducing diameter of the pupil and bending light more D) the circular m. contracts increasing the curvature of the cornea E) the ciliary m. relaxes, increasing tension on the lens and increasing its curvature
A) the ciliary muscle contracts, relaxing tension on the lens, increasing its curvature
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on A) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ B) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path C) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ D) nothing-- all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
A) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Bitter taste is caused by the presence of what in our food? A) hydrogen ions B) metal ions C) alkaloids D) acids
Alkaloids
Which of the following is responsible for the rapid depolarization of an action potential at threshold withing the pacemaker cells
An increase in calcium permeability
The steroid hormones include which of the following? A) glucagon B) aldosterone C) adrenalcorticotropic hormone D) A and B E) all of the above
B) aldosterone
Where would you NOT find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor? A) all postganglionic neurons B) all parasympathetic target organs C) skeletal muscle motor end plates D) adrenal medulla hormone producing cells
B) all parasympathetic target organs
Which of the following cells is the stem cell for regeneration of the olfactory neurons? A) olfactory receptor cells B) basal epithelial cells C) ciliary cells D) mitral cells E) none of the above ; olfactory neurons can repair but can't regenerate
B) basal epithelial cells
Venous blood from coronary circulation is collected and returned to the heart by which pathway? A) coronary sinus, Superior vena cava, right atrium B) coronary sinus, right atrium C) great cardiac vein, ductus venosus, right atrium D) middle cardiac vein, foramen ovale, right atrium
B) coronary sinus, right atrium
Which of the following would NOT result from an increase in ventricular contractility? A) decreased end -systolic volume B) increase end-diastolic volume C) increased ejection fraction D) increased proportion of end- diastolic volume that is ejected
B) increase end-diastolic volume
Frequency of sound is coded for by the A) direction that the stereocilia are stimulated B) location o the hair cell stimulated C) frequency of action potentials D) number of hair cells stimulated
B) location of the hair cell stimulated
In the optic chiasm ganglion cells from the _____ portion of the retina cross over, whereas the ganglion cells from the _____ portion of the retina remain of the same side. A) lateral : lateral B) medial : lateral C) medial : center D) lateral : medial
B) medial : lateral
What liver enzyme that when activated is responsible for dissolving fibrin in blood clots A) thromboxane A2 B) plasmin C) heparin D) protein C
B) plasmin
When the sinoatrial node depolarizes A) the T-wave of the EKG is visible B) the P-wave of the EKG is produced C) there is a 0.1 second delay until the QRS D) the Q portion of the QRS appears
B) the P-wave of the EKG is produced
The diversity of odors that we can detect is consequence of A) convergence of groups of afferent signals within the thalamus B) the number of unique chemical receptors in our nasal chamber C) the number of taster buds in the soft palate D) A & C E) all of the above
B) the number of unique chemical receptors in our nasal chamber
Photons of light are high energy packets that progressively damage receptors in the eye. How is vision maintained in the face of continuing light damage A) rod and cone cell are periodically replaced by stem cells in the pigmented epithelial layer B) the outer segments of rods and cones is periodically replaced C) opsins and retinal are replaced within the rods and cones as the photopigments are damaged D) the initial density of rods and cones is great so progressive loss of receptors has no noticeable effect until late in life
B) the outer segments of rods and cones is periodically replaced
During an eye exam the doctor observes that a patient reports dimness and loss of visual acuity when focusing on objects directly in front of the eye. However the patient is able to see peripheral objects more clearly but with loss of color. What do you suspect is happening? A) the receptors in the area of the optic disk have been damaged affecting on center vision B) there has been an injury of loss of cones in the macular region of the retina C) the rods in the center of the retina have been injured resulting in dim less focused vision D) the patient has a form of color blindness with more than one cone type missing
B) there has been an injury of loss of cones in the macular region of the retina
Which of the following chemicals involved in the development of a platelet plug is secreted by activated platelets in response to ADP? A) prostacyclin B) thromboxane, TXA2 C) serotonin D) epinephrine
B) thromboxane, TXA2
Insulin decreases plasma glucose concentration in what three ways? A) mobilization of lipids from adipose, converting them to glycogen, and increasing gluconeogenesis B) uptake of glucose into cells, converting excess glucose in the liver to glycogen , and suppressing gluconeogenesis C) storing it as glycogen in the liver, muscles and pancreas D) turning it into ATP proteins and fats
B) uptake of glucose into cells, converting excess glucose in the liver to glycogen , and suppressing gluconeogenesis
Lab results for your patient have just been received and the report indicates that the reticulotcyte count is higher than normal. Which statement best describes why you should be concerned about a higher than normal reticulocyte count? A) this may be an indication of leukemia B) it is a common side effect of iron-deficiency anemia C) This may indicate a severe hemorrhage D) This may be evidence of a myocardial infarction
C) This may indicate a severe hemorrhage
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) By releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response B) by decreasing the heart rate and blood pressure while increasing glucose uptake by cells C) by increasing blood glucose, decreasing inflammatory response and enhancing the effect of sympathetic excitation D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
C) by increasing blood glucose, decreasing inflammatory response and enhancing the effect of sympathetic excitation
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of A) aldosterone B) insulin C) cortisol D) secretin
C) cortisol
Bending of the stereo-cilia on the hair cell can induce either depolarization or hyperpolarization based upon the A) acceleration of the body B) frequency of the sound C) direction that the stereocilia move D) intensity of the sound
C) direction that the stereocilia move
One theory of the onset of type II diabetes is that chronic high levels of insulin circulating in the blood, lead to an eventual reduction of insulin receptors on target cells, which creates a resistance to the effects of insulin. Example: A) antagonism B) negative feedback C) down regulation D) stressor reaction
C) down regulation
Steroid hormones exert their activation by A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene D) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Hemophilia type A is a genetic clotting disorder usually characterized by the absence of what clotting factor? A) thrombin B) factor X C) factor VIII D) factor XIII
C) factor VIII
The second messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by A) endocrine glands synthesizing more than one hormone at a time B) hormones binding to receptors in the cytoplasm that alter gene expression in the nucleus of the target cells C) hormones binding to membrane receptors and activating G proteins generating messengers like cAMP in the cytoplasm of target cells D) hormones increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
C) hormones binding to membrane receptors and activating G proteins generating messengers like cAMP in the cytoplasm of target cells
An increase in parathyroid hormone secretion will cause which of the following to occur A) increase calcium carbonate excretion in in the urine caused by reduction of calcium transporters in the kidney B) an increase in calcium absorption into bone tissue cause by inhibition of osteoclasts C) increased calcium absorption in the small intestine due to increased numbers of transporters in the epithelial cells D) A and B E) all of the above
C) increased calcium absorption in the small intestine due to increased numbers of transporters in the epithelial cells
A woman being treated for perimenopausal discomfort by supplemental estrogen begins begins to notice enlargement of breast tissue with a noticeable increase in glandular texture. The probable cause for this side effect is A) increased secretion of dopamine by the hypothalamus in response to higher that normal estrogen levels B) synergistic increase in oxytocin that elevates prolactin releasing hormone secretion by the hypothalamus C) increased secretion of prolactin caused the effect of increased estrogen on serotonin secretion from the hypothalamus D) increased secretion of T3 and T4 in response to the anabolic effects of elevated estrogen levels
C) increased secretion of prolactin caused the effect of increased estrogen on serotonin secretion from the hypothalamus
A majority of the protein present within blood is synthesized within the organ? A) lungs B) kidneys C) liver D) skeletal muscles
C) liver
The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called? A) signal generation B) signal conversion C) signal transduction D) signal production
C) signal transduction
Thyroid hormone, a dipeptide, stimulates target cells in manner similar to? A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Where is the auditory cortex found? A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) occipital lobe E) brainstem
C) temporal lobe
All of the following conditions reduce clotting ability EXCEPT A) severe hypocalcemia B) liver disease C) vascular spasm D) vitamin K deficiency
C) vascular spasm
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) number of receptors for that hormone B) blood levels of hormone C) whether the hormone is a peptide or a steroid D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone (hormone-receptor affinity) E) all of the above affect cell activation by hormones
C) whether the hormone is a peptide or a steroid
the fraction of oxygen transported in the blood as dissolved gas in the plasma is A) 98 percent B) 11 percent C) 11 percent D) 1.5-2 percent
D) 1.5-2 percent
Low light sensitivity in rods is possible because of which of the following? A) a single photon of light will trigger a response in rods B) several rods converge on individual bipolar cells in the retina C) ganglion cells in rod neural pathways have lower thresholds for depolarization than in cone pathways D) A & B E) all of the above
D) A & B
Inhibition of fibrin activity to reduce clotting is caused by which of the following ? A) antithrombin III B) heparin C) coumadin D) A and B E) all of the above
D) A and B
Lymph nodes are located primarily in which of the regions of the body listed below? A) axillary, cervical and inguinal B) abdominal aorta and vena cava C) large muscle groups of the thigh and upper arm D) A and B E) all of the above
D) A and B
Secretion and activity of thyroid hormones (T3,T4) is maintained by A) reducing secretion by reducing secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormone B) increasing secretion by reducing hypothalamic somatostatin secretion while increasing pituitary TSH secretion C( conversion of inactive T$ to T# in the target tissues D) A and B E) all of the above
D) A and B
The regulatory pathway for normal aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex includes which of the following? A) secretion of renin from the kidney in response to low blood pressure or low sodium concentration B) stimulation of the zona glomerulosa by angiotensin II C) ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary in response to secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones caused by low electrolyte concentration in the blood D) A and B E) all of the above
D) A and B
Which of the following is true concerning lymph ? A) it is plasma accumulated in tissues from capillary filtration B) it contains high concentrations of lipids from digestion C) it contains numerous white blood cells (lymphocytes) D) A and B E) all of the above
D) A and B
you go without food for a period of 24 hours, yet your blood glucose level remains above 80mg/dl. Why? A) alpha cells in the islets secret glucagon which increases glucose synthesis in the liver by gluconeogenesis B) glucagon stimulates release of fatty acids and monoglycerides from adipose that is used for energy consumption by all organs but the CNS C)insulin secretion by the islet cells stimulates release of glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and skeletal muscles D) A and B E) all of the above
D) A and B
Flow of blood through veins back to the heart A) depends on hydrostatic (blood pressure) that decreases as veins are closer to the heart B) is aided by constriction of veins C) is assisted by the action of skeletal muscles alternately contracting and relaxing during movement or exercise D) A and C E) all of the above
D) A and C
Hemoglobin structure is important to its function in the blood . which of the following are true about hemoglobin A) carbon dioxide is transported on the alpha and beta globular proteins B) it binds carbon dioxide as readily as it does as it does oxygen so is the primary transport medium for carbon dioxide C) oxygen binding to the heme in each protein increases transport of nitric oxide by hemoglobin D) A and C E) all of the above
D) A and C
A cranial nerve that transmits taste information to the central nervous system is A) VII B) XI C) X D) A and C E) all of the above
D) A and C - VII and X
Forced ventilation that occurs in response to elevated metabolic activity a) requires contraction of the intercostal muscles B) involves the diaphragm C) is primarily initiated by contractions of the scalenes D) B and C E) all of the above
D) B and C
Which of the statement below is correct concerning the development of the heart? A) differentiation of the heart begins at 8 days B) the heart is fully formed after 5 weeks C) the heart is formed by fusion of two parallel vessels D) B and C E) all of the above
D) B and C
The organ of Corti is located on what membrane? A) tectorial membrane B) Vestibular membrane C) tympanic membrane D) Basilar membrane
D) Basilar membrane
Compared to norepinephrine epinephrine has a greater affinity for what type of receptor? A) muscarinic B) nicotinic C) Beta 1 D) Beta 2 E) alpha 1
D) Beta 2
Modified sweat glands that lubricate and moisten the exposed anterior surface are A) the caruncle B) meibomian glands C) lacrimal glands D) ciliary glands
D) Ciliary glands
Oxytocin secretion in the blood is a result of A) neural stimuli traveling from the paraventricular nuclei to the posterior pituitary through the infundibulum B) rising estrogen or androgen levels in the blood stimulating release of the hormone from cells in the posterior pituitary C) Gonadotropic releasing hormone from paraventricular nuclei stimulating cells in the posterior pituitary D) action potentials from the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothamalus stimulating release from the posterior pituitary
D) action potentials from the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothamalus stimulating release from the posterior pituitary
Located within the _____ of the semicircular canal, a gelatinous structure called the _____ surrounds the stereo-cilia. A) cupula : otolith B) ampulla : otolith C) cupula : ampulla D) ampulla : cupula
D) ampulla : cupula
Cones that respond to the shortest wavelengths of light respond best to what color spectrum A) orange B) yellow C) red D) blue E) green
D) blue
Red blood cells are synthesized in what organ and under the control of what hormone? A) liver, under control of bilirubin B) kidney, under control of transferrin C) bone marrow, under control of colony stimulating factors D) bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin
D) bone marrow, under control of erythropoietin
A person has an episode of significant stress (A&P II) that causes an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following correctly describes subsequent responses to the changes in plasma levels of the hormone? A) increased releasing hormone, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol B) decreased releasing hormone, increased somatostatin, and decreased cortisol C) decreased releasing hormone, increased ACTH, increased cortisol D) decreased releasing hormone, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
D) decreased releasing hormone, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
Separation of different wavelengths (frequencies) of sound occurs A) in the middle ear B) in the semicircular canals C) in the cochlear duct of the inner ear D) in the scala vestibuli of the inner ear
D) in the scala vestibuli of the inner ear
Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by _____ released from the _____ A) ADH : hypothalamus B) oxytocin : hypothalamus C) simulating hormones : posterior pituitary D) releasing hormones : hypothalamus E) inhibiting hormones : posterior pituitary
D) releasing hormones : hypothalamus
The smooth muscle of the digestive system viscera is served largely by the _____. A) cephalic plexus B) lumbar splanchnic nerves C) pelvic nerves D) tenth cranial nerve
D) tenth cranial nerve
When the doctor shines a light into a patients eye, which of the following occurs? A) the Sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation B) the parasympathetic nervous system is activated which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation C) the Sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction D) the Parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction
D) the Parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction
If PCO2 in the peripheral tissues decreases to 40 mm Hg A) oxygen partial pressure in peripheral blood will be less than 105 mm Hg B) carbon dioxide levels in the blood will rise C0 the diffusion of oxygen into the tissues will decreased C) the diffusion of oxygen into the tissues will be decreased D) there will be no CO2 exchange in the lungs
D) there will be no CO2 exchange in the lungs
Beta-blockers are medications that prevent stimulation beta blocker receptors in the ANS. What effects do you predict they have? A) Are potent antidepressants B) increase a dangerously low heart rate C) decrease heart rate and blood pressure D) have widespread sympathetic effects
Decrease Heart rate and blood pressure
Opening or closing channels can both depolarize and hyperpolarize a receptor cell. Which of the following actions would cause the receptor cell to depolarize? A) closing K + channels B) opening K+ channels C) opening Na + channels D) A and B E) A and C
E) A and C
Bacterial infections of the eye are prevented by which of the following? A) the physical barrier provided by conjunctiva B) antibodies and lysozyme secreted in tears C) macrophages present on the surface of the conjunctiva E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Effects of growth hormone on the body are to A) promote breakdown and metabolism of triglycerides from adipose tissues B) increase protein synthesis while also increasing glucose synthesis form non-carbohydrate sources C) stimulate growth by causing the liver to secrete insulin-like growth factor D) A and B E) all of the above
E) all of the above
When muscle of the ventricular myocardium is stimulated A) the initial depolarization is caused by opening of sodium channels B) the cell remains depolarized for approximately 250 ms due to secondary opening of calcium channels C) the resulting contraction lasts for approximately 300 ms D) A and B E) all of the above
E) all of the above
When ventricular pressure is greater than diastolic pressure in the heart A) the blood ejected from the ventricle is the stroke volume B) the cardiac cycle is in ejection phase C) not all blood is pumped from the ventricle, leaving a residual identified as end systolic volume D) A and B E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Which of the following affects the concentration of free active hormone in the blood? A) amount of hormone transported bound to proteins B) rate of metabolism C) rate of hormone secretion D) A and C E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Which of the following is true of catecholamine hormones? A) the final hormone in the synthetic pathway is epinephrine B) Dopa and dopamine are the initial hormones synthesized in the adrenal medulla C) all are mono-peptides derived from a tyrosine precursor D) all are nonpolar and behave the same as lipid hormones at their target cells E) all of the above are true
E) all of the above are true
What is glucose sparing? A) an increase in glycogenesis to increase glycogen stores B) an increase in gluconeogenesis to conserve glycogen stores C) cells utilize glucose for energy instead of fatty acids D) an increase in glycogenolysis to mobilize glycogen stores E) cells utilize fatty acids for energy instead of glucose
E) cells utilize fatty acids for energy instead of glucose
Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on activation of what factor, which then activates prothrombin A) platelet factor B) factor IV C) tissue factor D) calcium E) factor X
E) factor X
When the response to two hormone is greater that the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as A) antagonized B) permissive C) additive D) agonistic E) synergistic
E) synergistic
Which of the following structures is a mechanoreceptor that is associate with the special senses? A) Merkel's disks B) hair cells C) taste bud D) glomerular neurons
Hair cells
Which is NOT one of the primary tastes? A) sweet B) salty C) sour D) bitter E) spicy
Spicy
Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers. B) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers ; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers C) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served D) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar
Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar
Which of the following statements about the plateau phase of a contractile cell action potential is NOT correct?
The membrane potential remains at its peak for approximately 100 milliseconds
Initiation of clotting by intrinsic pathway requires activation prothrombin activator by which sequence?
XII, XI, IX + VIII, X+V
which of the following does NOT describe the ANS? A) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands B) general visceral motor system C) a system of motor and sensory neurons that innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands D) involuntary nervous system
a system of motor and sensory neurons that innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
When of viewing the heart in the correct anatomical position, from an anterior perspective which structures are most apparent? a) right atrium and right ventricle B) the right ventricle and the aortic arch C) the left ventricle and left atrium D) the right and left ventricle
a) right atrium and right ventricle
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter _____ ; sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter _____. A) norepinephrine : acetylcholine B) epinephrine : norepinephrine C) acetylcholine : norepinephrine D) acetylecholine : acetylcholine E) norepinephrine : norepinephrine
acetylcholine ; acetylcholine
During hyperventilation the alveolar oxygen partial pressure rises significantly above normal conditions while carbon dioxide falls. what reactions will occur in the arterioles and bronchioles as a consequence?
alveolar arterioles will dilate and bronchioles will constrict
A patient is assessed as having irregular heart beats that occur 2-3 time per minute. Examination of the EKG shows that pre-mature contractions occurs when an out of phase and irregular P-wave occurs in the electrocardiogram that stimulates the rest of the heart causing the premature contraction. What is the most likely cause for this arrhythmia?
an ectopic focus in the atria
A student relaxing outside on a sunny early spring day when a cold breeze rapidly cools the skin causing peripheral arteries int he arms and legs to constrict. The immediate short-term response by the heart to the shift in blood volume will be
an increase in stoke volume due to increased filling of the ventricles
Which of the vessels below is the first group in which pulse can be no longer be detected
arterioles
Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity? A) beta 3 B) alpha 1 C) beta 1 D) beta 2
beta 1
Nourishment of the trachea, bronchi and the other large air passageways is provided by
bronchial arteries and capillaries
The gelatinous material resting on receptors within the saccule and utricle contains embedded crystals of _____ that help to detect gravity? A) calcium carbonate B) sodium carbonate C) potassium chloride D) sodium chloride
calcium carbonate
A lead III electrocardiogram is examined. the normal shape of the t-wave rising upward from the baseline can be interpreted as
current flowing through the heart from the apex of the left ventricle toward the left atrium
Lymph draining from the right leg travels by which pathway back into general circulation
cysterna chyli, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein
A patient diagnosed with a significant heart arhythmia is prescribed digoxin to diminish the erratic heart activity. Why?
digoxin slows removal of calcium from cardiac cells, prolonging the refractory and contraction periods
If during exercise the quadriceps muscles of the leg experience a brief drop in tissue oxygen levels ( PO2) the vascular response in the quadriceps will be
dilation of arterioles caused by higher carbon dioxide concentration
Which of the following physiological responses is associated with an elevation parasympathetic nervous system activity? A) shifting blood flow away form the gastrointestinal tract B) enhanced mobilization of energy stores C) increased contractile force of the heart D) increased heart rate E) enhanced absorption of nutrients
enhanced absorption of nutrients
Contractility is a property of the heart in which
force of contraction increases as residual intracellular calcium increases
The primary afferent neurons from olfactory receptor cells first synapse within the _____. A) olfactory tubercule B) thalamus C) medulla D) glomeruli
glomeruli
If you administer a drug to a patient that alters the membrane permeability of cardiac pacemaker cells so that potassium diffusion is more rapid
heart rate would decrease, due to prolonged depolarization of the cells
Which of the statements below is correct about the physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation
if surface tension in the alveoli increases, greater muscle force will be needed to inhale
Which of the following decreases heart rate
increase in parasympathetic activity
The regulatory and intergration centers for ventilation are in
medulla and pons
In capillary beds other than those in the lungs
net vascular pressure causes plasma to flow out of capillaries into the interstitial spaces
Binding of acetylcholine to _____ receptors causes _____ by opening channels that primarily permit sodium to permeate the membrane. A) muscarinic : hyperpolarization B) nicotinic : no change in membrane potential C) muscarinic : depolarization D) nicotinic : hyperpolarization E) nicotinic : depolariation
nicotine : a depolarization
which of the statements below is correct about the function of myocardial cells
opening of voltage gated calcium channels is responsible for prolonging the action potential of contractile cells
The respiratory center that is responsible for terminating inhalation by inhibiting contractions of inspiratory muscles is
pontine respiratory group
Photons intercepted by which of the cells below will lead to generation of a potential that stimulates the visual afferent pathway? A) bipolar cells B) ganglion cells C) rods and cones D) A and B E) all of the above
rods and cones
All of the following below will cause blood vessels in the body to consrict EXCEPT
secretion of adenosine
Fenestrated or freely permeable capillaries should be found in which organ
small intestine
The importance of carbonic anhydrase in the blood is to
speed conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate in RBCS
Sympathetic excitation of blood vessels
stimulates vessels through the release of norepinephrine
Extrinsic control of circulation through blood vessels is accomplished by
sympathetic branches of thoracic nerves
Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the _____. The sound waves are then transmitted along the _____ to the cochlea. a) oval window : Eustachian tube B) round window : saccule C) oval window : ossicles D) tympanic membrane ; ossicles E) saccule : Eustachian tube
tympanic membrane : ossicles
