Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 12 Homework

none of the listed responses is correct Review the different sensory cortices of the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain.

A patient reports that she has become completely deaf—she can't hear anything. Thorough tests on her ears indicate that her ears have not been damaged. Additional tests reveal that her deafness has been caused by damage to her ______. primary somatosensory cortex auditory association area somatosensory association cortex None of the listed responses is correct.

based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions Review central nervous system control of voluntary skeletal muscle contractions and compare it to reflex arc activation.

After Joe has a stroke, his doctor asks Joe to touch his right pointer finger to his chin—but Joe is unable to move his right hand. However, when the doctor stimulates Joe's pointer finger with a painful stimulus, Joe's muscles quickly move his hand away from the stimulus. The doctor concludes that ______. the stroke caused damage to Joe's frontal eye field which interfered with his effort to touch his chin the stroke caused damage to Joe's right primary motor cortex the stroke caused damage to Joe's right premotor cortex based on the doctor's observations, none of the listed answers are correct conclusions

The production and interpretation of language. Regions indicated by E include Broca's area in the frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.

The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in which functions? The control centers for homeostatic and endocrine functions. The generation of emotional responses. The storage of motor patterns for skilled movements of skeletal muscles. The production and interpretation of language.

conscious control of skeletal muscle Motor pathways originating in the primary motor cortex allow for the conscious control of skeletal muscle.

The descending fibers in the figure provide for which of the following functions? involuntary control of smooth muscle subconscious control of skeletal muscle conscious control of skeletal muscle involuntary control of cardiac muscle

thalamus The spinothalamic tracts indicated by D carry somatosensory information and terminate in the thalamus. Specific information will then be relayed to the appropriate area of the somatosensory cortex by third-order sensory neurons.

The fiber tracts indicated by the letter D will terminate in the ______. medulla oblongata primary somatosensory cortex thalamus primary motor cortex

central sulcus The central sulcus is the shallow groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

The groove indicated by C is the _____________. transverse fissue longitudinal fissure post-central gyrus central sulcus

choroid plexus Note the specific arrangement of glial cells and capillaries.

What CNS associated structure is illustrated in this figure? cerebral aquaduct proprioceptor choroid plexus hypothalamus

cauda equina The collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is named the cauda (tail) equina (horse) because it resembles a horse's tail. This strange arrangement reflects the fact that during fetal development, the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord, forcing the lower spinal nerve roots to "chase" their exit points inferiorly through the vertebral canal.

What part of the spinal cord represents the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal? conus medullaris cauda equina cervical enlargement lumbar enlargement

primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field The following motor areas of the cortex, which control voluntary movement, lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal eye field. The frontal eye field (which controls voluntary movement of the eyes) is located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex (which helps plan movements) and superior to Broca's area (a motor speech area that also becomes active as we prepare to speak and even as we think about (plan) many voluntary motor activities other than speech).

Which of the following are motor areas of the cerebral cortex that lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes and control voluntary movement? primary somatosensory cortex; somatosensory association cortex; visual areas primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; prefrontal cortex; gustatory cortex Broca's area; posterior association area; auditory areas; visual areas primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca's area; frontal eye field

frontal eye field The frontal eye field controls voluntary movement of the eyes; it is located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex.

Which of the following areas of the brain controls voluntary movement of the eyes? frontal eye field visual association area gustatory cortex primary visual cortex

visceral control center of the body The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of the body and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Its chief homeostatic roles include: controlling the autonomic nervous system; controlling endocrine system function; regulating the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hunger and thirst; and initiating physical responses to emotions.

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus? somatic motor control center relay station for the special senses gateway to the cerebellum visceral control center of the body

upper motor neurons Upper motor neurons originate in the cortex (primary motor area) and decussate in the medulla (see Figure 12.35 in the textbook).

Which of the following describes the specific projection fibers indicated by C? lower motor neurons upper motor neurons first-order sensory neurons third-order sensory neurons

increased gstrointestinal activity Gastrointestinal activity is activated by the sight or smell of food. Additionally, presence of a food bolus in the gastrointestinal tract will stimulate peristalsis and digestive enzyme release.

Which of the following does not occur during a narcoleptic sleep episode? increased heart rate REM sleep increased oxygen use increased gastrointestinal activity

suprachiasmatic nucleus This area of the hypothalamus is important in determining the circadian rhythm that sets our sleep-wake cycles.

Which of the following hypothalamic control centers would you predict is the LEAST important for survival? suprachiasmatic nucleus autonomic control center temperature control center thirst center

memory Memory is a function of the brain (not the spinal cord).

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the major spinal cord tracts (pathways)? decussation somatotopy memory relay

post-central gyrus Region B is the pre-central gyrus, the location of the primary motor cortex. This is the origin of the descending corticospinal (pyrimidal) tracts.

Which of the following is NOT associated with region B? origin of corticospinal tracts conscious control of skeletal muscles post-central gyrus cell bodies of pyramidal neurons

the cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass The cerebral hemispheres, which form the superior part of the brain, account for about 83% of total brain mass.

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain? The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass. The longitudinal fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by shallow grooves called gyri. Nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres is marked by elevated ridges called sulci.

cerebellum By processing and interpreting impulses from the motor cortex and brain stem nuclei, as well as the sensory pathways, the cerebellum provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility needed for daily activities (e.g., driving, typing, and tying our shoes). It also plays a poorly understood role in cognition. Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously (we are not aware of it).

Which of the following regions of the brain provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility that are needed for our daily living? cerebellum midbrain medulla oblongata pons

thalamus Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus - which sorts out and "edits" these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas - is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex. In summary, the thalamus plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory.

Which part of the brain is considered the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex? hypothalamus mesencephalon pons thalamus

cerebral cortex The cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous system, where our conscious mind is found. It enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, to communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.

Which part of the brain is the "executive suite" for all brain activity? cerebellum cerebral cortex diencephalon brain stem

cerebellum By processing and interpreting impulses from the motor cortex and brain stem nuclei, as well as sensory pathways, the cerebellum provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for the smooth, coordinated movements and agility needed for daily living (e.g., driving, typing, and tying our shoes). It also plays a poorly understood role in cognition. Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously (we are not aware of it).

Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate somatic motor output so that smooth, well-timed movements occur? diencephalon pons cerebellum thalamus

medulla oblongata The medulla contains many important functional groups of visceral motor nuclei, including the cardiovascular (CV) and respiratory centers. The CV center includes the cardiac center, which adjusts the force and rate of heart contraction to meet the body's needs, and the vasomotor center, which changes blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure. The respiratory centers generate the respiratory rhythm and (in concert with pontine centers) control the rate and depth of breathing. The olivary nuclei and cough, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting centers are also in the medulla.

Which part of the brain stem houses the reflex centers for respiration and cardiovascular functioning? reticular formation pons medulla oblongata midbrain

commissures White matter consists largely of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts. These fibers and tracts are classified according to the direction in which they run as association, commissural, or projection. Commissural fibers connect corresponding gray areas of the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to function as a coordinated whole. The largest commissure is the corpus callosum. Less prominent examples include the anterior and posterior commissures.

Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the two cerebral hemispheres? projection fibers association fibers commissures internal capsules

Narcolepsy People with narcolepsy lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. These sleep episodes last about 15 minutes, can occur without warning, and are often triggered by a pleasurable event such as a good joke or a game of poker.

__________ causes a person to lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. Narcolepsy Epilepsy Sleep apnea Syncope

True Many factors can influence the transfer of information from STM to LTM, including: emotional state (we learn best when we are alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused), rehearsal (repeating the material enhances memory), association (tying "new" information to "old" information already stored in LTM appears to be important in remembering facts), and automatic memory (some impressions that become part of LTM are subconsciously formed).

Emotional state, rehearsal, association, and automatic memory are all factors that affect the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). True False

False In anencephaly ("without brain"), the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop because the neural folds fail to fuse rostrally. The infant is totally vegetative, unable to see, hear, or process sensory inputs. Muscles are flaccid, and no voluntary movement is possible. Mental life as we know it does not exist. Mercifully, death occurs soon after birth. Spina bifida ("forked spine") results from incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and typically involves the lumbosacral region. The technical definition is that laminae and spinous processes are missing on at least one vertebra. If the condition is severe, neural deficits occur as well.

In spina bifida, the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop. True False

medualla Many descending fibers cross over to the contralateral side of the nervous system within the decussation of pyramids in the medulla.

Many of the descending fibers indicated in this figure cross over (decussate) to the opposite side of the body in which of the following? thalamus medulla peripheral nervous system cerebellum

substantia nigra Parkinson's disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra (of the midbrain). As those neurons deteriorate, the dopamine-deprived basal nuclei they target become overactive. Afflicted individuals have a persistent tremor at rest, a forward-bent walking posture and shuffling gait, and a stiff facial expression. They are slow initiating and executing movement.

Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the __________. basal nuclei hypothalamic nuclei substantia nigra reticular formation

Pre-frontal cortex The pre-frontal cortex is located in the anterior region of the frontal lobe.

Region A includes which of the following? Primary motor cortex Broca's area Primary somatosensory cortex Pre-frontal cortex

thalamus This area of the diencephalon groups and organizes afferent sensory impulses. Once grouped, the sensory input is relayed to the correct cerebral area for interpretation.

During an epileptic seizure, the triggering of convulsions would not directly involve the uncontrolled activity of neurons located in the ______. pyramidal tracts primary motor cortex thalamus medulla oblongata

can understand langurage, but have difficulty speaking Patients with lesions involving Broca's area can understand language but have difficulty speaking (and sometimes cannot write or type or use sign language) - this disorder is called expressive, or Broca's, aphasia. On the other hand, patients with lesions involving Wernicke's area are able to speak but produce a type of nonsense often referred to as "word salad" - this disorder is called receptive, or Wernicke's, aphasia. These patients also have great difficulty understanding language.

Patients who have lesions involving Broca's area __________. do not understand language can understand language, but have difficulty speaking can communicate through writing or sign language, but they cannot speak do not understand written communications, but they can speak clearly and intelligibly

First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. First-order neurons, whose cell bodies reside in a ganglion (dorsal root or cranial), conduct impulses from the cutaneous receptors of the skin and from proprioceptors to the spinal cord or brain stem, where they synapse with second-order neurons.

Select the true statement regarding first-order neurons. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in a ganglion. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. First-order neurons have cell bodies in the thalamus. First-order neuron cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

third-order sensory neurons Third-order sensory neurons relay ascending information from the thalamus to specific sensory areas of the cortex (see Figure12.31).

The neural fibers connecting structure A to the cerebral cortex can be described by which of the following? lower motor neurons third-order sensory neurons upper motor neurons first-order sensory neurons

pyramidal tracts Pyramidal tracts, also called direct pathways, originate in the primary motor cortex within the pre-central gyrus.

What descending pathway originates at the position indicated by the leader line? spinocerebellar tracts pyramidal tracts spinothalamic tracts extrapyramidal tracts

coordination of skeletal muscle movements Spinocerebellar tracts carry appropriate sensory information, such as the degree of muscle stretch, to the cerebellum. The cerebellum uses such input to calculate skeletal muscle movements that allow for coordinated responses and the maintenance of balance.

What function is most closely associated with the spinal cord tract indicated by the letter C? initiation of smooth muscle movements response to skeletal muscle pain coordination of skeletal muscle movements initiation of skeletal muscle movements

formation of cerebro-spinal fluid CSF is produced by filtration of blood within each choroid plexus and further modified by absorption and secretion.

What process is indicated by the arrow on the right? flow of blood in and out of neural tissue movement of hormones in and out of neural tissue formation of cerebro-spinal fluid transmission of nerve impulses between the CNS and the vascular system

corpus callosum The corpus callosum is the most prominent example of commisural fibers—tracts that connect the left and right hemispheres.

What structure is indicated by B? corpus callosum pyramidal tracts lateral ventricles association fibers

frontal lobe The frontal lobe has areas that control voluntary motor functions, mood, smell, and social judgment.

At age 79, Mrs. X is diagnosed with a disorder that severely impairs her logical judgment. Medical imaging techniques show that this has been most likely caused by brain damage in a ______. parietal lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe premotor cortex

LTM (long term memory) is not distrupted People with this type of amnesia often cannot remember what they ate for their last meal or events from the immediate past.

In anterograde amnesia ______. there is an inhibition of afferent inputs to the cerebral cortex LTM (long term memory) is not disrupted communication between the medial temporal lobe and the association cortex remains unaffected declarative memory is not significantly altered

True In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex, then to a sensory association cortex and then on to the multimodal association cortex. The multimodal association cortex allows us to give meaning to the information that we receive, store it in memory, tie it to previous experience and knowledge, and then decide what action to take.

In general, information flows from sensory receptors to the appropriate primary sensory cortex. True False

False Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus (not the hypothalamus) and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. The thalamus - which sorts out and "edits" these afferent signals before relaying them to the appropriate cortical areas - is considered to be the gateway to the cerebral cortex.

The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. True False

thalamus The fibers projecting from structure A, the thalamus, are the relays of ascending information to appropriate sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

The letter A in the figure below represents which of the following structures? midbrain medulla thalamus hypothalamus

midbrain The term mesencephalon means "midbrain." As it develops from a primary brain vesicle to a secondary brain vesicle, and finally an adult brain structure, it retains its name - the midbrain. Each of the other two primary brain vesicles divide to give rise to new secondary brain vesicles and adult brain structures (with new names). Note that encephalo- means "brain."

The middle primary brain vesicle, the mesencephalon, gives rise to which adult brain structure? diencephalon midbrain medulla oblongata cerebrum

True One cerebral hemisphere or the other "dominates" each of the brain's tasks, and the term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. In most people (about 90%), the left hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.

The term cerebral dominance designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language. True False

proprioceptor Prorioceptors include the indicated muscle spindles as well as joint stretch receptors.

What type of receptor is indicated by the letter B? pain receptor proprioceptor touch receptor temperature receptor

first-order sensory neurons First-order sensory neurons transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord.

Which of the following describes the nerve fibers indicated by the letter A? first-order sensory neurons upper motor neurons third-order sensory neurons lower motor neurons

in each ventricle Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the choroid plexi located within each ventricle.

Where is the illustrated structure located? within the superior sagittal sinus in the central canal within the subarachnoid space in each ventricle

D The primary visual cortex is located at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe.

Which letter indicates the primary visual cortex? A B C D

pia mater The pia mater, meaning "gentle mother," is composed of delicate connective tissue and is richly invested with tiny blood vessels. It is the only meninx that clings tightly to the brain, like cellophane wrap, following its every convolution.

Which meninx is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution? meningeal layer of the dura mater pia mater periosteal layer of the dura mater arachnoid mater

ascending tracts Sensory information entering the spinal cord by afferent fibers is relayed to the brain along ascending tracts.

Which of the following accurately describes the collection of spinal cord tracts illustrated in the figure? descending tracts ascending tracts efferent fibers association fibers

primary somatosensory cortex Neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex receive information from the general (somatic) sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors (position sense receptors) in skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons. The neurons then identify the body region being stimulated, an ability called spatial discrimination.

Which of the following areas of the brain is responsible for spatial discrimination? Broca's area primary somatosensory cortex vestibular cortex gustatory cortex

secretion of the hormone melatonin Secretion of the hormone melatonin is a function of the pineal gland (not the hypothalamus). The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center of the body and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. Its chief homeostatic roles include: control the autonomic nervous system; control endocrine system function; regulate the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, hunger, and thirst; and initiate physical responses to emotions.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? regulation of body temperature secretion of the hormone melatonin emotional responses regulation of food intake

visual areas The cerebral cortex contains three types of functional areas: motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas. The visuals areas are examples of sensory and association areas. The visual association area surrounds the primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe. Communicating with the primary visual cortex, the visual association area uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, and movement), enabling us to recognize a flower or a person's face and to appreciate what we are seeing.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of functional areas within the cerebral cortex? association areas motor areas sensory areas visual areas

continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that produce ATP that provide energy for other cellular activities.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a coma but is NOT a characteristic of sleep? absence of brain waves ("flat EEG") irreversible brain damage continuously reduced mitochondrial activity in brain neurons All of the listed responses are correct.

pia mater The pia matter is one of the connective tissue meninges of the brain.

Which of the following is not a site where a tumor is likely to cause hydrocephalus? fourth ventricle cerebral aqueduct pia mater subarachnoid space

laminae of thoracic vertebrae The vertebral lamina is broad plate of bone extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles. The thoracic region of the spine is found between the shoulders and the base of the rib cage.

Which of the following is the LEAST likely to be structurally affected if spina bifida develops in a fetus? cauda equina roots of sacral spinal nerves sacrum laminae of thoracic vertebrae

pia mater The pia mater is meningeal layer closest to the brain.

Which of the following is the closest layer of the meninges to the brain? pia mater arachnoid mater dura mater arachnoid villi

cerebral and diencephalic structures The limbic system, which mediates emotional response and plays a role in memory, is a group of structures located on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon. The cerebral structures include the amygdaloid body, cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus. The diencephalic structures include the mammillary body, hypothalamus, and anterior thalamic nuclei. The fiber tracts that link these limbic system regions together include the fornix and anterior commissure.

Which parts of the brain constitute the "emotional brain" known as the limbic system? diencephalic and mesencephalic structures cerebral and brain stem structures cerebral and diencephalic structures diencephalic and brain stem structures

arachnoid mater The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF. Knoblike projections of the arachnoid mater, called arachnoid villi, protrude superiorly through the dura mater and into the superior sagittal sinus. These villi provide a passageway for CSF to leave the subarachnoid space and enter the venous blood of the sinus.

Which protective covering of the brain provides passageways for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain into the superior sagittal sinus? periosteal part of the dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater membranous part of the dura mater

ependymal cells Specialized ependymal cells participate in the filtration, absorption, and secretory processes that create cerebrospinal fluid.

Which type of glial cells are shown in this figure? microglia astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells

Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), found in and around the brain and spinal cord, forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to CNS structures. By floating the jellylike brain, the CSF effectively reduces brain weight by 97% and prevents the delicate brain from crushing under its own weight. CSF also protects the brain and spinal cord from blows and other trauma. Additionally, although the brain has a rich blood supply, CSF helps to nourish the brain, and there is some evidence that it carries chemical signals (such as hormones and sleep- and appetite-inducing molecules) from one part of the brain to another.

__________ forms a liquid cushion for CNS structures. Cerebrospinal fluid The dura mater The pia mater The blood-brain barrier

Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disease in which beta-amyloid peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles appear. Marked by a deficit of ACh, it results in slow, progressive loss of memory and motor control and increasing dementia. Alzheimer's patients represent nearly half of the people living in nursing homes. Between 5 and 15% of people over 65 develop this condition, and for up to half of those over 85 it is a major contributing cause in their deaths.

__________ is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain in which beta-amyloid peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles appear and that ultimately results in dementia (mental deterioration). Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease mad cow disease Huntington's disease