Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 19

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

45 percent

Which of the following statements is true about platelets?

Platelets clump together at a site of injury. The spleen is a storage organ for a large platelet population. Platelets are not cells. Platelets live for less than two weeks.

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are

basophils

Blood type is identified primarily by

both the ABO and Rh blood groups.

Eosinophils function in

destroying antibody-labeled antigens.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?

develop into plasma cells

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone

erythropoietin

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

Which of the following is true of basophils?

granules contain histamine attract other defense cells constitute about 1 percent of WBCs granules contain heparin

Consider the following results from a blood lab test. Which value is most likely abnormal?

hemoglobin — 10.7 g/100 ml

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of

hemorrhage

All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are

important in coagulation.

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

injections of vitamin B12.

A digestive disorder that impairs a person's ability to absorb vitamin K will result in

prolonged bleeding. low levels of thromboplastin. low levels of Factor X. low levels of prothrombin.

The formed elements of blood consist of __________.

red blood cells white blood cells platelets

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.

People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because __________.

their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme

thrombin

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron.

Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?

antibodies

A hematocrit provides information on

formed elements abundance.

Approximately 45 percent of blood volume is composed of the

formed elements.

A person who has a low blood volume is said to be

hypovolemic

Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?

mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive

In adults, red bone marrow is located in the

proximal epiphyses of long bones. iliac crest. sternum and ribs. body of vertebrae.

In adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

red bone marrow.

The average life span of a red blood cell is

4 months.

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

Anemia

A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT __________.

B positive

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Coagulation

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

Coagulation would be prevented.

When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect

a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels. an increase in red blood cell production. the release of erythropoietin. a rise in hematocrit

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called

agglutination

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.

agglutinogens; agglutinins

Which plasma protein transports fatty acids and some hormones?

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

Soon after donating 0.5 liters of blood, one would expect

an increased reticulocyte count.

Jane has been taking the antibiotic chloramphenicol for a few weeks as treatment for a serious bacterial infection. There is a possibility that a future side effect of long-term antibiotic therapy could cause her to develop problems in blood cell counts. The result is

aplastic anemia.

Antihistamines would work best against which type of WBC?

basophil

The function of red blood cells is to

carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

cause clot dissolution to proceed faster.

The phase of hemostasis that involved clotting of blood is called

coagulation

Platelets are

cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.

A moving blood clot is called a(n)

embolus

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the

eosinophils

The process of red blood cell production is called

erythropoiesis.

Jane has Type A blood; therefore, she

has antibodies to B agglutinogens.

The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the

hematocrit

Excess iron is stored in the liver and spleen as

hemosiderin and ferritin.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

hormone that regulates white blood cell formation

Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

hormone-binding

Proteins in the blood for defense are called

immunoglobulins.

Plasma is closest in composition to

interstitial fluid.

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

megakaryocytes

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

metalloprotein

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

pernicious anemia.

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

plasmin.

The function of platelets is to assist in the

process called hemostasis.

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

proteins.

Granulocytes form in

red bone marrow.

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

whole blood.

An infected wound contains typically contains

tissue fluids. pus. cellular debris. dead neutrophils.

Which of the following is a function of the blood?

transport of nutrients and wastes transport of gases defense against toxins and pathogens transport of body heat

The most abundant component of plasma is (are)

water.

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

Monocytes

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the

spleen, liver, and bone marrow.

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal.

Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from

a superficial vein.

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator.

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

activation of Factor XII by platelet factors.

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils

The white blood cell type that most rapidly increases in number after a bacterial infection is the __________.

neutrophils

Type A blood has ________ antibodies in the blood plasma.

anti-B

When checking the efficiency of gas exchange, it may be necessary to draw a blood sample from

an artery.