Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 2

The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is 8. 24. 16. 32. 64.

16

The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. 4 electrons. 8 electrons. 1 electron. 16 electrons.

2 electrons.

A triglyceride consists of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. 3 glucose molecules. 3 amino acids. 3 glycerols and 1 fatty acid.

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

Carbon can form ___ covalent bonds. 16 1 2 8 4

4

Which of the following substances is an element? Iron Glucose Water Fat Salt

Iron

Which of the following substances account for more than 95% of the human body? Calcium, phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen Carbon, calcium, nitrogen, hydrogen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, hydrogen

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Which of the following compounds is not hydrophilic? Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids Carbohydrates Water

Lipids

Which of the following is not organic? Cholesterol Lipids Nucleic acids Enzymes Oxygen

Oxygen

Lipids are organic. include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats. are insoluble in water. contain C, H, and O, but with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is characteristic of carbohydrates? They often are stored as reserve energy supplies. They provide much of the energy that the cell requires. all of the above They include sugars and starches. They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms.

all of the above

A biomarker test for cancer should ideally be easy to perform. sensitive. all of the above. specific. inexpensive

all of the above.

Chemistry is important to the study of physiology because we eat chemicals. body functions reflect cellular functions that reflect chemical changes. drugs are chemicals. all of the above. chemical reactions enable our bodies to extract energy from nutrients.

all of the above.

Biochemistry is the study of how organisms relate to their environment. how drugs affect the body. chemical reactions in organisms. energy transfer in non-living matter. the origin of life.

chemical reactions in organisms.

An example of a biomarker is cholesterol. all of the above. hydrogen. any DNA sequence. sodium chloride.

cholesterol

Nucleic acids are very small, simple molecules. structural molecules that do not have a function other than support. all of the above. composed of building blocks called nucleotides. sources of cellular energy.

composed of building blocks called nucleotides.

A simple carbohydrate has only one nucleotide. is a building block of protein. is a building block of fat. has a molecular formula of C6H12O6. consists of several joined chains.

has a molecular formula of C6H12O6.

Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. are more soluble in water have more single carbon-carbon bonds are heavier have fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms taste better

have more single carbon-carbon bonds

The isotope most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland is thallium-201. iron-59. iodine-141. cobalt-60. carbon-14.

iodine-141.

Electrolytes are substances that can electrocute someone. ionize when dissolved in water. form covalent bonds with water. cannot conduct electricity in solution. are not found in the human body in any appreciable amounts.

ionize when dissolved in water.

The informational content of DNA and RNA is in the nitrogenous bases because the sugars and phosphates vary too much. they contain nitrogen. the bases are of several types and therefore can form a sequence. nitrogen comes in several different forms. the bases are also parts of amino acids.

the bases are of several types and therefore can form a sequence.

A decomposition reaction can be symbolized by A + B → C + D. none of the above. AB → A + B. A + B → AB. C + D → AB.

AB → A + B.

Which of the following is not a source of ionizing radiation? Atomic and nuclear weapons Smoke detectors Cosmic rays from outer space TV components Cholesterol and triglycerides

Cholesterol and triglycerides

Which of the following is a form of ionizing radiation? Gamma radiation Neither cosmic nor gamma radiation None of the above. Cosmic radiation Cosmic radiation and gamma radiation

Cosmic radiation and gamma radiation

DNA and RNA differ in that RNA holds genetic information and DNA uses that information to synthesize protein DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein DNA is found in males and RNA is found in females. RNA has deoxyribose and DNA has ribose. RNA is double-stranded and DNA is single-stranded.

DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein

Nucleic acids include vitamins and minerals. proteins and DNA. RNA and DNA. steroids and triglycerides. enzymes and RNA.

RNA and DNA.

Which of the following is the most abundant inorganic substance in cells? Protein Bone Lipid Water Carbohydrate

Water

A biomarker is a body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin. a gene that encodes a particular protein. always a protein. a book mark that one uses when studying from a biology textbook. a protein that encodes a particular gene.

a body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin.

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are electrons. acids catalysts bases. toxins.

acids

On the pH scale pH values above 7 are basic. the lower the whole number on the scale, the greater the H+ concentration. pH values below 7 are acidic. all of the above. a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration separates each whole number

all of the above.

An acid reacting with a base is a synthesis reaction. hydrolysis. an exchange reaction. a decomposition reaction. an explosive event.

an exchange reaction.

In a covalent bond oppositely charged atoms attract. oppositely charged atoms repel. atoms share pairs of electrons. one atom shares and another atom gains electrons. all of the above.

atoms share pairs of electrons.

An organic compound contains nitrogen and hydrogen. carbon and hydrogen. water and a salt. carbon and oxygen. oxygen and nitrogen.

carbon and hydrogen.

Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of cations. anions. dogions. molecules. salts.

cations

Organic molecules ____, whereas inorganic molecules ____. are small, are very large do not contain carbon, do contain carbon contain carbon, do not dissolve in water contain carbon, do not contain carbon are sprinkled on organically-grown foods, are removed from foods

contain carbon, do not contain carbon

Table sugar breaking down into glucose and fructose is a(n) _______ reaction. decomposition synthesis hydrolysis metabolic exchange reaction

decomposition

Water causes ionically-bonded molecules to dissociate. denature. explode. degrade. bond more strongly.

dissociate

Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for neutralization of acids by buffers. digestion of food products. release of energy. clearance of toxins. growth of body parts.

growth of body parts.

An atom that has 3 electrons in its second shell and a filled first shell will lose 3 electrons from its second shell. lose all of the electrons from its first shell. lose all of the electrons from its first and second shells. gain 2 electrons in its second shell. gain 5 electrons in its second shell.

lose 3 electrons from its second shell.

A solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is acidic. toxic. alkaline. basic. neutral.

neutral

The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of protons. neutrons. molecules. electrons. nuclei.

neutrons

The type of organic molecule that can replicate is a lipid. nucleic acid. protein. salt. carbohydrate.

nucleic acid.

PET imaging follows the emission of mice. neutrons. electrons. positrons. protons.

positrons

An enzyme is a ____. protein that inhibits chemical reactions by being changed or depleted protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted fat that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted fibrous protein that is part of certain tissues in the body protein that functions as a hormone

protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted

Atomic radiation is useful for treating cancer because radiation affects cancer cells but not normal cells. it kills all cells. radiation protects normal cells against the effects of cancer. chemicals in normal cells are not affected by radiation. radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non-cancer cells

radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non-cancer cells

In the body, oxygen is used in various metabolic processes. exchanges with carbon dioxide. helps regulate body temperature. releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration reacts with water to form carbonic acid.

releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration

A person has alkalosis if the blood pH rises above 3.4. drops below 7.4. rises above 7.4. rises above 7.0. drops below 7.0.

rises above 7.4.

DNA helps synthesize nucleic acids. is important in building carbohydrates. stores genetic information. is important in building fats. provides cellular energy.

stores genetic information.

The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is twentyfold. tenfold. fivefold. a hundredfold twofold.

tenfold

The parts of a protein that change when it denatures are the tertiary and quaternary structures. the secondary and tertiary structures. the amino acid sequence and the secondary structure. the amino and carboxyl groups exchange locations. the primary and secondary structures.

the secondary and tertiary structures.

The ______ uses the element iodide. spinal cord spleen liver thymus thyroid

thyroid