Anatomy and Physiology Lecture ch. 3D- 6

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would NOT be appropriate? "Be sure to consistently take any calcium and vitamin D supplements prescribed by your provider." "Adequate protein in your diet will help to keep your bones strong." "You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones." "Weight-bearing exercises like walking and strength training for your muscles will help to strengthen your bones."

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones."

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification? A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. An epiphyseal plate is formed. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. A cartilage model of the bone is formed.

A cartilage model of the bone is formed.

With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact? Basal surface Apical surface Basal lamina Reticular lamina

Apical surface

Why is blood classified as a connective tissue? Blood cells, and the cells of all other connective tissues, come from the same kind of embryonic stem cell. Blood helps to connect body parts together. Blood tissue contains a matrix that is very similar to that of other types of connective tissues. Since all connective tissues are highly vascularized, blood is included as a connective tissue.

Blood cells, and the cells of all other connective tissues, come from the same kind of embryonic stem cell.

Which of the following pairs is not correct? Skeletal muscle : striated Cardiac muscle : voluntary Cardiac muscle : striated Smooth muscle : involuntary

Cardiac muscle : voluntary

Which three pigments contribute to skin color? Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin Keratin, melanin, hemoglobin Melanin, keratin, hemoglobin Hemoglobin, carotene, keratin

Carotene, melanin, hemoglobin

Of the following connective tissues, which generally takes the most time to recover from injury? Bone Cartilage Areolar connective tissue Adipose tissue

Cartilage

Which description best identifies the unique attributes of connective tissue? Connective tissue contains a large amount of an extracellular matrix. Connective tissues are hard and inflexible, whereas soft, flexible structures of the body are made up of other tissue types. Connective tissues, unlike other tissues, lack blood vessels and blood. Connective tissues transmit signals from one part of the body to another.

Connective tissue contains a large amount of an extracellular matrix.

Which description of skeletal cartilage is INCORRECT? Elastic cartilages are able to tolerate repeated bending. Articular cartilages cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints. Fibrocartilages are able to withstand both pressure and stretch. Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose.

Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose.

The skin plays a role in the manufacture of vitamin ______. A B C D

D

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ? Exocrine glands can be multicellular Exocrine glands secrete hormones Exocrine glands use exocytosis to release their products Endocrine glands do not use ducts

Endocrine glands do not use ducts

Which of the following relationships between a tissue and its general function is not correct? Epithelial : digestion Connective : support Muscle : movement Nervous : control

Epithelial : digestion

An area in the body exposed to the external environment would be composed of which of the following tissue types? Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following is not true for the skin in old age? It is less susceptible to bruising The rate of epidermal cell replacement slows The skin thins Secretions from glands decrease

It is less susceptible to bruising

What physiological processes allow growing bones to acquire their unique features such as processes, tuberosities, condyles, and fossae? The periosteum contains an abundance of osteoblasts where projections form, and an abundance of osteoclasts where depressions or holes form. It results from mechanical stress and remodeling. Fetal bones begin with most of these features, but the features increase in size as the bones grow. It results from the effects of hormones that target parts of a bone for growth.

It results from mechanical stress and remodeling.

What is the immediate threat from severe burns? Bacterial infection Inadequate body temperature maintenance Loss of water and electrolytes Scarring

Loss of water and electrolytes

Marie and Joan are the same height, but Marie weighs 25 pounds more than Joan. When they go hiking in cold weather, Joan needs two more layers of clothing than Marie to stay warm. Which of the following explains why? Marie has more dermal blood vessels, which constrict to increase blood flow to the core. Marie has more subcutaneous fat, which insulates the body's core. Marie has more subcutaneous fat, which is metabolized to provide warmth. Marie has a thicker epidermal layer, which insulates her body's core more efficiently.

Marie has more subcutaneous fat, which insulates the body's core.

Which of the following types of skin cancer is the most dangerous? Basal cell Squamous cell Melanoma All are equally dangerous.

Melanoma

__________ are water-soluble, complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells. Keratin Albumin Proteoglycan Collagen Mucin

Mucin

Which of the following is not a type of bone cell? Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoclasp

Osteoclasp

Old Norse stories tell of a famous Viking named Egil, who lived around 900 AD. His skull was greatly enlarged and misshapen, and the cranial bones were thickened (6 cm, more than 2 inches, thick). He had headaches from the pressure exerted by enlarged vertebrae on his spinal cord. So much blood was diverted to his bones to support their extensive remodeling that his fingers and toes always felt cold and his heart was damaged through overexertion. What bone disorder did Egil probably have? Osteoporosis Rickets Osteomalacia Paget's disease

Paget's disease

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely on this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins. Mitochondria Ribosomes Peroxisomes Centrioles

Ribosomes

Which of the following glands are holocrine glands? Pancreas Sweat glands Salivary glands Sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands

Using your hospital's information portal, your patient reviews the report from her recent biopsy, which includes a reference to "smooth muscle." She asks you if this means her muscles are abnormal. What is the best explanation is? Smooth muscle tissue controls many involuntary functions. Unlike the muscles that control voluntary movement and the heart, it has no "stripes" or striations and so is "smooth." Smooth muscle tissue controls involuntary movements, including the pumping of the heart. Smooth muscle tissue is found in abundance in athletes and dancers, allowing them to move more smoothly than the average person. Smooth muscle tissue is called smooth because it moves blood and digestive secretions smoothly through the blood vessels and digestive tract.

Smooth muscle tissue controls many involuntary functions. Unlike the muscles that control voluntary movement and the heart, it has no "stripes" or striations and so is "smooth."

Which of the following statements is true? Osteoclasts are important in removing calcium from the blood stream. Bone would be more brittle with more collagen in the matrix. The red marrow in the medullary cavity produces our red blood cells. Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.

Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.

A patient taking a drug that inhibits cell division (such as certain chemotherapy drugs) would expect which layer of the epidermis to be affected first? Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale

Stratum basale

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body. Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties

Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body.

A 26-year-old model is concerned about a new scar on her abdomen. She tells her surgeon that there is practically no scar from the appendix operation done when she was 16, but this new scar from the gallbladder operation is "gross." Her appendectomy scar is small, obliquely located on the inferior abdominal surface, and very indistinct. By contrast, the vertical gallbladder scar is large and lumpy. Which of the following best explains why the scars are so different? She was ten years younger when she had the appendix operation. At age 26, her skin has become thinner and less elastic, causing the incision to gape more and produce more scar tissue as it heals. The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "flexure lines," which run at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the flexure lines will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant. The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more re

The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant.

xWhich of the following explains why eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not. The hairs on the head have a cuticle, whereas the hairs of the eyebrows do not. The hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens, however the hair follicles of the eyebrows are not. The hair follicles in the scalp have a hair matrix, but the hair follicles of the eyebrows do not. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.

How can the rule of nines help indicate whether a burn should be considered critical? The rule of nines can provide a rough estimation of the percentage of body surface affected by a burn. The rule of nines indicates that for every 9 square centimeters of skin surface that is burned, the severity of the burn increases. The rule of nines helps to indicate the depth of the burn through the different layers of the skin. The rule of nines states that for every nine specified locations of the body that are burned, the degree of burn severity increases.

The rule of nines can provide a rough estimation of the percentage of body surface affected by a burn.

Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to secrete their product, while apocrine sweat glands do not. Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands. Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? The secretory cells release their products by exocytosis The apex of the secretory cells pinches off to release their products The secretory cells release their products by rupturing Holocrine glands secrete their products through a hollow, tubular duct

The secretory cells release their products by rupturing

You have learned that tape or adhesive bandages must be removed carefully from the skin on patients who are elderly to avoid tearing their fragile skin. What accounts for the fragility of their skin? Dermal papillae are absent from the skin of patients who are elderly, so the epidermis is more easily separated from the dermis. The epidermal dendritic cells in the skin of patients who are elderly often become sensitized to adhesives and cause an immune reaction. The stratum basale does not function in patients who are elderly. There are fewer collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis as we age, contributing to wrinkling and increased susceptibility to tearing of the skin.

There are fewer collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis as we age, contributing to wrinkling and increased susceptibility to tearing of the skin.

What is the role of osteoclasts in the endosteum during long bone growth? They produce the red marrow found in spongy bone tissue. They produce the yellow marrow found in medullary cavities. They add to the bone's density and strength by increasing the diameter of the shaft. They proportionally increase the size of the medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy.

They proportionally increase the size of the medullary cavity as the bone grows to prevent the weight of the growing skeleton from becoming too heavy.

Which types of cell junctions are needed in a mucosal membrane, such as the digestive tract, to keep the digestive enzymes, juices, and bacteria from leaking out? Gap junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes

Tight junctions

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones? Protection Support Mineral storage Transportation

Transportation

Your friend is trying to convince you that if the ligaments binding the bones together at your freely movable joints (such as your knee, shoulder, and hip joints) contained a higher percentage of elastic fibers, you would be much more flexible. Is this true? If so, would this present any serious problems? Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility, but at the expense of joint stability. The joints would be prone to misalignment and dislocation. Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility. This should not cause any problems since elastic and collagen fibers are equal in tensile strength. No, this is not true. Joint flexibility is determined only by the flexibility of the skeletal muscles that cross the joint, not the composition of its reinforcing ligaments. No, this is not true. The parallel arrangement of collagen fibers in dense regular connective tissue allows ligaments to stretch much more than elastic fibers could.

Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility, but at the expense of joint stability. The joints would be prone to misalignment and dislocation.

Which of the following best describes a third-degree burn? a burn that presents extremely painful blisters, redness, and swelling a burn that affects the entire thickness of the integument a burn that affects all of the layers of the epidermis a burn that affects at least 25%% of the body surface area

a burn that affects the entire thickness of the integument

Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it neither connects structures nor provides structural support? blood osseous cartilage areolar connective tissue

blood

Which of the following would not be a correct characteristic of melanoma? asymmetry border regularity diameter of 12 mm color that is dark black or brown

border regularity

Which epiphyseal plate zone contains dying and deteriorating chondrocytes? hypertrophic zone calcification zone ossification zone proliferation zone

calcification zone

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? thyroid hormones calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitriol

calcitonin

Which hormone is NOT matched with its correct function? PTH; indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels growth hormone; lengthens long bones osteocalcin; helps regulate glucose metabolism

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone? thyroid hormones calcitriol calcitonin vitamin D

calcitriol

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels? calcitriol calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH)

calcitriol

The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or paint thinner, because they ________. can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood solubilize the skin's keratin filaments solubilize the skin's collagen fibers

can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes

Adjacent osteocytes communicate via gap junctions found within ________. lacunae Volkmann's canals Haversian canals canaliculi

canaliculi

Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest (toughest) type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers? connective tissue high in reticular fibers connective tissue high in ground substance connective tissue high in elastic fibers connective tissues high in collagen fibers

connective tissues high in collagen fibers

If a drug has the side effect of inhibiting osteoblast activity, how may taking this drug impact the patient's skeletal system? increased bone growth increased bone density decreased bone density reduction in blood calcium levels

decreased bone density

A histologist examines a tissue slide and observes many fibers tightly packed together in a parallel arrangement. A few cells can be seen squeezed between the fibers. Which type of tissue is being studied? adipose connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue areolar connective tissue dense regular fibrous connective tissue

dense regular fibrous connective tissue

You are asked to classify an exocrine gland found in the skin based solely on the chemical analysis of its product, which turns out to be a hypotonic fluid consisting of about 99% water with a pH of 5. It contains NaCl, traces of urea and ammonia, and a peptide called dermcidin, but lacks fats and proteins. How would you classify this gland? eccrine gland ceruminous gland sebaceous gland mammary gland

eccrine gland

Which tissue type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity? nervous tissue connective tissue muscle tissue epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

Fingerprints are copies of __________. dermal papillae epidermal papillae dermal ridges friction ridges

friction ridges

In long bone formation, from what embryonic structure does the articular hyaline cartilage on the end of an adult long bone arise? from superficial tissues surrounding the bone as it develops from the original hyaline cartilage bone model of the embryo from the periosteum from the osteoblasts in the primary ossification center

from the original hyaline cartilage bone model of the embryo

Which bone would be formed by the process of intramembranous ossification? frontal bone of the forehead vertebra of the spine femur of the thigh mandible of the lower jaw

frontal bone of the forehead

The mucus-secreting cells prevalent in simple columnar epithelium are known as __________. goblet cells cup cells chalice cells mucocells

goblet cells

Which property is most consistent in all connective tissues? large amounts of ground substance avascularity greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content large number of connective fibers

greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________. estrogen growth hormone testosterone thyroid hormones

growth hormone

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

The principal component of bone that contributes to its hardness is __________. hydroxyapatite collagen osteoid organic

hydroxyapatite

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones? hydroxyapatite articular cartilage osteoid periosteum

hydroxyapatite

Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. insufficient vitamin D levels in the body hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone reduced parafollicular cell activity All of the listed responses are correct.

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

Based on its function, where would you likely find simple squamous epithelium? on the surface of the skin in places that experience abrasion or friction along the digestive tract in places where materials need to pass through a thin sheet of cells

in places where materials need to pass through a thin sheet of cells

Surface skin cells regenerate from stem cells found in which specific region? in the deepest layer of the skin in the papillary layer of the dermis in the stratum corneum in the stratum basale

in the stratum basale

What is the ground substance in typical connective tissue matrix? fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and mesenchyme cells collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers dissolved bone salts interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins

interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion proteins

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________. hematopoiesis interstitial growth calcification appositional growth

interstitial growth

A group of concentric rings of bone matrix, comprising the functional unit of long bones, is called a(n) __________. lamella osteon pillar system Sharpey's system

lamella

Serious burns pose a significant threat to the body because they can __________. lead to liver failure, which, if untreated, can lead to blood toxicity lead to destruction of muscle tissue, resulting in permanent loss of mobility lead to nervous system failure and permanent paralysis lead to kidney failure and circulatory shock

lead to kidney failure and circulatory shock

Which of the following is an example of pseudostratified epithelium? endocrine glands kidney tubules lung alveoli lining of the trachea

lining of the trachea

What controls bone remodeling? mechanical stress and hormones hormones and diet the nervous system and hormones mechanical stress and diet

mechanical stress and hormones

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________. squamous cell carcinoma melanoma basal cell carcinoma All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.

melanoma

The integument's ability to resist tearing when stretched is largely due to the __________. network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis abundance of dense fibers found in the papillary layer of the dermis dead, flattened layers of keratinized cells that fuse to form the stratum corneum desmosomes that bind together the cells of the stratum basale

network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis

Epithelial tissue is typically localized to the following region(s) of the body. only on the inner surfaces of body cavities only on the outermost surface of an organ on the surfaces of organs, on the walls of cavities, on the outer surface of the body, and in glands of the body between other layers of tissue in many of the organs of the body

on the surfaces of organs, on the walls of cavities, on the outer surface of the body, and in glands of the body

A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density. osteoblasts chondroblasts osteoclasts osteocytes

osteoclasts

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? osteoporosis Paget's disease osteomalacia rickets

osteoporosis

Which type of cell or cellular structure is not found in the epidermis? dendritic cells pain receptors keratinocytes melanocytes

pain receptors

Critical burn injuries will likely be treated with all of the following EXCEPT __________. an intravenous supply of fluids providing the patient with thousands of extra nutritional calories significant infection control measures pressing an ice-cold washcloth, towel, or pad to the burned area

pressing an ice-cold washcloth, towel, or pad to the burned area

In a healthy, young adult, what determines where bone remodeling will occur? blood calcitonin levels blood calcium levels regional areas of mechanical stress blood parathyroid hormone levels

regional areas of mechanical stress

Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters? first-degree burn second-degree burn third-degree burn full-thickness burn

second-degree burn

The principal role of melanin is to __________. give one that "healthy tan look" keep the body cool provide a waterproof layer shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation

shield the nucleus from damage by ultraviolet radiation

Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________. prevent chondrocytes from dividing and thereby reducing the relative amount of matrix that is present in the cartilage stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage stimulate calcification of cartilage All of the listed responses are correct.

stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage

Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Which one of the following is FALSE?) increase reabsorption of calcium in the kidney stimulates increased osteoclast activity stimulates increased osteoblast activity

stimulates increased osteoblast activity

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? simple columnar epithelium with microvilli; absorption simple squamous epithelium; filtration simple cuboidal epithelium; secretion stratified squamous epithelium; absorption

stratified squamous epithelium; absorption

Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? stratum basale stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum

stratum basale

Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? stratum basale stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum corneum

stratum basale

Which of the following layers is found only on the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum lucidum stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

The touch sensors of the epidermis are the _________. keratinocytes tactile cells epidermal dendritic cells melanocytes

tactile cells

Which epidermal cells act as sensory touch receptors? dendritic cells keratinocytes melanocytes tactile cells

tactile cells

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? the medullary cavity the epiphyseal plate the epiphyses the diaphysis

the epiphyseal plate

The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is ________. water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels none of the above

the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels

Why does bone remodeling occur in an adult skeleton? to increase the size of bones to heal a broken bone to maintain adequate blood calcium levels to increase the overall density and weight of bones

to maintain adequate blood calcium levels

What is the function of ciliated epithelium? to move fluids across the tissue surface to absorb materials from the extracellular environment to protect the underlying tissues to move the epithelial cells from one area of the body to another

to move fluids across the tissue surface

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment? foramen sinus trochanter groove

trochanter