Anatomy and Physiology Test 2
From superior to inferior, how many individual vertebrae are there of each type? 12; 7; 5; 5; 4 12; 5; 5; 7; 4 7; 5; 5; 12; 4 7; 12; 5; 5; 4 7; 5; 5; 4; 12
7; 12; 5; 5; 4
What is a retinaculum? A band of connective tissue that covers and stabilizes a group of tendons A particularly thick fascia that separates functional muscle groups into compartments A thick, sheet-like tendon A sheath of connective tissue that wraps muscle fibers together to form fascicles
A band of connective tissue that covers and stabilizes a group of tendons
An injury that results in complete functional loss of the ulnar nerve will affect which of the following muscles? Abductor digiti minimi Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Extensor indicis
Abductor digiti minimi
Which of the following muscles adducts and medially rotates the thigh? Gracilis Piriformis Adductor magnus Rectus femoris Sartorius
Adductor magnus
Muscles that dorsiflex the foot are found in which compartment of the leg? Anterior Posterior Lateral
Anterior
A male sustains a crushing injury to his foot. After weeks of care, he begins to notice that he cannot bend the little toe on his right foot. Which of he following would be a logical diagnosis? Atrophy of the flexor hallucis brevis Atrophy of the fibularis brevis Atrophy of the soleus Atrophy of the flexor digiti minimi Atrophy of the adductor hallucis
Atrophy of the flexor digiti minimi
Where is dystrophin, the protein that is defective in muscular dystrophy, normally found? Between the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber As a transmembrane protein of the sarcolemma In the Z discs of skeletal and cardiac muscle In the dense bodies of smooth muscle Bridging the gap between the sarcolemma and axon terminal
Between the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber
An Olympic sprinter readies for a race. After the sound of the starting gun, he propels himself forward from the starting block and immediately grimaces in pain, grabbing for the back of his thigh. Within 48 hours he begins noticing extensive bruising on the back of his thigh extending into the back of the knee. He now has difficulty rising from a seated position and flexing his knee. Bending at the waist generates more pain. Which muscle is likely injured? Gluteus maximus Popliteus Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius Iliopsoas
Biceps femoris
Which of the following muscles attaches on the head of the fibula? Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Popliteus Biceps femoris Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Check all that are a function of skeletal muscle tissue. Metabolic regulation Body movement Maintenance of posture Heat production Regulating elimination of materials Protection and support
Body movement Maintenance of posture Heat production Regulating elimination of materials Protection and support
Which of the following is/are a functional requirement of cardiac muscle tissue? Check all that apply. Cardiac muscle fibers must be able to contract without nervous stimulation. Cardiac muscle fibers must be able to contract without nervous stimulation. Muscles must be voluntary as well as involuntary. Muscles must be voluntary as well as involuntary. Cardiac muscle fatigues easily. Cardiac muscle fatigues easily. Cardiac muscle must be independent of conscious control. Cardiac muscles contract in unison.
Cardiac muscle fibers must be able to contract without nervous stimulation. Cardiac muscle fibers must be able to contract without nervous stimulation. Cardiac muscle must be independent of conscious control. Cardiac muscles contract in unison.
What is the action of the orbicularis oris? Closes and protrudes lips as in kissing Elevates and everts upper lip as in sneering Elevates angle of mouth as in smiling Compresses cheek against teeth and gums
Closes and protrudes lips as in kissing
Contraction of the left sternocleidomastoid causes the head to turn toward the right. What type of movement is this? Contralateral Ipsilateral Bilateral
Contralateral
What are the causes of muscle fatigue? Check all that apply. Lack of ATP Lack of ATP Incorrect Crossbridge recycling/elevated phosphate ion concentration Crossbridge recycling/elevated phosphate ion concentration Change in Na+ or K+ ion concentration Change in Na+ or K+ ion concentration Insufficient Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junction
Crossbridge recycling/elevated phosphate ion concentration Crossbridge recycling/elevated phosphate ion concentration Change in Na+ or K+ ion concentration Change in Na+ or K+ ion concentration Insufficient Ca2+ at the neuromuscular junction
The action of the lateral rotators is most clearly demonstrated by which of the following? Crossing your legs to rest an ankle on your knee Bending forward in a chair Rising to the next step as you climb stairs Lifting your toes clear of the ground while walking forward
Crossing your legs to rest an ankle on your knee?
Which one of these muscles helps to open the mouth (depress the mandible)? Zygomaticus major Digastric Sternohyoid Depressor anguli oris Hyoglossus
Digastric
What is a difference in electrical charge from one point to another called? Electrical potential Charge difference Anion gap Battery
Electrical potential
What is the primary action of the masseter? Elevation of the mandible Depression of the mandible Protraction of the mandible Lateral and medial excursion
Elevation of the mandible
While sitting at your desk, you drop your pencil onto the floor. You bend over to pick up the pencil. In order to straighten up and continue your exam you must use which of the following muscles? Tibialis anterior Erector spinae Semimembranosus Tibialis anterior and semimembranosus Extensor hallucis longus
Erector spinae
Which of the bones below does not belong to the appendicular skeleton? Clavicle Patella Ethmoid Ulna Fibula
Ethmoid
Tennis elbow is a common term describing injury to the attachment of which of the following? Extensor hallucis longus Pronator quadratus Extensor carpi radialis longus Subscapularis Flexor digitorum profundus
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Some people suffer involuntary urination due to incompetence of what muscle? External urethral sphincter Bulbospongiosus Compressor urethrae Ischiocavernosus Levator ani
External urethral sphincter
Which term below best describes the deltoid? Fusiform Intrinsic Involuntary Extrinsic Parallel
Extrinsic?
Which term refers to a muscle that prevents a bone from moving during an action? Fixator Prime mover Antagonist Agonist
Fixator
Carpal tunnel pressure is sometimes relieved by surgically excising part or all of which structure? Palmar aponeurosis Extensor retinaculum Flexor retinaculum Extensor aponeurosis Median nerve
Flexor retinaculum
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the obturator nerve? Gracilis Biceps femoris Tibialis anterior Soleus Sartorius
Gracilis
What are the events of smooth muscle contraction? Check all that apply. Initiated by Ca2+ binding to intracellular calmodulin Troponin activates tropomyosin Troponin activates tropomyosin Ca2+/calmodulin complex activates MLCK Activated MLCK to activate myosin ATPase
Initiated by Ca2+ binding to intracellular calmodulin Ca2+/calmodulin complex activates MLCK Activated MLCK to activate myosin ATPase
Which part of the ischium supports the body when sitting? Ischial tuberosity Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length? Isometric Isotonic Hypometric Hypermetric
Isometric
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? It stimulates the motor end plate. It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation. It is used by the muscle for energy.
It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation.
The typical skeletal muscle fiber contains several components that facilitate the production of ATP. Check all that apply. Mitochondria Myoglobin Myosin Glycogen
Mitochondria Myoglobin Glycogen
What is the distal attachment of all three heads of the triceps brachii? Olecranon Coronoid process Coracoid process Tuberosity of radius
Olecranon?
Which of the following is/are a characteristic of skeletal muscle? Check all that apply. Overlapping thin and thick filaments Overlapping thin and thick filaments Striations Overlapping myosin and actin proteins Overlapping myosin and actin proteins Excitability Involuntary
Overlapping thin and thick filaments Overlapping thin and thick filaments Striations Overlapping myosin and actin proteins Overlapping myosin and actin proteins Excitability
A skateboarder falls and lands directly on his buttocks and lower back. He does not feel much pain and continues skating. After a couple of days he begins experiencing right hip pain and notices his right foot and leg are rotated to the right. A doctor diagnoses a muscle spasm. Which of the following muscles is most likely causing the leg and foot rotation? Quadratus lumborum Tibialis posterior Piriformis Adductor longus Sacrospinalis
Piriformis
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell? Plasticity Contractility Conductivity Extensibility Excitability
Plasticity
A skydiver's parachute fails to deploy. After some struggle, his reserve chute deploys in time to save his life. However, his landing is harder than normal and he feels his knee slightly hyperextend. He shakes it off and goes about his normal routine. Later that day he begins experiencing knee pain. Two days later he notices that his knee "pops" when he crouches and soon discovers he has dislocated his femur on the knee. What muscle was likely injured initially? Popliteus Tensor fasciae latae Soleus Sartorius Quadriceps femoris
Popliteus?
A clinician induces contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus and notices that the foot does not plantar flex as expected. Which of the following would be a logical diagnosis? Peroneal nerve injury Ruptured calcaneal tendon Anterior compartment syndrome Shinsplints Lateral plantar nerve injury
Ruptured calcaneal tendon
Which muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve? Extensor digitorum longus Tibialis anterior Semimembranosus Fibularis longus Vastus lateralis
Semimembranosus
Which of the following muscles is responsible for medially rotating the tibia on the femur when the knee is flexed? Piriformis Semitendinosus Adductor brevis Vastus medialis Sartorius
Semitendinosus
Which of the following correctly states the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid? Sternal manubrium and lateral one-third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line Sternal manubrium and medial half of clavicle; mastoid process and medial one-third of superior nuchal line Sternal manubrium and medial one-third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line Sternal manubrium and lateral half of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral one-third of superior nuchal line Mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line; sternal manubrium, medial one-third of clavicle
Sternal manubrium and medial one-third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line
In a whiplash injury, the neck undergoes forced hyperextension then hyperflexion, injuring multiple muscles in the neck. Which of the following muscles would be injured during the hyperextension phase of the injury? Trapezius Splenius capitis Sternocleidomastoid Semispinalis capitis Levator scapulae
Sternocleidomastoid
A baseball pitcher who injures one of his SITS muscles most commonly sustains tears to the tendon of which muscle? Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis Deltoid
Supraspinatus?
Which of the following structures prevents knee hyperextension? The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) The fibular (lateral) collateral ligament The medial meniscus The lateral meniscus
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Check all of the statements that are true regarding the changes that occur in the muscular system as a result of aging. The number of myofibrils and myofilaments in existing muscle fibers increases. The number of myofibrils and myofilaments in existing muscle fibers increases. The elasticity of skeletal muscle decreases. The elasticity of skeletal muscle decreases. Exercise that is extremely demanding is the most helpful type as a person ages. Exercise that is extremely demanding is the most helpful type as a person ages. There is a decrease in muscle fiber diameter.
The elasticity of skeletal muscle decreases. The elasticity of skeletal muscle decreases. There is a decrease in muscle fiber diameter.
Which of the following structures is not found in the shoulder? The glenohumeral ligament The transverse humeral ligament The coracohumeral ligament The radioulnar ligament The rotator cuff
The radioulnar ligament
Choose the incorrect statement regarding the development of the skull from infancy through childhood. The skull reaches about half its adult size by 9 months of age. The skull reaches about three-quarters its adult size by age 1. The skull reaches nearly final size by 8 or 9 years. The frontal bones usually fuse by age 5 or 6. Most fontanels ossify by the time the infant is a year old.
The skull reaches about three-quarters its adult size by age 1.
Choose the incorrect statement regarding the general features of the vertebral column. The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them. The vertebral column physically supports the skull and trunk. The vertebral column allows for the movement of the skull and trunk. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord. The vertebral column absorbs stresses produced by walking, running, and lifting.
The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.
Select all that are true regarding a resting muscle fiber. The charge difference across the sarcolemma is zero. There is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm. Chemically-gated ion channels are open. Voltage-gated ion channels are closed.
There is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm. Voltage-gated ion channels are closed.
Which of the following describes slow-twitch fibers? They have few mitochondria. They have very little myoglobin. They have a rich blood supply. They have high levels of lactic acid.
They have a rich blood supply.
After childbirth, a woman begins experiencing tremendous pain in her groin, making it difficult for her to walk. An X-ray shows a fracture extending from her symphysis pubis to the inferior ramus of the pubis. As a result of the fracture, which group of muscles might be impaired? Hip flexors Thigh abductors Hip extensors Lateral rotators Thigh adductors
Thigh adductors
Which bone is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg (crural region)? Tibia Fibula Femur Patella
Tibia
Which of the following muscles is not externally visible on the trunk of the body? Transverse abdominal Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Pectoralis major External abdominal oblique
Transverse abdominal
Which of the following extensors of the head is the most superficial? Trapezius Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Sternocleidomastoid Temporalis
Trapezius
Check all that are proteins of thin filaments. Myosin Actin Troponin Titin (connectin) Tropomyosin
Troponin
Which of the following is a quick cycle of contraction in a whole muscle that occurs when a threshold level stimulus is reached? Twitch Tetany Treppe Rigor
Twitch
Which of the following describe smooth muscle tissue? Uninucleate, nonstriated Multinucleate, striated Multinucleate, nonstriated Uninucleate, striated
Uninucleate, nonstriated?
Because skeletal muscle is under the conscious control it is said to be what? Voluntary Involuntary Smooth Visceral
Voluntary
Which of the following is/are true regarding muscular strength and conditioning? Check all that apply. Weight lifting does not increase the number of muscle fibers in a particular muscle exercised. Swimming will increase the number of muscle fibers in a particular muscle exercised. Blood capillary density will increase in slow-twitch fibers in response to training for a marathon. Long-term resistance training will increase the number of myofibrils in a particular muscle exercised. As muscle fibers become too large, mitosis causes them to divide into two.
Weight lifting does not increase the number of muscle fibers in a particular muscle exercised. Blood capillary density will increase in slow-twitch fibers in response to training for a marathon. Long-term resistance training will increase the number of myofibrils in a particular muscle exercised.
Shortening a muscle while it maintains constant tension is called __________. complete tetanus incomplete tetanus an isokinetic contraction an isometric contraction an isotonic contraction
an isotonic contraction
In a herniated disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the __________ ruptures and the __________ oozes out. nucleus pulposus; anulus fibrosus lamina; nucleus pulposus anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus anulus fibrosus; body nucleus pulposus; lamina
anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus
Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called __________. myopathy dystrophy apathy atrophy tetanus
atrophy
A heavyset middle-aged insurance salesman, who doesn't exercise often, accepts his friend's invitation to a pickup basketball game. When attempting a jump shot, he falls to the ground in pain, grasping at the calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and he is unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his __________ and the bulge is __________. quadriceps tendon; his rectus femoris calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae patellar ligament; his fibularis longus tibia; a previously undetected bone tumor hamstrings; a large hematoma (blood clot)
calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae
When a skeletal muscle lengthens, its __________ helps resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle. thick filaments collagen actin troponin-tropomyosin complex varicosities
collagen
A muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the _____ phase. contraction latent twitch relaxation reload
contraction
The __________ is not found in the elbow. humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint proximal radioulnar joint distal radioulnar joint anular ligament
distal radioulnar joint
A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n) __________. myofibril thin filament T tubule sarcolemma elastic filament
elastic filament
All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________. excitable contractile striated involuntary isometric
excitable
The action for the vastus lateralis muscle is to __________ the knee. extend flex hyperextend abduct
extend
The ligament that attaches the lateral femoral epicondyle to the fibula is called the __________. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL) tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL) patellar ligament
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)
One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the subpubic angle of a female is generally __________. greater than 100 degrees less than 90 degrees greater than 120 degrees less than 20 degrees
greater than 100 degrees
The __________ is a U-shaped bone that sits above the larynx yet does not articulate with any other bone. hyoid bone mandible maxilla zygomatic bone
hyoid bone
Resistance exercise will most likely cause muscle to __________. myopathy dystrophy apathy atrophy hypertrophy
hypertrophy
The rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _______________, which partly explains the nature of most shoulder dislocations. anteriorly posteriorly superiorly inferiorly medially
inferiorly
The fibrocartilage pad between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia is called the __________. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) infrapatellar bursa medial meniscus lateral meniscus
medial meniscus
You cannot palpate the __________ on a living person. lateral malleolus tibial tuberosity medial surface of the fibula anterior border of the tibia calcaneus
medial surface of the fibula
There are __________ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult. more fewer the same number of
more
A newborn passes through the__________ of its mother during birth. obturator foramen pelvic outlet acetabulum false pelvis
pelvic outlet
All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton. frontal bone mandible scapula thoracic vertebra stapes
scapula
The skeletal muscles are innervated by __________. spinal nerves and cranial nerves spinal nerves only cranial nerves only spinal nerves and autonomic nerves cranial nerves and autonomic nerves
spinal nerves and cranial nerves
The __________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the __________ belongs to the pectoral girdle. sternum; clavicle clavicle; sternum vertebra T5; vertebra T1 scapula; clavicle scapula; sternum
sternum; clavicle
In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is ___________. strabismus striations tetanus myofibrils myoblasts
striations
Male and female pelves differ in all of the following features except __________. the male pelvis is more massive the male pelvic outlet is smaller the female pubic arch is usually greater than 100 degrees the female coccyx is tilted posteriorly the female sacrum is longer
the female sacrum is longer
The minimum stimulus needed to cause muscle contraction is called the __________. threshold latent period twitch motor unit innervation
threshold
The muscles that laterally rotate and depress the scapula, as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders, are the __________. trapezius and serratus anterior pectoralis minor and serratus anterior levator scapulae and rhomboideus trapezius and rhomboideus trapezius and latissimus dorsi
trapezius and serratus anterior
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________. F actin tropomyosin troponin titin dystrophin
troponin
Rib 7 is a __________ rib. true floating false pelvic cartilaginous
true
The triads of a muscle fiber consist of __________. two A bands and one I band two T tubules and one terminal cistern two terminal cisterns and one T tubule two thin myofilaments and one thick myofilament two thick myofilaments and one thin myofilament
two terminal cisterns and one T tubule