Anatomy Ch 17

Which of the following hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) ADH is produced in the hypothalamus even though it is released through the posterior pituitary - Oxytocin Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus even though it is released through the posterior pituitary

The endocrine system has many functions including ____.

- Controlling movement of food through the digestive tract - Maintaining blood volume - regulating blood ion concentrations

Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?

- Diet - Exercise - Medications that enhance insulin release

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?

- Low body temperature - a decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood

Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?

- Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which hormones does the structure at A store

- Oxytocin - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) -

Which of the following are considered major endocrine organ organs of body?

- Pineal Gland - Parathyroid Gland

Which of the following are symptoms of associated with hypothyroidism?

- Weight gain - sluggishness - feeling cold

Gestational diabetes

- can pose a risk to fetus and pose delivery complications - occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy

INsulin has which of the following effects on cells?

- increased uptake of glucose by most cells - increased lipogenesis in adipose cells - Increased glycogenesis by liver cells

Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects?

- increasing metabolism - increasing body temperature

Which of the following are types of regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?

- releasing - inhibiting

Place the following events in order

1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Place the following events in order:

1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH 3. Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Place the events in the picture in order:

1. Hypothalamus releases GHRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases GH 3. Liver releases IGF 4. GH and IGF stimulate target cell

Place the following events from the picture in order

1. Hypothalamus releases TRH 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH 3. Thyroid releases TH

Place the events of the diagram in order

1. Lipid-soluble hormone binds to intracellular receptor 2. Hormone-receptor complex binds with hormone-response element 3. mRNA is synthesized 4. mRNA is translated into a new protein

Place the following events in order:

1. Low TH levels stimulate the hypothalamus 2. The hypothalamus releases the TRH 3. TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary 4. The anterior pituitary releases TSH 5. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland 6. The thyroid gland produces TH

Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into _____ distinct groups?

3

Identify the hormones produced by each region of the adrenal cortex

A - Mineralocorticoids B - Glucocorticoids C - Gonadocorticoids

Identify the hormones in the picture

A = CRH B = ACTH C = cortisol

Identify each region of the adrenal cortex

A = Capsule B = Zone reticularis C= Zone fasciculata

Identify the endocrine organs on the diagram

A = Pituitary gland B = Thyroid gland C = Adrenal gland D = Pancreas

Identify each target organ in the picture

A = Thyroid gland B = Mammary gland C = gonads D = Adrenal Cortex E = Bone and muscle

The _____pituitary gland is the part of the pituitary gland that both produces and decreases hormones

Anterior

The letter _____ indicates the follicular cell of the thyroid gland

B

Which are structural classes of hormones'

Biogenic amine Steroid Protein

The most common glucocorticoids are ____ and corticosterone

Cortisol

Identify which are ways hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream.

Excretion by the kidneys, Degradation by enzymes

True or False lipid-soluble hormones are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood.

False

True or false An excess of growth hormone can result in pituitary dwarfism and extraordinary height of up to 8 feet.

False

This person has an enlargement of their thyroid known as a

Goiter

This picture has which of the following disorders?

Graves disease

Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli?

Hormonal, Neural, Humoral

The type of endocrine stimulation shown in picture B is ____________ stimulation

Humoral

In the figure, the letter A represents the _____ and the letter B represents the _______

Hypothalamus Infundibulum

The condition known as ____ results from an underproduction of thyroid hormone

Hypothyroidism

When a water soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intracellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?

Increased secretion activation of enzyme pathways growth

The name of the stalk at A is the

Infundibulum

If the stimulus at A is an increase in blood glucose, what is the hormone at B?

Insulin

Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?

Leukotrienes Prostaglandins Thromboxanes

MSH stands for ________ stimulating hormone

Melanocyte

Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?

Muscle mass GH levels Sex hormone levels

Permissive

On hormone allows another to function

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the _____ and _____ system.

Skeletal, muscular

Match each class of hormone with its description

Steroid - Derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble Protein - short chains of amino acids and water - soluble Biogenic amine - Modified amino acids and water soluble (with one exception)

What are the two factors that affect the concentration of a circulating hormone?

Synthesis and elimination

Match each stage of the Stress response with its description

The Alarm Reaction - The sympathetic division of the nervous system releases epinephrine The Stage of Resistance - The endocrine system mobilizes energy reserves The Stage of Exhaustion - Fat stores are depleted and the body breaks down proteins

The ____ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.

Thyroid

The name of this endocrine organ is the ________ gland

Thyroid

Letter A represents the _____ glands and letter B represents the _____ gland.

Thyroid, parathyroid

Antagonistic

Two hormones work in opposition of one another

Synergistic

Two hormones work together

_____ diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Type 1

Match each type of diabetes mellitus with its description.

Type 1 - insulin - dependent Type 2 - insulin-independent Gestational - Associated with pregnancy

Which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

addrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the

adenohypophysis

The paired triangular _____ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney.

adrena

The testes produce the male sex hormones called _____, many of which are converted into testosterone.

androgens

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus and the __________ part of the pituitary gland?

anterior

Most hormones are transported in the _______ to their target cells.

blood

Lipid-soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and the thus called ______ hormones

bound

Ultraviolet light is involved in the synthesis of:

calcitriol

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is

corticotrophin - releasing hormone

If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general it will ______ the number of receptors it has for that articular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis.

decrease

If a target cell is continually overstimulated by a hormone, it will decrease the number of receptors it has through ______ regulation.

down

Hormones that are transported in the blood are released from __________.

endocrine glands

The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the ________.

epthalamus

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the _______, ________, and ________ enlarge and widen

face, feet, hands

The ring structure at A is a thyroid _________

follicle

Type 1 diabetes is generally due to ______, although some kind of trigger is often required to start the process.

genetic predisposition

In diabetes mellitus, there is an excess of _______, a condition other wise known as glycosuria.

glucose in the urine

Insulin promotes

glycogenesis

The endocrine system releases chemical messengers called _____ into blood stream.

hormones

The regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by way of the _______.

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

The thymus is relatively large in:

infants

Beta cells secrete _______ when blood glucose levels are elevated.

insulin

In T3, the 3 refers to the number of _______ molecules in the hormone

iodine

Which hormone is associated with stimulating appetite.

leptin

The hormone _______ helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock).

melatonin

The zona glomerulosa synthesizes a group of hormones collectively called________.

mineralocorticoids

Eicosanoid are locally acting hormones. If they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of ________ stimulation.

paracrine

The ____ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

parathyroid

The class of hormones called _______ hormones are formed from chains of amino acids.

peptide

The ______ gland is an endocrine gland that is found in the epithalamus of the brain

pineal

Only cells with specific ___________ for the hormone respond to that hormone

receptors

The innermost region of the adrenal cortex is called the zone ______>

reticularis

Because of their structure, water-soluble hormones bind a receptor on the cell membrane initiating a series of biochemical events across the membrane known as a ________ transduction pathway.

signal

The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the __________ bone

sphenoid

Cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called ______ cells for that hormone.

target

The posterior pituitary gland releases _____ hormones

two Oxytocin antidiuretic

All type ____ diabetics require daily injections of insulin

type 1

Rank the layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis