Anatomy Exam 1

The smallest living unit within the human body is a cell. a protein. an organ system. an organ. a tissue.

a cell

What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level? -a cell divides to become two cells -a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration -a muscle cell contracts -a sperm fertilizes an egg -a cell of the intestine secretes digestive enzymes

a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration

Carbohydrate molecules are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms. form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. are the building blocks of cellular membranes. contain the genetic information found in cells. are the body's most readily available source of energy.

are the body's most readily available source of energy.

Each of the following is an inorganic compound except salts. water. carbohydrates. acids. bases.

carbohydrates

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells? urinary cardiovascular respiratory muscular digestive

cardiovascular

Identify the mismatched pair. -recognition glycoproteins and glycolipids—identify the cell as "self" -receptor proteins—bind to extracellular ligands -channel proteins—provide passageway for ions -enzymes—speed up chemical reactions -carrier proteins—allow a cell to move

carrier proteins—allow a cell to move

The cell theory includes all of these concepts except -each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level. -all cells come from the division of preexisting cells. -every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body. -cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life. -cells are the building blocks of all organisms.

every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called exocytosis. active transport. endocytosis. osmosis. facilitated diffusion.

facilitated diffusion.

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by free radicals. water's nonpolar nature. hydration spheres. hydrogen bonding. heat capacity of water.

hydration spheres.

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by hydrogen bonding heat capacity of water. free radicals. hydration spheres. water's nonpolar nature.

hydration spheres.

Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris. What organelle must be especially plentiful in these cells? lysosomes ribosomes mitochondria centrioles nuclei

lysosomes

The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a ________ base. nucleic nitrogenous hydrochloric sulfuric hydrophilic

nitrogenous

Stored energy that has the ability to do work is called light energy. kinetic energy. dark energy. heat energy. potential energy.

potential energy.

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. receiver; communicator; effector effector; receiver; communicator receptor; control center; effector control center; receiver; effector control center; effector; receptor

receptor; control center; effector

The common term for the carpal region is the shin. fingers. ankle. chest. wrist.

wrist

Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8).1) mitochondrion5) synthesizing molecules2) centriole6) liquid in cell3) endoplasmic reticulum7) provides cell with energy4) cytosol8) aids the formation of the spindle apparatus 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7, 4 and 8 1 and 7, 2 and 6, 3 and 8, 4 and 5 1 and 6, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 7 1 and 8, 2 and 5, 3 and 6, 4 and 7 1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6

1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can change the shape of proteins, rendering them nonfunctional. change body fluid pH. All of the answers are correct. disrupt tissue functions. break chemical bonds.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following are functions of proteins? defense All of these are functions of proteins. metabolic regulation buffering support

All of these are functions of proteins.

Which of the following statements about water is false? -It has a relatively low heat capacity. -It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body. -It can dissolve many substances. -It contains hydrogen bonds. -It is composed of polar molecules.

It has a relatively low heat capacity.

Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false? It produces secretory vesicles. It sends transport vesicles to the RER. It receives transport vesicles from the RER. It produces lysosomes. It supplies new membrane components.

It sends transport vesicles to the RER.

When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4, except -Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid. -Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure. -Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH. -Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl. -Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer.

Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.

Which of the following statements concerning mitochondria is false? -The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. -The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. -The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation. -The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP. -Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae.

The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation.

Which of the following descriptors is false regarding enzymes? -They function as biological catalysts. -They are proteins. -They lower the activation energy required for a reaction. -They affect only the rate of a chemical reaction. -They are consumed during the reaction.

They are consumed during the reaction.

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called diffusion. active transport. passive transport. facilitated transport. osmosis.

active transport.

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is RNA. DNA. adenosine monophosphate. adenosine diphosphate. adenosine triphosphate.

adenosine triphosphate.

A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that -blood has magical properties. -all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. -all organisms are composed of cells. -congenital defects can be life-threatening. -chemical molecules make up cells.

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position. supine frontal anatomical prone sagittal

anatomical

An anatomical term that means the same as ventral is inferior. superior. posterior. abdominal. anterior.

anterior

In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the ________. anion; cation salt; ion acid; base base; acid cation; anion

cation; anion

Which of the following best describes osmosis? diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration random movement of water due to kinetic energy movement of water into a solute diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane active transport of water across the cell membrane

diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across

The wrist is ________ to the elbow. medial horizontal lateral distal proximal

distal

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for all of the following except lipid synthesis. drug and toxin neutralization. passing molecules to the Golgi apparatus. housing the chromosomes. modification of new proteins.

housing the chromosomes.

A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. homotonic isotonic hypertonic hypotonic merotonic

hypertonic

Microvilli are found on cells of the inner surface of the small intestine, where they -protect the intestinal lining from irritants or toxins in the food. -push food along the digestive tract. -slow the movement of food through the digestive tract. -increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food. -sense the presence of food in the digestive tract.

increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food.

A gene is a set of specific instructions that directs carbohydrate synthesis. controls the process of mitosis. produces amino acids for proteins. indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. copies DNA strands for mitosis.

indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

The correct order of phases in the cell cycle is interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase. telophase, anaphase, metaphase, interphase, and prophase. metaphase, anaphase, interphase, prophase, and telophase. prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

A cell can increase how fast a substance diffuses across its plasma membrane by inserting channels, which modify the concentration gradient of the substance. membrane's permeability to the substance. size and mobility of the substance. charge of the substance. distance across the membrane.

membrane's permeability to the substance

The proper distribution of a somatic cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of cytosis meiosis cytokinesis phoresis mitosis

mitosis

In ________ a stimulus produces a response that opposes or negates the original stimulus. homeostatic equilibrium dynamic equilibrium negative feedback homeostasis positive feedback

negative feedback

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? -organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system -organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular -molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism -cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism -tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the mass of the nucleus. outermost electron shell. size of the atom. number of protons. number of neutrons.

outermost electron shell.

The thoracic cavity contains the pelvic cavity. coelom. pericardial and pleural cavities. pleural cavities. pericardial cavity.

pericardial and pleural cavities.

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called phospholipids. disaccharides. diglycerides. prostaglandins. dipeptides.

phospholipids

Identify the branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. genetics anatomy embryology cytology physiology

physiology

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________. -replication; translation; transcription -reproduction; duplication; initiation -mitosis; duplication; protein synthesis -replication; transcription; translation -interphase; replication; active transport

replication; transcription; translation

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts? sagittal transverse frontal orthogonal proximal

sagittal

Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane may be influenced by all of the following except its lipid solubility. its concentration gradient. the availability of ATP. the presence of membrane channels for the substance. its charge of the substance.

the availability of ATP.

The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as the membrane difference. the cellular difference. the plasmalemma potential. the cellular potential. the membrane potential.

the membrane potential.

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except -thermal insulation. -structural support. -sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. -regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment. -separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.

thermal insulation.

In DNA replication, -two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome. -23 copies are made of each chromosome. -one new copy is made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome remains intact. -the chromosome is copied to RNA, which is then copied to DNA for a new chromosome. -two new copies are made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome is destroyed.

two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome.