Anatomy exam 2
What are the function of nervous system?
1. detect stimuli 2. process info 3. sending a response to muscles or gland
What are the general functions of connective tissue?
1. it binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues; 2. protects and insulates internal organs; 3. compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles; is the major transport system within the body; 4. is the major site of stored energy; and is the main source of immune responses 5. Blood cell formation
What percentage of the body is burned if a 16 year old male who burned his back, the back of his left leg, and his entire right arm? Hint: use the Rule of Nine.
18+9+9=36%
A burn that destroys all of the dermis.
2nd degree burn
Which type of burn is described by all of the following characteristics? 1. epidermis and dermis destroyed 2. initially painless 3. much scar tissue formed _________ A ) first-degree burn B) second-degree burn C) third-degree burn
2nd-degree burn
Describe some similarities, differences, and functional relationships between cartilages and bone
Bone and cartilage are types of connective tissues in the body. A bone is hard tissue that forms the skeletal structure of the body. Cartilage, by comparison, is not as hard and rigid as bone, and is present in areas of the body like the ear, nose, and joints. In the joints of the body, cartilage covers the ends of the bones and acts as a shock absorber to prevent bones from rubbing against each other.
How are bones joined together?
Bone to bone connections are made by dense regular connective tissue are are called ligaments.
3. Describe the layers (strata) of the epidermis, their arrangement [superficial to deep or vice versa] and the anatomy / histology and roles played by each in maintaining homeostasis. Place the following into the order they would be severed by a knife during surgery. 1) Stratum lucidum 2) Stratum corneum 3) Stratus basale 4) Stratum granulosum 5) Dermis A. 1,2,3,4,5 B. 3,2,4,1,5 C. 4,2,1,5,3 D. 2,1,4,3,5 E. 5,4,3,2,1
D
4. Which type of tissue is described by the following three characteristics? 1. matrix composed almost entirely of collagen fibers 2. fibers can all be oriented in the same direction or in many different directions 3. able to withstand great pulling forces in the direction of fiber orientation A)adipose B)bone C)cartilage D)dense connective tissue E)loose areolar connective tissue
D) dense connective tissue
What two major clinical problems expected in a patient with third-degree burns.
Dehydration; Infection
The general term for any inflammation of the skin.
Dermatitis
The study and treatment of the integumentary system is called ____________________________
Dermatology
Cyanosis is a condition caused by ___________ A)consuming large amounts of carotene B)increased blood flow to the skin C)albinism D)exposure to ultraviolet light E)a decrease in blood oxygen
E
All of these characteristics correctly describe epithelial cells EXCEPT: A)cover surfaces, either outside or inside the body. B)usually have a free surface and a basal surface. C)have little extracellular material between them. D)have specialized cell contacts, such as tight junctions and desmosomes. E)capillaries penetrate the basement membrane to provide a good blood supply.
E) capillaries penetrate the basement membrane to provide a good blood supply.
Myosin
Each thick myofilament is composed of about 200 molecules of a protein called myosin. A molecule of myosin is shaped like two golf clubs twisted together. The tail of the molecule extends to the center of each sarcomere. The projecting "head," called a cross bridge, extends out towards the thin myofilaments.
Describe the neuromuscular junction
Excitable cells (muscle and nerve) communicate with one another at specialized regions called synapses. At each synapses a small gap, called the synaptic cleft, separates the two excitable cells. The first cell, the motor neuron, communicates with the second cell, the muscle cell, across the synaptic cleft via a chemical messenger called a neurotransmitter. The region of the muscle cell membrane that participates in the synapse with the axon terminal is the motor end plate.
When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body. A. true B. false
False
A - Asymmetry: elaborate
If a line is drawn through the middle of a suspecting mole, and the two sides match, meaning it is symmetrical. If a line is drawn through the middle of a suspecting mole, and the two halves do not match, meaning it is asymmetrical, a warning sign for melanoma.
Humans have a normal body temperature of____1___°C, or____2___°F. The heat that maintains the body temperature is generated as a by-product of cellular ____3___, especially in active organs like the liver and skeletal ____4___. Overall regulation of body temperature is controlled by the ____5___, while the ____6___ serves as an important regulatory organ.
37.0 °C (98.6 °F) respiration muscles brain skin
The term aponeurosis refers to ________. A) the bands of myofibrils B) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element C) the rough endoplasmic reticulum D) the tropomyosin-troponin complex
B
The nail is stratum __________ that contains hard keratin. A)basale B)corneum C)granulosum D)lucidum E)spinosum
B) Corneum
What is a motor neuron? Define the concept of a motor unit? How are motor units different for precise and gross movements? A motor unit is made up of _______________. A) all the muscle fibers within a given muscle B) a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates C) all the neurons going into an individual section of the body D) a fascicle and a nerve
B) a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
What is the FIRST threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? Think critically before answering. A) infection B) dehydration due to fluid loss C) unbearable pain D) loss of immune function
B) dehydration
How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue? Discuss at least four differences.
- Embryonically, most epithelial tissues are derived either from ectoderm (e.g., epidermis) or endoderm (e.g., epithelium of trachea and lung). - Connective Tissue supports other tissues, has blood vessels, and Embryonically, connective tissues derive from mesoderm or mesenchyme. In epithelial tissue the cells are packed together very tightly. Epithelial tissue has no fibers and it tends to be polar. Connective tissue has cells spaced far apart. The cells of connective tissue vary greatly in shape and size. Connective tissue glues other tissues together and has three fiber types. Connective tissue tends to be nonpolar. Connective tissue has a large amount of ground substance; epithelial tissue does not.
12. What are some homeostatic imbalances of the skin? What is a pimple? What is acne? What is psoriasis? Eczema?
- skin cancer, basale cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. - If a sebaceous gland becomes plugged and infected, it develops into a pimple, also called acne. acne - Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder characterized by a more rapid division and movement of keratinocytes through the epidermal strata . - cells shed in 7 to 10 days as flaky silvery scales - abnormal keratin produced eczema - Inflammation causing red, itching, scaling skin; may involve sebaceous glands.
What are skin cancer? What is the ABCD(E) rule that the American Cancer Society suggest for people to recognize melanoma?
Skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells. It occurs when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations, or genetic defects, that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors.
What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles? A) Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads. B) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. C) Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the myosin molecules. D) Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter.
b
Which epithelial tissue type is best suited for areas subject to friction?
Stratified squamous
Describe 3 different types of glands in the dermis. What are their functions?
Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous) - prevent overheating of the body; secrete cerumen and milk Sebaceous Glands - Simple alveolar glands found all over the body Soften skin when stimulated by hormones Secrete an oily secretion called sebum. Mammary glands - specialized sweat glands that secrete milk
Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin.
Sweat is mostly an odorless watery secretion produced by eccrine and apocrine glands. The odor usually arises due to the metabolic activities of bacteria on the surface of the skin.
Muscles that work together to cause a movement are _______________________________________
Synergists
When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length. T/F
TRUE
Arrangement of molecules
Tails of adjacent myosin molecules lie parallel to each other, forming the "shaft" of the thick myofilament, while the "heads" project around the shaft in a spiraling fashion.
Slow-growing, pigmented tumors.
Moles
How are muscles connected to bones?
Muscles are also joined to the bone markings by dense regular connective tissues. Most skeletal muscles attach to the bones by way of fibrous cords or sheets called tendons. Collagen fibers of the tendon continue into the periosteum and bone matrix. You can easily palpate tendons at the heel and wrist to feel their texture. In some cases, the tendon is a broad sheet called an aponeurosis. This term originally referred to the tendon located beneath the scalp, but now it also refers to similar tendons associated with certain abdominal, lumbar, hand, and foot muscles.
What makes up the integumentary system?
Nails, hair, skin
Compare the papillary layer and reticular layer of the dermis. What type of tissues will be the major types in each layer?
Papillary layer - note the capillaries and nerve endings in the dermal papillae Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers Reticular layer - made up of irregular dense connective tissue which contains hair follicles, glands, blood vessels, arrector pili muscle, and nerve fibers and nerve receptors. Accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to skin Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
What are the two layers of the dermis? From histology perspective, how do you differentiate them?
Papillary: Thin superficial layer of loose connective tissue fibers. Forms a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with blood vessels. dermal papillae Reticular: accounts for about 80% of the dermis and is a typical dense irregular connective tissue. The fibers interlace in a netlike manner with the spaces between the fibers occupied by a small amount of adipose tissue, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands and ducts of sweat glands. The connective tissue fibers of the dermis give skin its strength and resiliency.
perimysium
Perimysium is a membrane that protects and supports groups of fibers within skeletal muscle. perimysium is responsible for shaping and organizing the muscle fibers, as well as transmitting forces within the muscle.
Actin
The main component of a thin myofilament is actin, each molecule of which looks like a kidney bean. Individual molecules of actin are linked together to form the actin filament that is twisted to form a helical strand. On each molecule of actin within the helical strand is a myosin-binding site upon which the thick myofilaments will attach.
Describe your understanding of the terms: prime mover, antagonist, synergist, fixator with examples.
The movement produced by a muscle is called action. During forearm flexion — bending the elbow—the brachioradialis assists the brachialis. the principal muscle involved is called the prime mover, or agonist. To lift a cup, a muscle called the biceps brachii is actually the prime mover; it can be assisted by the brachialis, the brachialis is called a synergist in this action. A synergist can also be a fixator that stabilizes the bone that is the attachment for the prime mover's origin. A muscle with the opposite action of the prime mover is called an antagonist. Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: (1) they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and (2) they control rapid movement For example, to extend the knee, a group of four muscles called the quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh are activated (and would be called the agonists of knee extension). However, to flex the knee joint, an opposite or antagonistic set of muscles called the hamstrings is activated. As you can see, these terms would also be reversed for the opposing action. If you consider the first action as the knee bending, the hamstrings would be called the agonists and the quadriceps femoris would then be called the antagonists.
A man had his finger caught in a machine at the factory. The damage was less serious than expected, but nonetheless, the entire nail was torn from his right index finger. The parts lost were the body, root, bed, matrix, and cuticle of the nail. First, define each of these parts. Then, tell if this nail is likely to grow back.
The nail will probably not grow back. Body=the visable attached part, Root=under the skin area, Bed=the stratum basle of the epidermis, Cuticle=the skin around the bottom of nail, Matrix=responsible for nail growth
If Mr. Ward wanted a tattoo of a dragon fighting Mr. Dalton, which layer of the skin would he have to get the tattoo ink deposited in? Why would it not work in the other layers of the skin?
The needle penetrates a millimeter into the skin's dermis, which is the second, deeper layer of the skin. No ink is deposited into the uppermost layer of skin, known as the epidermis. This is the layer you scrub every day in the shower and sheds 40,000 cells per hour.
sacrolemma
The sarcolemma, also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane of a muscle cell. The cells of all muscle types in the human body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle - all have sarcolemmas.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is an organelle found in specific types of muscle fibers. Its function is to store calcium ions and then release them into the body, where they are absorbed when the muscles are in a relaxed position and released as the muscles contract.
18. The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. A. true B. false
True
Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments
True
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium. A. true B. false
True
A patient has no peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. What type of muscle is involved? Explain a possible complication of this condition
Peristalsis is wavelike movement produced by the circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of the intestinal walls that propels the intestinal contents forward. Without peristalsis, the patient would be unable to expel his or her stool, leading to intestinal obstruction.
Which epithelial tissue type is best suited for rapid diffusion?
Simple squamous
Perineum:
The area between the anus and the scrotum in the male and between the anus and the vulva (the labial opening to the vagina) in the female.
Define the following: origin, insertion, belly
The attachment at the relatively stationary end is called the origin, or head, of the muscle; its attachment at the more mobile end is called the insertion. Many muscles, such as the biceps brachii, are narrow at the origin and insertion and have a thicker middle region called the belly.
Do you think that a person can suffer from 100% first degree burn? Why or why not?
Yes it is possible, but theres a higher risk
z disk/line
a cross-striation bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofibrils and serving as the anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere.
fascicle
a fascicle is defined as a cluster or a bundle. A muscle fascicle is made up of skeletal muscle fibers. The muscle fascicle is surrounded by a specific kind of connective tissue known as perimysium.
Muscle that is primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement
agonist
agonists
agonist: a contracting muscle whose contraction is opposed by another muscle (an antagonist)
aponeurosis
are layers of flat broad tendons. very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. Their primary function is to join muscles to bone or another muscle
Myelin sheath 1. electrically insulates the axon of the neuron 2. increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction 3. helps in the regeneration of neurons in the PNS
all the three are correct
Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle
anatagonist
Mr. Ward trips and falls on a pin. It pierces his skin in the lumbar region! (OW!) The pin pierced all the way down to the 4th layer of the epidermis! What layers did it pierce into? Will Mr. Ward feel pain? Will he bleed? Do not stop by saying YES or NO, explain your answer.
stratum basale, he will not feel pain, as the nerves are located in the dermis. No bleeding.
Except for this dead layer, most of the thickness of the epidermis is a layer called the _____________________, composed mainly of cells called ____________________________________. The deepest layer of the epidermis is the ________________________________, where mitosis occurs and cells called _________________ synthesize the pigment melanin.
stratum spinosum keratinocyte stratum basale melanocyte
injections made just underneath the skin is called
subcutaneous injection
Muscle that aids another by promoting the same movement
synergist
After a weight-loss program, why is the lost weight often regained quickly in the same areas of the body?
the fat cells amount still exists they just shrink. water loss. Precondition cells, readily gain-back
This layer is especially well-developed on the palms and soles, where the skin is therefore called _______________________.
thick skin
On the basis of secretion, what are of 3 way for sebaceous, exocrine glands to secrete. Compare the three types with examples.
three way exocrine gland secrete product is merocrine gland, which is the most secreted products by exocytosis as produced. Apocrine, it accumulates products within by only apex ruptures. Holocrine - accumulate products within then rupture.
The superficial layer of the dermis is the _____________________. It consists of loose, or ___________________, connective tissue. This layer is named for the upward corrugations called _______________ which resist slippage of the epidermis over the dermis.
papillary layer areolar dermal papillae
which epithelial tissue type stretches and lines the bladder?
transitional
Eccrine sweat gland apocrine sweat gland
• Most numerous - produce true sweat. Secretion is mostly water with solutes. Cools body down • Confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas. Produce a special kind of sweat Develops scent as bacteria metabolize secretion. Stimulated when frightened, during pain, during emotional upset
d) direction of fibers
rectus (straight), oblique, transversus
What is exfoliation?
removal of the oldest dead skin cells on the skin's outermost surface, maintains healthy skin.
Deep to this is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the ________________ layer. The tissue deep to this is not part of the skin, so it is called the subcutaneous tissue. It can also be called the ______________________. Caucasian skin gets its color mainly from the white dermal collagen and the blood pigment _____________________.
reticular hypodermis (superficial fascia) hemoglobin
synergistic muscles
groups of muscles that contract together to accomplish the same body movement
The knee joint is quite susceptible to injury involving the tearing of cartilage pads within the knee joint. Judy tore a knee cartilage on a skiing vacation. Can she expect a rapid recovery? Would she require surgery to help her regain functioning of the knee joint? Explain why or why not.
if you tear the inside of meniscus (cartilage) where blood supply cannot reach, it have to be left torn, however if it around the outside, it can be fixed. surgery takes place, it takes a long time.
myofibril
myofibrils are long, bundled tubes of cytoskeleton that run the length of striated muscle fibers. Like all cytoskeletons, myofibrils function in cellular support, movement, and intra-cellular transport.
Which epithelial tissue type is best suited for lining stomach, the small and large intestine?
simple columnar
Which epithelial tissue type is best suited for tubules of the kidney?
simple cuboidal
Distinguish between simple and stratified epithelia, and explain why pseudostratified columnar epithelium belongs in the former category.
simple epithelia is a single layer, that functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration. stratified epithelia, functions in protection. pseudo stratified columnar epithelial belongs to the simple, because it gives false appearance of multi-layer, but it is actually a single layer.
Which epithelial tissue type is best suited for lining alveolar air sacs of the lung?
simple squamous
Which epithelial tissue type is best suited for lining the esophagus?
stratified squamous
Which epithelial tissue type is younger cuboidal, but flattened as it gets older?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which epithelial tissue type forms the lining of oral cavity, anal canal, and vagina?
stratified squamous epithelium non keratinized
The segment of a myofibril that is called a sarcomere runs from _______________.
one Z line to the next Z line
Describe the effects of aging on the integumentary system.
-Stem cell production declines with age, causing the epidermal cells to slow in their reproduction. -The speed of healing takes longer in elderly. -The ability to lose heat decreases as well as reduction in sweat gland activity. -The number of macrophages and other cells of the immune system decreases. -As melanocyte activity declines, there is decreased protection from ultraviolet light -Sebaceous gland activity declines as does sebum production. This causes, skin dry, scaly, and itchy. -The loss of fat and collagen in the underlying tissues produces skin sagging and wrinkling. - Vascular supply to the nail bed decreases, resulting in dull, brittle, hard, and thick nails, with a slowed growth rate.
After studying the skin in anatomy class, Alex grabbed the large "love handles" at his waist and said, "I have too thick hypodermis, but that's okay because this layer performs some valuable functions!" What are the functions of the hypodermis?
1. Abundant blood vessels that supply nutrients and waste disposal for the epidermis and dermis 2. Temperature regulation:helps to insulate the body 3. Shock absorber: it absorbs some of the force of a physical impact. 4. Fat and water storage. In males, it tends to be more abundant around the abdomen, while in most females it accumulates around the hips, thighs and breasts. Roughly half of the body's fat supply is stored in the hypodermis 5. Attachment of skin to the tissues below it-usually muscles but bone in some places.
What are the four primary adult tissue types? Briefly outline the description of each.
4 primary adult tissue types: Nervous tissue - specialized to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus muscle tissue - gives rise to muscles' ability to contract. : skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle epithelial tissue - Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs connective tissue - supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs in the body.
Ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid are called ________. A) ependymal cells B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocyte
A
myofilament
A myofilament is a chain of protein molecules found in the myofibrils of a striated muscle. There are two types of myofilament, thin and thick, with the thin filaments being made primarily of the protein actin and the thick ones primarily comprised of the protein myosin.
sacromere
A sarcomere is the basic functional unit of striated muscle, which is to say, it's the basic building block of most muscle cells.
tendon
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.
Human skin color is the result of millions of years of evolutionary changes. People from different ethnicities have distinctive skin color. However, skin can be an excellent diagnostic tool. Have a look at some of the examples, bruise, jaudice, anemia, liver spots
A. A bruise is always caused by internal bleeding into the interstitial tissues, usually initiated by blunt trauma. B. Jaundice is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the whites of the eyes (sclera), and other mucous membranes caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the blood that builds up in extracellular fluid. Jaundice is often seen in liver disease such as hepatitis or liver cancer. It may also indicate gallstones or pancreatic cancer. C. Liver spots are blemishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. D. Anemia - A condition in which the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells
When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the muscle? A) The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively. B) The muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other muscles, respectively. C) The muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively. D) The muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively.
A. The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
Blisters form in second-degree burns because: A. the epidermis and dermis separate, and tissue fluid accumulates between the layers. B. the dermal papillae extend through the damaged epidermis, and are exposed to the external environment. C. damaged nerve endings swell. D. accumulated tissue fluid is necessary for scar formation. E. the cells of the stratum basale are reproducing at such a rapid rate.
A. the epidermis and dermis separate, and tissue fluid accumulates between the layers.
Neuron Characteristics, false or true? 1. have a cell body enriched with nucleus and organelles 2. vary greatly in size and shape 3. are electrically excitable cells
All correct
Tropomyosin-troponin complex purpose with the actin strand during relaxed
Also present on the thin myofilament are two regulatory molecules called tropomyosin and troponin. In relaxed muscle, the tropomyosin-troponin complex covers the myosin-binding sites on the actin molecules. This blocks the myosin- binding sites and prevents the attachment of the thick myofilaments, thus preventing contraction of the sarcomere
How does an antagonist differ from a prime mover? How is it the same?
Answer: A prime mover is the muscle that causes the desired movement to occur. An antagonist is a muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover in a given movement. If, however, the direction of movement reverses, the former antagonist is now the prime mover and the former prime mover is now the antagonist.
How are burns commonly classified? Give examples.
Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they penetrate the skin's surface. First-degree (superficial) burns First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color. Second-degree (partial thickness) burns Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful. Third-degree (full thickness) burns Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis and may go into the subcutaneous tissue. The burn site may appear white or charred
According to "the rule of nines," a man burned extensively on his head and both upper limbs has burns on __________ percent of his body. A) 9 B) 18 C) 27 D) 36 E) 45
C
5. Which of the following characteristics apply to hyaline cartilage? 1. more collagen than proteoglycans present 2. found in the trachea and bronchi 3. has many elastic fibers 4. appears glassy and translucent in the microscope 5. found between vertebrae A)1,2,3 B)1,4 C)2,4 D)2,3,4 E)3,4,5
C) 2 and 4
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched? A) Keratinocytes — provide sense of touch and pressure B) Melanocytes — protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays C) Langerhans cells — activate the immune system D) Tactile cells — protection
C) Langerhans cell/Dendritic cells activate the immune system.
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? A) simple squamous B) transitional C) simple columnar D) stratified squamous
C) simple columnar
Thickened areas of skin on hands and feet.
Calluses
Distinguish between merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine sweat glands in terms of structure, secretion content and odor, activation, and major body locations.
Eccrine sweat glands - found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead, all over the body. Secretion: vitamin and electrolytes, hypotonic and mostly H20, salt antibodies, and wastes. Apocrine sweat glands - found in axillary and around nipples, genital area. Secretion: contains proteins, fats and other substances.
epimysium
Epimysium is a type of connective tissue that completely surrounds and encases muscles. It acts as a buffer that protects muscles from rubbing into bones or other muscular fibers, and promotes smooth movement in the limbs and most joints.
Numerous red, itchy bumps resulting from an allergic reaction.
Hives
Muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle
Fixator
Describe the structure, function, secretion, and location of sebaceous glands.
Found everywhere except palms and soles. secretes sebum, which keeps hair healthy and skin moist and inhibits growth of certain skin bacteria.
Define glandular epithelium. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands with respect to duct, locations and secretions with examples
Glandular epithelium is the membranous tissue made up of cells that covers all the glands in the body. The main function of glandular epithelium is the secretion of fluids into ducts or fluids of the body. Secretion types depend on the location and function of the gland. exocrine gland secrets mucous, and it has duct, which are sweat glands and oil glands. Endocrine gland produced hormone, gland without ducts, secretion are transported by blood, such as pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and pancreas gland.
Why should incisions be made parallel to cleavage lines produced by collagen fiber bundles rather than perpendicular to the lines?
Heals faster
Compare and contrast keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia. What is the structural difference between these two? How is this structural difference related to a functional difference between them? In the exam, you may be asked to create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast these two types.
Keratinized, composed of several layers and functions as a protective layer and avoid abrasion. It's apical surface cells are squamous and deeper layer are composed of cuboidal and columnar. Located in the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane. Non-kearatinized, compsed of multilayer of cells, cells toward surface is flattened and more cuboidal toward bottom, lines wet surfaces like lining of mouth and esophagus (facing lumen), protects from abrasion and infection.
2. Discuss functions of the integumentary system. Use complete sentences.
Protection: microbes, uv rays, acids. Acid-base balance, helps regulate body temp, produces vitamin D, sensory perceptions, and helps to store adipose fat tissue.
Reddish, raised scaly patches on scalp, knees, or elbows. A genetic disorder. This results from rapid loss of the epidermal layer.
Psoriasis
After many years of smoking, Mr. Butts is plagued by a hacking cough [irritating throat tickle]. Explain the causes of this cough?
The smoke will irritate the throat, thus leaves you a dry throat, and it may also be caused by allergy or infectious disease. A cough is body' defensive reflex that functions to keep the airway clear of irritating substances so you can breathe well.
Describe the structure and function of the hypodermis / subcutaneous layer. What type of tissue do you find here mostly?
The subcutaneous tissue (just deep to the skin) is known as the hypodermis or superficial fascia. It is made up of loose connective tissue. The hypodermis anchors the skin to the underlying organs and allows the skin to move relatively free. It also acts as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper body tissues from heat loss. The hypodermis is not considered part of the skin.
What is the function of the connective tissue specializations that surround skeletal muscle cells.
These CTs protect and strengthen the muscles, as well as provide attachment of the muscle to surrounding structures. All the layers are continuous with each other and surrounding deep fascia
Why does skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle appear striated when viewed through a microscope?
This is due to the nearly perfect alignment of the two types of muscle filaments. myosin and actin
Define the term tissue as discussed in the class.
Tissue - a group of similar cells that functions together to carry out specialized activity.
After removal of an elbow cast, Lauren noticed her arm was immovable. What happened to her arm?
Two things have occurred to Lauren while she was convalescing from her injury. First, the immobilization of the arm caused some muscle mass to atrophy (waste away). Second, the loss of muscle was replaced with tough connective tissue that locked her arm in place. With therapy the tissue can be stretched or torn enough to return the full range of motion.
Discuss patterns of fascicle organization of muscles.
When a parallel muscle has a central, large belly that is spindle-shaped, meaning it tapers as it extends to its origin and insertion, it sometimes is called fusiform. The orbicularis oris muscle is a circular muscle that goes around the mouth. When it contracts, the oral opening becomes smaller, as when puckering the lips for whistling. Another example is the orbicularis oculi, one of which surrounds each eye. Consider, for example, the names of the two orbicularis muscles (orbicularis oris and oribicularis oculi), where part of the first name of both muscles is the same. There are other muscles throughout the body named by their shape or location. The deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that covers the shoulder. It is so-named because the Greek letter delta looks like a triangle. The rectus abdomis (rector = "straight") is the straight muscle in the anterior wall of the abdomen When a muscle has a widespread expansion over a sizable area, but then the fascicles come to a single, common attachment point, the muscle is called convergent. The attachment point for a convergent muscle could be a tendon, an aponeurosis (a flat, broad tendon). The large muscle on the chest, the pectoralis major, is an example of a convergent muscle because it converges on the greater tubercle of the humerus via a tendon. The temporalis muscle of the cranium is another. Pennate muscles blend into a tendon that runs through the central region of the muscle for its whole length, somewhat like the quill of a feather with the muscle arranged similar to the feathers. Due to this design, the muscle fibers in a pennate muscle can only pull at an angle, and as a result, contracting pennate muscles do not move their tendons very far. However, because a pennate muscle generally can hold more muscle fibers within it, it can produce relatively more tension for its size. There are three subtypes of pennate muscles. In a unipennate muscle, the fascicles are located on one side of the tendon. The extensor digitorum of the forearm is an example of a unipennate muscle. A bipennate muscle has fascicles on both sides of the tendon. In some pennate muscles, the muscle fibers wrap around the tendon, sometimes forming individual fascicles in the process. This arrangement is referred to as multipennate. A common example is the deltoid muscle of the shoulder, which covers the shoulder but has a single tendon that inserts on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Because of fascicles, a portion of a multipennate muscle like the deltoid can be stimulated by the nervous system to change the direction of the pull. For example, when the deltoid muscle contracts, the arm abducts (moves away from midline in the sagittal plane), but when only the anterior fascicle is stimulated, the arm will abduct and flex (move anteriorly at the shoulder joint)
Describe the criteria used to name skeletal muscles. Explain how understanding the muscle names helps describe shapes, location, and actions of various muscles. Provide examples. a) attachments digitorum
a) attachments digitorum - attaches to the digits (toes or fingers) digiti minimi - attaches to little toe or little finger hallucis - attaches to the big toe pollicis - attaches to the thumb plantar - pertains to the sole of the foot palmar - pertains to the palm of the hand carpi - attaches to the wrist capitis - attaches to the head cervicis - attaches to the cervical region or neck
c) location
abdominis, tibialis, femoris, temporalis, aneterior, ulnaris, posterior, medialis
Subcutaneous injections of medications are frequently used. Why is the subcutaneous layer especially good for rapid absorption of medications?
because it contains many blood vessels
Results from a chronic deficiency of circulation to a portion of skin.
bedsores
b) number of divisions
biceps, triceps, quadriceps
When the body temperature falls below normal, the flow of ____7___ to the skin is decreased, which reduces secretion of ____8___ by sweat glands and minimizes heat ____9___ by radiation. Shivering increases cellular respiration in muscles, which generates more ____10___. When the body temperature rises above normal, blood flow to the skin is ____11___, which increases heat loss by ____12___ and activates ____13___ glands to produce perspiration. The ____14___ of perspiration from the surface of the skin increases ____15___ loss and cools the body surface.
blood sweat loss heat increased radiation sweat evaporation heat
g) length or size
brevis, longus, major, minor
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? A) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis B) beneath the flexure lines in the body C) in the axillary and anogenital area D) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
c) in the axillary and anogenital area
The dietary pigment __________________ sometimes gives it a yellowish tint, but if both the skin and the whites of the eyes are tinted this color, a disorder called __________________________ may be suspected. Black, brown, tan, and reddish hues are all due to various amounts of ____________________. Choking or cardiac arrest may cause an abnormal skin color called ________________, due to a low level of oxygen in the blood.
carotene jaundice melanin cyanosis
What are fingerprints? What anatomical features makes them? What are the major types? Given a fingerprint pattern, you will be responsible to ID the type.
caused by epidermis projecting into dermis btw dermal papillae, increase surface area and grip of hands and feet. Major types: loop 65%, arch, plain and tented arch, whorl, 30% a complete circle
Describe characteristics of connective tissues and how it relates to the structure - location - functions for each subtypes.
connective tissue is found in matrix or ground substances, in blood plasma matrix, and in cells. matrix can be organic, which is mainly organic collagen fibers, and inorganic, water and minerals. Cell has bone, cartilage, fibroblast, and adipocytes. Bone has osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts. Cartilage is chondroblast, and chondrocytes.
cells tightly packed together, no intercellular spaces or blood vessels between cells. Cells have polarity. One side is opened into a cavity. Some at mitosis stage. What kind of tissue? a. CT b. NT c. MT d. ET
d. epithelial tissue
Condition caused by excessive shedding of epidermal cells of the scalp.
dandruff
e) shape
deltoid (triangular), trapezius (kite), rhomboids, quadratus
Discuss the difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue as an example of the relationship between form and function
dense regular connective tissue is densely packed parallel fibers with fibroblast scattered throughout. its location is in the ligament and tendons, and its function is to attach bone to bone or bone to muscle; resist tensile (pulling) forces in a single direction Dense irregular connective tissue, irregular clumps of collagen fibers, separated by space; overall blotchy appearance. found in dermis of skin, functions in strength, and can withstand tensile forces in many directions.
The skin, its largest organ, consists of a stratified squamous epithelium called the _____________ and a deeper connective tissue layer called the ______________. The dead cells at the surface form a layer called the ___________________________, which is composed mainly of the protein _________________.
epidermis dermis stratum corneum keratin
What parameters are generally considered for classification of epithelia? Create a dichotomous classification scheme for epithelial tissues. Describe the major characteristics of epithelial tissues and how it relates to the structure - location - functions for each subtypes.
epithelial tissue is by shape - squamous, cuboidal and columnar, number of layers - simple and stratified (multi), and there are transitional epithelium (change shape of cells), and pseudostratified epithelial (false, gives appearance of multi-layer but is not).
How do the epithelia of the esophagus and stomach differ? How does this relate to their respective functions?
esophagus is lined by stratified squamous, which provide physical protection. and epithelia of the stomach is lined by simple columnar, which helps in protection secretion and absorption
Briefly describe fascia, superficial fascia, and deep fascia of muscle tissue.
fascia - layers of dense fibrous connective tissue which cover and connect skeletal muscles and form the boundaries which define specific muscles and groups. superficial fascia = hypodermis - The thin layer of loose adipose tissue underlying the dermis of the skin and binding the skin to the parts beneath, e.g., muscle or bone. deep fascia - The layer of dense fibrous connective tissue (fascia) which wraps and binds together muscles in muscle groups and also binds together other internal structures.
f) action
flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor, pronator
Peristalsis
is a radially symmetrical contraction down a tube such as the human gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle tissue contracts in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave, which propels food along the tract.
Transitional epithelium although it is stratified squamous epithelium but?...
it can stretch and resist tension, thus good for bladder, and when it relaxes, its apical cells is cuboidal shaped
Muscle names - maximus - frontalis - deltoid - brevis
largest muscle location of the front bone triangular shape short
The neighborhood kids are walking around with common pins and sewing needles stuck into their fingertips. There is no visible bleeding. What type of tissue have they pierced? Explain your answer.
pierced epidermis
Which epithelial tissue type is best suited for lining the respiratory tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Tall, thin epithelial cells with only some cells reaching the free surface, but with all cells attached to the basement membrane are called
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What type of tissue does arrector pili represent? What does it do?
smooth muscles, The contraction of the muscle is therefore involuntary-stresses such as cold, fear etc. may stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and thus cause contraction, but the muscle is not under conscious control.
Explain how to distinguish a stratified squamous epithelium from a transitional epithelium. Explain why transitional epithelium is specifically adapted to the urinary tract.
transitional epithelial, is many layers, and it functions in elasticity, and stretch and recoil, it is found in urinary bladder, and stratified squamous epithelium is multilayered cells, and it is located in the lining of mouth and esophagus facing the lumen, it protects from abrasion and infection.