Anatomy exam 3 chapter 25

What happens to oxygen when it functions as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system?

it becomes part of a water molecule

What is a complete protein?

it contains all the essential amino acids

Which of the following selections includes ONLY essential amino acids for a growing child?

leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine

The synthesis of lipids is called __________.

lipogenesis

Which of the following enables infants to produce or conserve heat?

lipolysis of brown fat

Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound in __________.

lipoproteins

Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.

lipoproteins and free fatty acids

Gluconeogenesis is performed by

liver cells

What is the primary focus of nutritional processing in the postabsorptive state?

maintaining blood glucose levels

Which of the following foods are deficient in dietary fiber?

milk and meat

Which part of the cell is most heavily involved in energetics?

mitochondria

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

What tissue contains no reserves of carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins and can metabolize only glucose?

neural tissue

A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates in order to __________.

obtain energy

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss of electrons is called __________.

oxidation

The main cation in cytoplasm is

potassium

What chemical in the catabolism of glucose enters the mitochondria?

pyruvate

In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________.

pyruvic acid

What is the primary role of the citric acid cycle in the production of ATP?

removal of electrons from substrates

What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?

transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.

two ATP for the cell

Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.

usually unable to metabolize other molecules

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of visual pigments?

vitamin A

What is the vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in the deamination process?

vitamin B6

What is the total ATP production just from the acetyl-CoA fragments of an 18-carbon fatty acid?

108

For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.

36 molecules of ATP

The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.

42 percent

What is meant by the term balanced diet?

A balanced diet supplies all ingredients to maintain homeostasis.

Catabolizing fatty acids by beta-oxidation results in the formation of what product?

Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following is NOT a way your body generates or conserves heat?

Decreased metabolic rate

Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively uncommon?

Excessive amounts of these vitamins are readily excreted in the urine.

The production of ATP provides energy to support anabolism as well as other cell functions. Which of the following is NOT supported by energy from ATP?

all of the above - movement and contraction of muscles - transport of chemicals into and out of the cell - cell division

The factors that make protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy include which of the following?

all of the above - proteins are difficult to break apart - one of the byproducts, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells - proteins have more important uses as structural and functional cellular components

Which of the following people would be in positive nitrogen balance?

all of the above - growing children - athletes in training - pregnant women

Metabolism refers to __________.

all of the chemical reactions in the body

The attachment of an amine group in the synthesis of an amino acid is called __________.

amination

When considering the chemicals in the nutrient pool, which chemical is LEAST likely to be broken down to supply energy for the cell?

amino acids

Which nutrient in the nutrient pool is most often used to replace structural and functional components of the cell?

amino acids

Cells in our body are constantly building new molecules to replace worn-out structures. This process is what part of cellular metabolism?

anabolism

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is the __________.

basic metabolic rate

The process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments is __________.

beta-oxidation

Which lipoprotein carries dietary triglycerides to the liver?

chylomicrons

The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.

citric acid

What is the term for the direct transfer of heat energy through physical contact?

conduction

Which of the following is a nitrogen compound that is important for energy storage in muscle tissue?

creatine

If the cells are catabolizing an amino acid for its energy, what is the first step in amino acid catabolism?

deamination

The flow and transformation of energy is called __________.

energetics

What is the term for an amino acid that either CANNOT be synthesized or is NOT synthesized in adequate amounts in the body?

essential amino acid

The mechanism of heat loss that involves the skin and lung alveoli is _______________.

evaporation

In the nutrient pool, which chemical is best suited for storage of energy content?

fatty acids

What happens to a glucose molecule as a result of the reactions of glycolysis?

formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid

What is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited?

free fatty acids

The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.

gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is NOT one of the N compounds (nitrogen-containing compounds) in the body?

glucose

Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol?

glycolysis

Which process in the metabolism of glucose is NOT part of aerobic metabolism?

glycolysis

The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver is __________.

high density lipoprotein

During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes is induced in the patient's body?

hypothermia

The most important factor of good nutrition is obtaining nutrients __________.

in sufficient quantities and qualities

Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she cannot lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that the only people who have brown fat are __________.

infants

Where in the cell does the electron transport system occur?

inner mitochondrial membrane

Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.

intrinsic factor

The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.

iron, zinc, copper, and manganese

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver.

HDLs

What lipoproteins transport cholesterol to cells of the body?

LDL

Which of the following are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

NADH and FADH2

NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin?

Niacin

All nutrients can be used by the mitochondria to provide energy. In what form are these nutrients "fed" into the mitochondria?

Two-carbon fragments

Each cytochrome contains

a metal ion

Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.

absorptive state

Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and played with her friends at recess in temperatures just above 20 degrees Fahrenheit. In fact, administrators would not close her school until temperatures reached 5 degrees Fahrenheit. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate?

acclimatization

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

all of listed response - minimum resting state of an awake, alert person - 70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual - measured by monitoring respiratory activity

Why is it that lipids cannot provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time?

all of the above - lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize - lipids are insoluble in water, and it it thus difficult for water soluble enzymes to reach them - most lipids are processed in the mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity depends on the availability of oxygen

The end products of aerobic respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.

catabolism

In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.

catabolism of fatty acids

In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of their metabolic demand is met through the __________.

catabolism of fatty acids

When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.

catabolized for energy, used to build proteins, and used for tissue repair

A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.

slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

If excess glucose remains in the blood circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use the glucose to __________.

synthesize triglycerides

The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is underway is __________.

the absorptive state

Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?

the body cannot synthesize these nutrients in sufficient quantities

An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondria