ANATOMY TEST 5-9

E. 45%

A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with third-degree burns on her entire right leg, entire right arm, and the back of her trunk. Estimate the percentage of her body surface area affected by these burns.

B. spiral

A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone.

C. comminuted

A ________ fracture produces shattered bone fragments.

E. trochlea

A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley.

B. sinus

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a

B. a scab.

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is called

C. pott's

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture.

C. transverse

A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a(n) ________ fracture

A. protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.

A herniated intervertebral disc is caused by

E. hinge

A joint that permits only flexion and extension is a ________ joint.

D. syndesmosis.

A ligamentous connection such as an interosseous ligament is termed a

D. crista galli.

A membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain is attached to the

B. flat

A rib is an example of a ________ bone.

A. acetabular labrum.

A rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip is called the

A. foramen

A rounded hole through a bone is termed a

D. fossa

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a

A. osteoclasts.

Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the

E. osteoblasts.

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

E. Dorsiflexion is upward movement of the foot or toes. Plantar flexion extends the ankle joint and bends the foot or toes down, as in standing on tiptoes.

Compare dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

C. Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.

Compare gigantism with acromegaly

A. Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Compare thin skin with thick skin.

C. has a more restricted range of movement.

Compared to the hand, the foot

E. flexion of the forearm.

Contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radial tuberosity results in

B. oxygen-starved skin.

Cyanosis signifies that a patient has

D. the epidermis

Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except

D. fracture facet.

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the

D. saddle joint.

All of the following are associated with the joints of the vertebral column except

C. is vascularized

All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it

D. during the active phase, the hair grows continuously.

All of the following are correct regarding hair growth cycle except that

D. nails

All of the following are derived from epithelial columns except

B. production of skin pigments.

All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except

B. rolling

All of the following are structural classifications of synovial joints except

D. talocrural.

All of the following are structural classifications of synovial joints except

A. contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.

All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they

B. produces the body odor characteristic of "sweating."

All of the following are true of perspiration produced by merocrine sweat glands except that it

C. is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane

All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it

E. decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it

B. corticosteroids.

All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except

B. 12 thoracic vertebrae

Along with the ribs and sternum, what other bones make up the thoracic cage?

D. inflammation around sebaceous glands

Dandruff is a disorder that results in dry skin flakes forming in the scalp. A common cause of dandruff could be

B. stratum corneum

Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin on the scalp. So, dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer?

D. Appositional growth is an increase in bone diameter due to the addition of bone matrix at the bone's outer surface.

Define appositional growth.

A. The thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of the nail.

Define hyponychium.

E. Intramembranous ossification is bone formation within connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilage model.

Define intramembranous ossification.

D. An osteon is the structural unit of spongy bone

Define osteon.

B. Bones that make up the fingers or toes.

Define phalanges.

D. gomphosis.

Dense connective tissue is to a suture as a periodontal ligament is to a(n)

E. apocrine sweat glands

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland?

D. A keratinous strand produced by basal cells within a hair follicle.

Describe a typical strand of hair

E. Granulation tissue is a combination of blood clots, fibroblasts, and capillaries in healing tissue.

Describe granulation tissue

E. The medullary cavity contains the red bone marrow and the yellow bone marrow.

Describe the function of the medullary cavity.

B. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Describe the functions of osteocytes.

B. The facial bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts and provide a site of attachment for muscles of facial expression

Describe the functions of the facial bones

D. The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

Describe the layers of the dermis

B. A joint that is strong is not very mobile.

Describe the relationship between joint strength and mobility.

B. holocrine; sebum lubricates hair and skin, protects the keratin of the hair shaft, and inhibits bacterial growth

Describe the secretory method and functions of sebum.

C. gliding, angular, circumduction, and rotation

Describe the types of motion possible at a synovial joint.

B. A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer

Distinguish among a first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn.

D. ossification

During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone

E. scapula

The three sides of this bone form a broad triangle.

B. ) stratum corneum.

The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the

C. are organized along stress lines

The trabeculae of spongy bone

D. cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

The two components of the integumentary system are the

D. circumduction

The two little girls who hold and move the rope in jump-rope are performing what action?

B. protraction, supination, and pronation

What hand movements occur when a person wriggles into tight-fitting gloves?

C. The hair follicle becomes erect, producing "goose bumps."

What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts?

D. It serves as a passageway for blood vessels and the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves.

What is the function of the internal acoustic meatus?

D. fibrocytes

What is the most common type of cells in the subcutaneous layer?

E. foramen ovale

What is the name of the structure labeled "8"?

A. Above 95%

What is the survival rate of a localized malignant melanoma that is detected and removed in the early stages of the cancer?

E. secondary ossification

What process is shown at "6"?

C. epiphyseal cartilages

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

D. hyaline cartilage

What type of tissue occurs at "1"?

E. hyaline cartilage

What type of tissue occurs at the structure labeled "3"?

B. grow longer

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

A. become narrower

When estrogen is increased in females at puberty, epiphyseal plates

A. accelerate rapidly

When testosterone is increased in males at puberty, epiphyseal plates

B. "goose bumps" are formed.

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

D. long bones have reached their adult length

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone

C. 3

Where does endochondral lengthening occur?

D. At the nail root

Where does nail production occur?

C. Articular cartilage is found covering both epiphyseal portions of articulating bone and nutrients diffuse from synovial fluid within the joint

Where is articular cartilage found, and how is it nourished?

E. 5

Where would osteoclasts be most active?

E. sphenoid

Which bone acts as a uniting bridge between the cranial and facial portions of the skull?

B. radius

Which bone of the forearm is positioned laterally when in the anatomical position?

D. Mucous glands and sebaceous glands

Which exocrine glands are in the integument?

A. plantar flexion

Which foot movement enables a ballerina to stand on her toes?

A. osteoclast activity when calcitonin is absent

Which is greater?

A. sternoclavicular joint

Which joint attaches the pectoral girdle and upper limb to the axial skeleton?

C. 3

Which layer contains most of the accessory organs?

A. 1

Which layer is the primary barrier against environmental hazards?

D. acromioclavicular

Which ligament connects the clavicle and the acromion?

B. ACL

Which ligament is a severely hyperextended knee more likely to damage: the ACL or the PCL?

D. radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament

Which ligaments stabilize the medial and lateral surfaces of the elbow joint?

D. tendons

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system?

C. sebaceous

Which of the following is a holocrine exocrine gland?

E. both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

B. clavicle

Which of the following is most commonly fractured in a fall?

A. It is the site of hematopoiesis

Which of the following is not a characteristic of compact bone?

A. increasing osmotic pressure within joint

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

A. provides an attachment for calf muscles

Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton?

D. atlanto-occipital

Which of the following is not a joint of the appendicular skeleton?

A. covered by a serous membrane

Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints?

E. hair growth

Which of the following is not an effect of ultraviolet radiation?

A. metatarsals

Which of the following is not an upper limb bone?

D. coronoid process

Which of the following is not associated with the radius?

E. pectoral girdle

Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system?

A. turning the hand palm upward

Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?

C. It results in short, stubby fingers.

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false?

E. It consists of 3-5 vertebrae.

Which of the following statements about the coccyx is true?

A. They create a protected space for blood vessels and nerves.

Which of the following statements about the functions of the paranasal sinuses is false?

E. capitulum

Which of the following surface features does the ulna not possess?

D. 4

Which structure acts as a cushion and consists of fibrocartilage?

E. 5

Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone?

D. 7

Which structure is termed a central canal?

E. areolar connective tissue

Which tissue is located in the region labeled "2"?

A. Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itse

Which type of burn usually requires skin grafting? Why?

D. ball-and-socket

Which type of synovial joint permits the greatest range of motion?

D. checks the anterior fontanel for depression.

While volunteering in an outpatient clinic for underprivileged families in your neighborhood, you observe the nurse assessing an infant. The mother had complained about the baby not eating and having several episodes of diarrhea lasting three days. You know the nurse suspects possible dehydration when she

E. UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin.

Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin?

B. The melanocyte activity declines, making the hair white or gray.

Why does hair turn white or gray with age?

E. There are no underlying blood vessels.

Why does the free edge of a nail appear white?

D. Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.

Why is basal cell carcinoma considered less dangerous than malignant melanoma?

B. Because children can be treated with synthetic human growth hormone if they are deficient

Why is pituitary growth failure less common today in the United States?

D. The epidermis is thinner in the elderly. There are fewer dendritic cells in the skin of the elderly. Skin repairs take longer in the elderly.

Why would an elderly person be more prone to skin infections than a younger person?

E. loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer of the dermis.

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of

D. mandible.

You witness your friend Greg in a fist-fight. He is hit in the jaw and when you look at him, his face appears misaligned. You drive him to the emergency department and are not surprised to learn that he has a broken

A. tibia

Your ________ is your shinbone

D. Dendritic cells

______ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.

E. Spongy

_______ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles.

A. Osteogenic

_______ cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts, are located in the endosteum and inner cellular layer of the periosteum.

D. Hair papilla

_______ is a small connective tissue peg that contains nerve endings and blood vessels.

A. Osteoarthritis

_______ is also known as degenerative joint disease.

A. Spongy

________ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi

A. Rheumatism

________ is a general term for pain and stiffness that affects the skeletal or muscular system

D. Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

D. cardiovascular disorders.

central adiposity is strongly associated with

E. Carotene

is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.

C. stratum basale

From what layer of skin are melanosomes released?

D. eccrine sweat gland

From what structure does merocrine secretion occur?

C. amphiarthrotic

Functionally, the public symphysis is classified as a(n) ________ articulation.

A. vertebra prominens

Gesturing "no" with the head does not depends on which of the following?

E. temporal bone; internal carotid artery

Identify the bone containing the carotid canal, and name the structure that runs through this passageway.

E. ethmoid; it forms the floor of the cranium and the roof of the nasal cavity and olfactory foramina run through it

Identify the bone containing the cribriform plate. What is significant about this structure?

B. frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, palatine, maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid

Identify the bones of the orbital complex.

E. inflammation

Identify the first stage in skin repair

D. stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Identify the five layers of the epidermis (from superficial to deep)

B. The vomer and inferior nasal conchae are facial bones; the ethmoid, sphenoid, and temporal bones are cranial bones

Identify the following bones as either a facial bone or a cranial bone: vomer, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, and inferior nasal conchae

E. parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast break down of bone matrix

Identify the hormone that stimulates the release of calcium ions from bone matrix. Explain its mechanism of action.

A. foramen magnum

Identify the opening surrounded by the occipital bone.

D. periosteum

Identify the structure at "4."

D. coracoid process

Identify the structure labeled "1."

B. epiphysis

Identify the structure labeled "2."

D. lamina

Identify the structure labeled "2."

A. spine

Identify the structure labeled "7."

D. dermis and epidermis

Identify the two major components of the cutaneous membrane

A. humerus; lateral and medial epicondyles

Identify the two rounded projections on either side of the elbow, and state to which bone they belong.

B. full thickness

If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as

E. the follicle will lose its blood supply.

If the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed,

D. Greenstick

In a ________ fracture, one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent

A. fibroblasts

In a penetrating wound, ________ divide to produce mobile cells that repair the dermis.

A. hydroxyapatite.

In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of

D. The differentiation of cells in the inner layer of the perichondrium.

In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

B. medial

In the anatomical position, the ulna is located ________ to the radius

E. stratum basale

In which layer of skin are keratinocytes produced?

C. cervical

In which region of the vertebral column would you find a vertebra with a large foramen and two smaller foramina within the transverse processes?

C. stratum corneum.

Insensible perspiration takes place in the

C. mesenchymal

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells.

E. tuberosity.

A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a

D. stratum corneum

A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer?

B. a keloid.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called

C. Colles

A transverse fracture of the wrist that may be comminuted is called a ________ fracture

C. eversion.

A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole of the foot outward is known as

B. melanin.

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce

D. synostosis.

An epiphyseal line is an example of a

D. hyperextension.

An extension past the anatomical position is known as

C. 3

An intradermal injection is administered into which layer?

B. compound

An open, or ________, fracture projects through the skin.

D. bursae.

Arthritis always involves damage to

A. condylar process of the mandible

As the result of an accident, Bill suffers a dislocated jaw. This injury would involve the

C. eponychium.

At the base of a nail, keratinized skin called the cuticle is also called the

E. hyperextend

Bending at the neck to look up at the starts would ________ the neck

A. perforating canals.

Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as

B. iron.

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

D. synthesis of vitamin C.

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except

C. scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life

Each of the following statements concerning hair is true except

E. cribriform plate.

Each of the following structures is associated with the sphenoid bone except the

B. calcitonin.

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

A. cartilage model.

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n)

D. stimulating melanin production.

Epidermal growth factor exerts all of the following effects on the epidermis except

B. medullary cavity

Fat is stored within the

E. The child may have eaten foods with a high amount of carotene causing the pigment to accumulate in the skin making it look yellow-orange.

Explain why a healthy 6-month-old might have yellow-orange skin

B. short

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones

D. fibroblasts, clotted blood., an extensive capillary network

Granulation tissue is composed of

D. 80

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

D. The bone would be more brittle.

How would denaturing collagen from the bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

A. The compressive strength would decrease and the bone would become more flexible

How would the compressive strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased?

D. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands; the glands help with thermoregulation, excrete wastes, and lubricate hairs and the epidermis

Identify and describe the general functions of the exocrine glands found in the skin.

E. condylar

The joints that connect the four fingers with the metacarpal bones are ________ joints.

E. styloid process

Ligaments that support the hyoid bone are attached to the

E. growth hormone, sex hormones, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones

List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument

D. epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, and medullary cavity

List the major parts of a long bone.

A. pulling both thighs inward toward a center point, bringing your knees together

Many gyms feature weightlifting machines called "adductor machines" that are used to strengthen the thighs. If you were to work out on one of these, what would you be doing?

D. basale

Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum

D. secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin

Merocrine sweat glands

B. ceruminous

Milk is produced by ________ glands

E. root

Nail production occurs at the nail

A. scapula and clavicle

Name the bones of the pectoral girdles.

E. frontal: both; maxilla: both; palatine: both; nasal: nasal

Name the complex — nasal, orbital, or both — where you find each of the following bones: frontal, maxilla, palatine, and nasal bones

C. articular processes, vertebral arch, and vertebral body

Name the major components of a typical vertebra

C. carotene and melanin

Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis.

C. myoepithelial cell; apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands

Name the type of cell that assists the discharge of merocrine secretions, and list the glands in which such cells are present

B. shoulder: ball-and-socket; elbow: hinge; ankle: plane; thumb: saddle

Name the type of synovial joint for each of the following: shoulder, elbow, ankle, and thumb.

C. flexion and extension.

Nodding your head "yes" is an example of

B. by diffusion from nutrients released from vessels in the central canal that travel through canaliculi.

Osteocytes are embedded in a dense matrix of hydroxyapatite. Which of the following describes how osteocytes receive nutrients?

D. sebaceous

Perspiration is produced by ________ glands.

D. The scarring will be significant because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines.

Predict the degree of scarring after the healing of a horizontal cut on the forehead just above the eyebrow

B. adequate sunlight and dietary intake of cholecalciferol.

Rickets can be prevented by

A. large numbers of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels in the injured area

Scar tissue is the result of

C. stem cells persist in both epithelial and connective-tissue components of the skin even after injury

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

D. aging, uv radiation, and hormonal changes

Skin wrinkle and sagging is caused by

B. sutural

Small, oddly shaped bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones.

A. desmosomes

The keratinocytes are tightly connected with each other by

B. osteocytes.

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

B. osteogenesis.

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are important in

B. calcaneus

The Achilles tendon attaches to which anatomical structure?

E. apocrine sweat

The ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.

B. melanin

The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight.

C. protein-crystal

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering.

B. internal jugular vein; jugular foramen

The ________ passes through the ________.

E. 206

The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones

C. is the attachment site for several facial muscles

The alveolar process of the maxilla

B. pollex.

The anatomical term for the thumb is

C. popliteal

The back of the knee joint is reinforced by ________ ligaments.

C. pisiform

The bumpy bone on the medial side of your wrist is actually the ________ bone.

C. blood vessels

The central canal of an osteon contains

D. distally with the coracoid process

The clavicle articulates with the scapula

D. granulation tissue.

The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called

B. is located on the interior surface and marks the path of blood vessels.

The costal groove

D. olecranon fossa.

The depression on the posterior surface at the distal end of the humerus is the

B. talus

The distal end of the tibia articulates with the

C. ulnar notch.

The distal radius articulates with the head of the ulna at the

E. a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands.

The effects of aging on the skin include

E. the ulna and humerus interlock.

The elbow joint is extremely stable because

D. 5...6

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.

C. head

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is termed a

E. 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. 1. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage and perichondrium differentiates into osteoblasts. 2. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epithyses forming the secondary ossification centers. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Remodeling continues and the shaft becomes thicker. 5. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and invade the central region forming the primary ossification center. What is the correct order for these events?

D. 4, 2, 1, 3

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events?

A. 1, 2, 3, 4

The following are stages in the regeneration of skin following an injury. 1. blood clot/scab formation 2. cellular migration 3. epidermis covers granulation tissue 4. epidermis covers scar tissue Which of the following places the steps in the correct order?

C. compression

The fracture of vertebrae subjected to extreme vertical stress is called a ________ fracture.

A. on the palms of the hands

The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found

C. decreases the level of calcium ion in the blood.

The hormone calcitonin

A. absorbed quickly.

The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is

B. saddle

The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a ________ joint.

A. shoulder

The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the ________ joint

D. ilium.

The largest component coxal bone is the

A. stratum basale

The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the

D. reticular

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.

A. cruciate

The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments.

E. endosteum.

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the

A. articulation.

The location where two bones meet is called a joint, or an

B. tibial collateral

The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament.

A. marrow.

The medullary cavity of bones contains

D. osteocytes

The most abundant cell type in bone is

D. calcium

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

D. malignant melanoma.

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed

A. elevation

The movement of a body part upward is called

B. nail bed

The nail body covers the

A. canaliculi.

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called

B. neck

The narrow region between the head and diaphysis of a long bone is called the

D. ethmoid

The nasal complex consists of all of the following bones except the ________ bone.

E. condyles

The occipital ________ are where the occipital bone articulates with the first cervical vertebra.

E. axis

The odontoid process, also called the dens, is found on the

A. lambdoid

The parietal bones and occipital bone articulate at the ________ suture

C. manubrium.

The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the

A. mastoid process.

The prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the

A. condylar

The radiocarpal joint is a(n) ________ joint.

A. metaphysis.

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the

E. epidermal cells.

The repair of the epidermis after a wound begins as basal cells produce new

A. transverse processes

The ribs articulate with the ________ of the vertebrae

E. diaphysis.

The shaft of a long bone is called the

C. 22

The skull contains ________ bones

C. condyle.

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a

A. skin oil.

The substance called sebum is commonly known as

E. both slick and smooth.

The surface of articular cartilage is

C. spongy

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone.

B. keratinocytes

The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are

D. supports the articular, spinous, and transverse processes.

The vertebral arch

C. 5

The vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae

E. distal metatarsals and calcaneus.

The weight of the body is supported by the

D. bony matrix is dissolved.

Through the action of osteoclasts

C. functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system.

Vitamin D3 formed within the skin has all of these effects on other organ systems except that it

D. vitamin D

Vitamin ________ is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight.

E. Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails.

What are epidermal derivatives?

A. concentric lamellae

What are the structures labeled "4"?

E. humerus

What bone articulates on the structure labeled "2"?

B. The temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

What bone processes from the zygomatic arch?

C. Vellus hairs

are fine hairs that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface

C. Terminal

hairs are coarse pigmented hairs.

E. 5

while walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?