Andean Music

Andeans Overseas

-"We have 2 ways of making a living in whatever locale: music and the sale of artesanias" -textiles sales abroad for over 60 years -entrepreneurial instinct remains, product changed

Pachakuti

-"dedicated to the fascinating Music of the Andes in Europe" -Peruvian, Munich based

Andes Manta

-"powerful, vibrant music of the Andes Mountains to tour Ohio" -NY based ---4 brothers -many school programs -online store

American Universities

-Aconcagua, FSU Andean Ensemble -University of TExas Andean Ensemble -Zamba Yawar, East Carolina University Afro-Andean Ensemble -UC Riverside Andean Ensemble -University of Minnesota Andean Ensemble

Carnaval in Rio

-"Union of American States" -Included the Navigators of Lake Titicaca

Pachamama

-Andean ensemble -from "Yugoslavia"

Inca Music

-smooth and melodious? -No! -loud and raucous ---not western tuning -horrified the Spanish -had to be eradicated -had to be "civilized"

Nana Mouskouri

-the highest-selling female recording artist ever -200+ albums, over 350 million units

Pututu

-trumpet, cow horn or sea shell -communication, not music

History of Andean Music

-wind and percussion prior to Incas -musical evolution peaked w/Incas -Spanish brought: ---strings ---forms ---harmony and tuning

Inti-Illimani

-Chilean -formed in 1967 -Name from Peruvian mountain -university trained -exiled in 1973 until 1988 (Pinochet) -important in Nueva Cancion movement -dozens of recordings

Inca Marka

-Melbourne-based -mix of Bolivian and Australian musicians

20th Century Changes to Society and Culture

-Nationalism/Pan-Andeanism -1952: Bolivian nationalistic revolution ---increased rights and social awareness of indigenous population ---folklore department in Ministry of Education ---Radio in Quechua and Aymara -biggest growth in Andean music in the 70's

Early Instruments

-Ocarina -Pututu -Pinkillo -Bombo -Wancara -Chajchas or Chullus

Andean Highlands

-Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina -2 major indigenous groups: ---Quechua (Quichua) >> majority throughout Andes ---Aymara (Ayamara) >> around Titicaca in Bolivia and Peru -- Altiplano

Inca Son

-Peruvians based in Cambridge, MA -Andean music and "Andean flavor"

Queno (Kena or Qina)

-Pre-Columbian -Notched-end flute -traditionally make of tatora -PVC becoming popular -Traditionally played in dry season -tarkas in wet season

Andean Ensembles

-Quichua ensembles from the 1940's in Otavalo valley -music as expression of indigenous values and cultural resurgence -from Indian/Mestizo to mainstream -common in LA music (samba, tango, merengue) -bands in Europe by the early 1960's -music making important means of socialization of Quichua youths ---tend to leave school early; few community activities ---Quichua "garage bands"; experiments w/composition -few economic opportunities ---looked elsewhere ---cities, then global

Quichua Mashis (Brothers)

-Quichua performers from Ecuador -Seattle -Performances in Europe, South America, Japan, Canada and the US

Blending of Cultures

-Spanish -Indigenous -Mestizo -Natives historically on the bottom of the social scale -Music reflects blending -- Mestizo ---many genres and traditions -culturally not a homogeneous mass

Panpipes

-Spanish: Zamponas -Quecha: Antara -Aymara: Siku -Oldest found in Nasca sites (clay) -Traditionally played in pairs -2 players sharing a melody (arca and ira) (M and F) -Modern instruments play a full scale (amplifications) -Marching bands of panpipes and drums common-- weddings, holidays. . .

The Andean Sound is...

-a part of the sonic scene from the Americas to Europe to Japan

Llajtasuyo

-based in Atlanta -Emory University, Oglethorpe University, University of Georgia, Rialto Theater, etc -shows in NJ, Miami, Alabama, NC, etc... -mix of origins, Pan-Andean ---Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador

Walisuma de los Andes

-based in Brisbane, Australia -from Peru and Bolivia -incorrect info on website

Ocarina

-clay or bone

Traditional Indigenous Communities

-collective community life -highland agriculture, herders, tied to the land ---reliant on neighbors for support and exchange; reciprocity and egalitarianism -traditional people who share common language, agricultural life, and material culture

El Condor Pasa

-from a zarzuela by Daniel Robles (1913) -based on folk tunes ---Harawi and huayno -best-known Peruvian tune worldwide -Simon and Garfunkel 1970 hit on Bridge Over Troubled Water ---sued for copyright infringement ---with Los Incas (Urubamba) -many covers ---Perry Como on "It's Impossible" (1970) ---Nana Mouskouri

Chajchas or Chullus

-goat horns -like rain stick

Conclusions

-history of the Andean Ensemble long and varied -combination of European and Indigenous -migration and immigration -global in a variety of ways

(Im)Migration

-migration from mountains to cities intensified in the 1950's -soon constituted large market for urban products, including Andean music -polished groups in tourist areas -technological changes ---solo panpipes >> amplification ---singers w/orchestra >> waynos (huyanos) -----combination of rural folk and urban dance music

Globalization

-music worldwide in 2 stages: 1) Andean musicians going abroad 2) non-Andean musicians

Pinkillo

-often played one handed -so could play drum at same time

Sukay

-since 1974 -founded by Quentin Howard (American) and Edmond Badoux (Swiss) in Montreal -based in San Francisco -performed at Lincoln Center and major festivals