Andean Music
Andeans Overseas
-"We have 2 ways of making a living in whatever locale: music and the sale of artesanias" -textiles sales abroad for over 60 years -entrepreneurial instinct remains, product changed
Pachakuti
-"dedicated to the fascinating Music of the Andes in Europe" -Peruvian, Munich based
Andes Manta
-"powerful, vibrant music of the Andes Mountains to tour Ohio" -NY based ---4 brothers -many school programs -online store
American Universities
-Aconcagua, FSU Andean Ensemble -University of TExas Andean Ensemble -Zamba Yawar, East Carolina University Afro-Andean Ensemble -UC Riverside Andean Ensemble -University of Minnesota Andean Ensemble
Carnaval in Rio
-"Union of American States" -Included the Navigators of Lake Titicaca
Pachamama
-Andean ensemble -from "Yugoslavia"
Inca Music
-smooth and melodious? -No! -loud and raucous ---not western tuning -horrified the Spanish -had to be eradicated -had to be "civilized"
Nana Mouskouri
-the highest-selling female recording artist ever -200+ albums, over 350 million units
Pututu
-trumpet, cow horn or sea shell -communication, not music
History of Andean Music
-wind and percussion prior to Incas -musical evolution peaked w/Incas -Spanish brought: ---strings ---forms ---harmony and tuning
Inti-Illimani
-Chilean -formed in 1967 -Name from Peruvian mountain -university trained -exiled in 1973 until 1988 (Pinochet) -important in Nueva Cancion movement -dozens of recordings
Inca Marka
-Melbourne-based -mix of Bolivian and Australian musicians
20th Century Changes to Society and Culture
-Nationalism/Pan-Andeanism -1952: Bolivian nationalistic revolution ---increased rights and social awareness of indigenous population ---folklore department in Ministry of Education ---Radio in Quechua and Aymara -biggest growth in Andean music in the 70's
Early Instruments
-Ocarina -Pututu -Pinkillo -Bombo -Wancara -Chajchas or Chullus
Andean Highlands
-Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina -2 major indigenous groups: ---Quechua (Quichua) >> majority throughout Andes ---Aymara (Ayamara) >> around Titicaca in Bolivia and Peru -- Altiplano
Inca Son
-Peruvians based in Cambridge, MA -Andean music and "Andean flavor"
Queno (Kena or Qina)
-Pre-Columbian -Notched-end flute -traditionally make of tatora -PVC becoming popular -Traditionally played in dry season -tarkas in wet season
Andean Ensembles
-Quichua ensembles from the 1940's in Otavalo valley -music as expression of indigenous values and cultural resurgence -from Indian/Mestizo to mainstream -common in LA music (samba, tango, merengue) -bands in Europe by the early 1960's -music making important means of socialization of Quichua youths ---tend to leave school early; few community activities ---Quichua "garage bands"; experiments w/composition -few economic opportunities ---looked elsewhere ---cities, then global
Quichua Mashis (Brothers)
-Quichua performers from Ecuador -Seattle -Performances in Europe, South America, Japan, Canada and the US
Blending of Cultures
-Spanish -Indigenous -Mestizo -Natives historically on the bottom of the social scale -Music reflects blending -- Mestizo ---many genres and traditions -culturally not a homogeneous mass
Panpipes
-Spanish: Zamponas -Quecha: Antara -Aymara: Siku -Oldest found in Nasca sites (clay) -Traditionally played in pairs -2 players sharing a melody (arca and ira) (M and F) -Modern instruments play a full scale (amplifications) -Marching bands of panpipes and drums common-- weddings, holidays. . .
The Andean Sound is...
-a part of the sonic scene from the Americas to Europe to Japan
Llajtasuyo
-based in Atlanta -Emory University, Oglethorpe University, University of Georgia, Rialto Theater, etc -shows in NJ, Miami, Alabama, NC, etc... -mix of origins, Pan-Andean ---Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador
Walisuma de los Andes
-based in Brisbane, Australia -from Peru and Bolivia -incorrect info on website
Ocarina
-clay or bone
Traditional Indigenous Communities
-collective community life -highland agriculture, herders, tied to the land ---reliant on neighbors for support and exchange; reciprocity and egalitarianism -traditional people who share common language, agricultural life, and material culture
El Condor Pasa
-from a zarzuela by Daniel Robles (1913) -based on folk tunes ---Harawi and huayno -best-known Peruvian tune worldwide -Simon and Garfunkel 1970 hit on Bridge Over Troubled Water ---sued for copyright infringement ---with Los Incas (Urubamba) -many covers ---Perry Como on "It's Impossible" (1970) ---Nana Mouskouri
Chajchas or Chullus
-goat horns -like rain stick
Conclusions
-history of the Andean Ensemble long and varied -combination of European and Indigenous -migration and immigration -global in a variety of ways
(Im)Migration
-migration from mountains to cities intensified in the 1950's -soon constituted large market for urban products, including Andean music -polished groups in tourist areas -technological changes ---solo panpipes >> amplification ---singers w/orchestra >> waynos (huyanos) -----combination of rural folk and urban dance music
Globalization
-music worldwide in 2 stages: 1) Andean musicians going abroad 2) non-Andean musicians
Pinkillo
-often played one handed -so could play drum at same time
Sukay
-since 1974 -founded by Quentin Howard (American) and Edmond Badoux (Swiss) in Montreal -based in San Francisco -performed at Lincoln Center and major festivals
