ant exam

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During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture

Culture is

learned and shared.

Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following excep

leaving the community unchanged.

Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?

life histories

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"

marginalizes women's voices in work contexts.

Eating practices are

marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world.

"Owning" culture

means controlling symbols that give meaning

Ethnocentrism

means you think your culture is superior to others.

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

morphology.

Traditional ecological knowledge is

not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place.

If you wanted to let informants discuss a topic and make connections to other issues in that process, what kind of interviews should you conduct?

open-ended interview

Financial globalization has allowed for

orporations to move factories from one country to another

This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants

participant observation

Which of the following is an explanation as to why America has so many accents and dialects?

patterns within peer groups

From an anthropological point of view, people remove the price tag from gifts and wrap birthday presents because

people are ambivalent about expressing their connections with others using impersonal goods.

Norms are stable because

people learn them when they are young.

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions (i.e., raw/cookeD..

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions.

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as

prestige economies.

A hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages is called a

proto-language.

The purpose of field notes is to

provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects.

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing __________ data

quantitative

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called

redistribution.

The comparative method

refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures

In Malaysia, capitalist entrepreneurship is

respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values.

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?

sign

Anthropological fieldwork would not involve

statistical analysis of gendered distributions of labor.

Anthropologists deploy the method of ethnohistory to

study cultural change in periods for which a community had no written histories

According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of a(n)

summarizing symbol.

If you applied the notion of transactional orders to understand a scandal in which a college professor accepts payment for a grade, you would most likely focus on the

symbolic meanings Americans hold about the morality of education and student-teacher relations.

Anthropology emerged as an academic discipline in

the 1800s

An environmental anthropologist studying obesity and overweight would focus on

the effect of industrial agriculture on nutrition transition.

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because

the exchange of gifts is present in all societies.

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study.

Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

the production of goods is not sustainable and uses too many raw materials

A Marxist approach to the cultural processes Karen Ho studied of Wall Street would be most focused on

the tendency to lay off employees on a regular basis as the bank suffers through financial crises caused by its own activities.

Proponents of world systems theory emphasize all of the following except

the underdevelopment of certain countries was inevitable because of their geographic location

One of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that

there are many strategies for achieving it.

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals.

The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists

try to understand and predict economic patterns

A word that best describes participant observation is

unstructured.

The comparative method

uses data from many different societies.

Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?

All human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways.

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language.

___ is anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs.

Applied anthropology

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

Charles Darwin

Two aspects of E. B. Tylor's definition of culture have been especially influential to modern anthropologists. The first is that culture is acquired. What is the second?

Culture is a complex whole.

___ was responsible for the theory of social evolutionism.

E. B. Tylo

__ anthropologists study the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do, and the creation of value.

Economic

Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology

It assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world.

Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

It explains why conflict is growing in the world.

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?

It is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view.

Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

It recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in.

Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?

It's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves.

__ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Migrants.

__ refers to the structure of speech sounds

Phonology

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

Scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims.

Which of the following is not a social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea?

Starbucks cafes sprung up across the highlands.

World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?

a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism.

An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in a study of

a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located

Which project would be best suited to rapid appraisal?

a study of community response to a disaster

A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15.

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

accumulate prestige.

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

action anthropology

A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

What is "fortress conservation"?

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

appropriation.

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called

archaeology

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

as integrated and balanced.

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

biological anthropology.

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as

carrying capacity.

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist.

A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as

closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure

Multisited ethnography is an example of which method?

comparative method

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals the

creation of cultural constructions

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called

creole.

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in __________ reciprocity.

delayed

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because it

denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans

Push pull factors

describe the factors that push people to migrate from their homes and that pull them to host countries.

Which method is least likely to be used by a cultural anthropologist studying tuberculosis in a small community?

drawing blood from informants to analyze the exact strain of the virus

Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are

dynamic.

The main reason you cannot simply go buy a BA from your institution is that

education is a long-term transaction steeped in morality and obligation.

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation.

People who study the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships and the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups are __________ anthropologists.

environmental

Which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology?

fieldwork

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

functionalism

When anthropologists go into the field, they

go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered.

A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists

have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations except

he construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas.

Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except

he relationship between high birth rates and overfishing

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

history.

Anthropologists study the diversity of diets, the complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and political and economic processes, meaning that they study food

holistically.

A political ecologist who studies people displaced by rising sea levels would probably focus on

how industrialization encouraged by the state affected the landscape.

If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?

how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in the several dialects

According to Itzaj beliefs,

humans and nature exist in the same realm

The sushi burrito, a blending of two regional foods as a result of globalization, is an example of

hybridization.

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of

imited-purpose money.

If you were designing a participatory action research study on immigrant rights in your community, who should be doing the bulk of the investigation, analysis, and planning?

immigrants

The defining feature of historical particularism is

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change.

Which of the following words is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective?

inequality

A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the

informal exchange of favors and goods among members.

The people anthropologists gather data from are called

informants.

Which of the following terms refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

intersubjective

A symbol

is something that conventionally stands for something else.

Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings.

Among the Kel Ewey Tuareg nomads, a perfect meal is simple and the same for everybody regardless of wealth because

it provides a stable diet for all its members in a precariously dry environment.

Examples of social institutions are

kinship, marriage, and farming.


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