ant exam
During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture
Culture is
learned and shared.
Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following excep
leaving the community unchanged.
Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?
life histories
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts.
Eating practices are
marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world.
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
Ethnocentrism
means you think your culture is superior to others.
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology.
Traditional ecological knowledge is
not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place.
If you wanted to let informants discuss a topic and make connections to other issues in that process, what kind of interviews should you conduct?
open-ended interview
Financial globalization has allowed for
orporations to move factories from one country to another
This type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants
participant observation
Which of the following is an explanation as to why America has so many accents and dialects?
patterns within peer groups
From an anthropological point of view, people remove the price tag from gifts and wrap birthday presents because
people are ambivalent about expressing their connections with others using impersonal goods.
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young.
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions (i.e., raw/cookeD..
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions.
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies.
A hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages is called a
proto-language.
The purpose of field notes is to
provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects.
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing __________ data
quantitative
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution.
The comparative method
refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures
In Malaysia, capitalist entrepreneurship is
respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values.
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
Anthropological fieldwork would not involve
statistical analysis of gendered distributions of labor.
Anthropologists deploy the method of ethnohistory to
study cultural change in periods for which a community had no written histories
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of a(n)
summarizing symbol.
If you applied the notion of transactional orders to understand a scandal in which a college professor accepts payment for a grade, you would most likely focus on the
symbolic meanings Americans hold about the morality of education and student-teacher relations.
Anthropology emerged as an academic discipline in
the 1800s
An environmental anthropologist studying obesity and overweight would focus on
the effect of industrial agriculture on nutrition transition.
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
the exchange of gifts is present in all societies.
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study.
Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because
the production of goods is not sustainable and uses too many raw materials
A Marxist approach to the cultural processes Karen Ho studied of Wall Street would be most focused on
the tendency to lay off employees on a regular basis as the bank suffers through financial crises caused by its own activities.
Proponents of world systems theory emphasize all of the following except
the underdevelopment of certain countries was inevitable because of their geographic location
One of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that
there are many strategies for achieving it.
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals.
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured.
The comparative method
uses data from many different societies.
Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?
All human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways.
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language.
___ is anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs.
Applied anthropology
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
Two aspects of E. B. Tylor's definition of culture have been especially influential to modern anthropologists. The first is that culture is acquired. What is the second?
Culture is a complex whole.
___ was responsible for the theory of social evolutionism.
E. B. Tylo
__ anthropologists study the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do, and the creation of value.
Economic
Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology
It assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world.
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
It explains why conflict is growing in the world.
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
It is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view.
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
It recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in.
Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?
It's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves.
__ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
Migrants.
__ refers to the structure of speech sounds
Phonology
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
Scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims.
Which of the following is not a social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea?
Starbucks cafes sprung up across the highlands.
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism.
An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in a study of
a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located
Which project would be best suited to rapid appraisal?
a study of community response to a disaster
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15.
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige.
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action anthropology
A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to
allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview
What is "fortress conservation"?
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation.
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called
archaeology
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
as integrated and balanced.
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology.
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures
Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as
carrying capacity.
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist.
A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as
closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure
Multisited ethnography is an example of which method?
comparative method
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals the
creation of cultural constructions
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
creole.
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in __________ reciprocity.
delayed
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because it
denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans
Push pull factors
describe the factors that push people to migrate from their homes and that pull them to host countries.
Which method is least likely to be used by a cultural anthropologist studying tuberculosis in a small community?
drawing blood from informants to analyze the exact strain of the virus
Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are
dynamic.
The main reason you cannot simply go buy a BA from your institution is that
education is a long-term transaction steeped in morality and obligation.
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation.
People who study the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships and the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups are __________ anthropologists.
environmental
Which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology?
fieldwork
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
When anthropologists go into the field, they
go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered.
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations except
he construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas.
Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except
he relationship between high birth rates and overfishing
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history.
Anthropologists study the diversity of diets, the complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and political and economic processes, meaning that they study food
holistically.
A political ecologist who studies people displaced by rising sea levels would probably focus on
how industrialization encouraged by the state affected the landscape.
If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?
how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in the several dialects
According to Itzaj beliefs,
humans and nature exist in the same realm
The sushi burrito, a blending of two regional foods as a result of globalization, is an example of
hybridization.
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of
imited-purpose money.
If you were designing a participatory action research study on immigrant rights in your community, who should be doing the bulk of the investigation, analysis, and planning?
immigrants
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change.
Which of the following words is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective?
inequality
A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the
informal exchange of favors and goods among members.
The people anthropologists gather data from are called
informants.
Which of the following terms refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
A symbol
is something that conventionally stands for something else.
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because
it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings.
Among the Kel Ewey Tuareg nomads, a perfect meal is simple and the same for everybody regardless of wealth because
it provides a stable diet for all its members in a precariously dry environment.
Examples of social institutions are
kinship, marriage, and farming.