Anth 202 Chapter 8
Ethnoarchaeological research among the Mikea suggests which of the following about the more permanent a settlement is? a. greater range of features it will contain. b. closer trash dumps will be to habitations structures. c. more variable posthole diameters will be. d. All of the answers are correct.
a
Exploring the possible ways to make a projectile point is an example of what method and, if done while observing the way a living group of people make projectile points, what does it exemplify? a. experimental archaeology/ethnoarchaeology b. middle range research/general theory c. ethnoarchaeology/experimental archaeology d. general theory/middle range research
a
Kelly conducted ethnoarchaeological research among the Mikea of Madagascar to answer which of the following questions? a. Are different lengths of stay in different types of settlements reflected in the material remains left behind at Mikea sites? b. What are the long-term effects of Mikea slash-and-burn horticulture on soil nutrients? c. Are different subsistence practices reflected in the material remains left behind at Mikea sites? d. All of the answers are correct.
a
Under what condition(s) are formal analogies are strengthened? a. if many ethnographic cases demonstrate the same pattern, and the archaeological and ethnographic cases have many attributes in common. b. if they can be drawn between cultures with drastically different settlement systems, subsistence practices, or economies. c. if close cultural continuity cannot be demonstrated between archaeological and ethnographic cases. d. All of the answers are correct.
a
What kind of analogies are justified by similarities in the formal attributes of archaeological and ethnographic objects and features? a. formal analogies. b. relational analogies. c. middle-range analogies. d. uniformitarian analogies
a
What was revealed when Newcomer designed blind experiments to test the accuracy of Keeley's high-power microscopy method of identifying stone tool microwear? a. established the validity of Keeley's high-power microscopic method; Keeley was able to correctly identify the microwear on many of the experimental stone tools. b. determined that while high-power microscopic identifications could always be correctly made on the type of material worked, identifying the area of the tool actually used was much more difficult. c. showed that while high-power microscopic analysis can be useful, it is not as effective as low-power analysis in determining microwear. d. showed that high-power microscopic analysis is useless in determining microwear.
a
Which of the following is true of the Hudson-Meng site in northwest Nebraska? a. Taphonomic research suggests that humans played little, if any, role in the deaths of the 500 bison at the site. b. The presence of hundreds of projectile points among the bison bone strongly suggests the bison were dispatched by human hunters. c. The presence of clear cutmarks on bison bones provided evidence of butchery by humans. d. The fact that most of the bison bones were highly disarticulated and scattered provides evidence of butchering by humans.
a
Which of the following methods is represented by trying to move stones weighing several tons using only the tools and materials that the ancient Egyptians had available to them, with the goal of determining whether or not Egyptian technology was sufficiently sophisticated to produce monuments like the pyramids? a. experimental archaeology. b. ethnoarchaeology. c. analogy. d. uniformitarianism
a
A geologist observes glacial moraines and striations in an area that is today not glaciated. The geologist interprets those features as evidence of past glacial activity. Which of the following approaches is she or he? a. middle level theory. b. the principle of uniformitarianism. c. a relational analogy. d. All of the answers are correct
b
Faunal remains in archaeological sites are composed of which of the following? a. plant remains. b. animal bones. c. pottery artifacts. d. soil samples.
b
How are flutes, or wide, shallow, longitudinal grooves on each face of a point made? a. chipping away the unwanted materials. b. removing channel flakes on both sides of the point's base. c. burning the original core. d. carving the grooves with a sharp instrument.
b
In geology, what is it that the principle of uniformitarianism asserts? a. the processes that modified the earth's surface in the past are unknowable because they cannot be directly observed. b. the processes now operating to modify the earth's surface are the same as those of the geologic past. c. the processes now operating to modify the earth's surface cannot simply be assumed to be the same as those of the geologic past, but must be demonstrated to be the same. d. geologic processes are distinct from archaeological processes and that uniformitarianism only applies to geologic processes.
b
Inferring that prehistoric kivas had the same function as kivas used by Puebloan societies today is an example of what kind of analogy? a. a formal analogy. b. a relational analogy. c. low level theory interpretation. d. both formal and relational analogies.
b
What did Binford's ethnoarchaeological work with the Nunamiut Eskimo of Alaska demonstrate? a. that it was safe for archaeologists to assume that a difference in artifacts reflects a difference in culture. b. that different artifact assemblages could result from different activities conducted by the same culture. c. the likelihood that different Mousterian tool assemblages were a result of different Neandertal tribes. d. that the same people leave the same kinds of tools at different locations across the landscape
b
What is that archaeologists must do to create relevant bridging arguments? a. contact several other archaeologists for their interpretations. b. observe the workings of a culture in its systemic context. c. research the literature. d. consult with a geologist.
b
What is the purpose of heat-treating stone tool raw material? a. create stone tools by subjecting the raw material to heat, which would cause the material to fracture into usable pieces. b. make it more difficult for the raw material to be flaked and shaped. c. improve the flintknapping properties of the raw material. d. have hot stones that could be used for cooking (e.g., dropped into ceramic vessels)
b
What kind of analogies are justified on the basis of close cultural continuity between the archaeological and ethnographic cases or similarity in general cultural form? a. formal analogies. b. relational analogies c. middle-range analogies. d. uniformitarian analogies
b
What was an important result of Don Crabtree's experimental flintknapping research? a. It failed to discover any successful ways in which Folsom projectile points could be fluted in spite of decades of research; flintknappers today still don't understand how to produce a flute. b. It discovered successful ways in which Folsom projectile points could be fluted, and stimulated additional research resulting in the discovery of more successful fluting methods. c. It discovered the purpose of the flute in Folsom projectile points; fluting was part of a prehunting ritual designed to ensure hunting success. d. It showed that the fluting of Folsom projectile points was actually a simple process that any minimally skilled flintknapper (by today's standards) could accomplish with relative ease
b
What was revealed by taphonomic research at the Hudson-Meng bison bonebed in northwest Nebraska? a. the ancestors of modern Plains Indians purposely broke open bison skulls to remove the brains for use in tanning hides. b. natural processes such as incomplete burial and subsequent exposure to sunlight could have caused the tops of the bison skulls to decompose. c. the bonebed was a result of the ancestors of modern Plains Indians running a herd of 500 bison off of a low cliff and subsequently dragging them to a processing area. d. the bonebed was a result of both natural bone accumulation and human hunting practices.
b
Which of the following asserts that processes now operating to modify the earth's surface are the same processes that operated long ago in the geological past? a. analogy. b. principle of uniformitarianism. c. evolution. d. stratigraphy.
b
Why is taphonomy useful to archaeology? a. It shows that modern human behavior can be extended into the past, strengthening interpretations of the archaeological record. b. It helps archaeologists separate the effects of natural processes and human behavior on site formation. c. It can determine the most efficient method of tool manufacture, which was most likely the method employed in the prehistoric past. d. It reminds ethnoarchaeologists of their responsibility to the living people that they study
b
Which of the following is an example of reasoning through uniformitarian principles, rather than simple analogy? a. Ethnographic data on the hunting and gathering Shoshone in Nevada suggest that in the 19th century the Shoshone lived in groups of about 25 people; therefore prehistoric people who lived in the same area with the same economy also lived in groups of about 25. b. Ethnographic data from all over the world show that hunter-gatherers live in groups of about 25 people; therefore prehistoric hunter-gatherers in the deserts of Nevada also lived in groups of about 25 people. c. It has been demonstrated using ethnographic data that in a variety of different kinds of environments a group of hunter-gatherers of about 25 people contains about 7 active hunters and this number is sufficient to ensure that someone comes home with game each day; increasing the number of hunters beyond 7 increases the amount of food needed for the group but does not appreciably increase the chance that some hunter will come home with game; thus we argue that prehistoric hunter-gatherers also lived in groups of about 25 people. d. Ethnographic data on highly nomadic hunter-gatherers in desert environments who depend heavily on plants for food rather than on animals show that they live in groups of about 25 people; since prehistoric foragers in the Great Basin deserts were nomadic and heavily dependent on plant foods we argue that prehistoric peoples lived in groups of 25 people.
b yeah idk about this one cheif
Experimental archaeology provides archaeologists with bridging arguments, ways to make inferences about past behavior from material remains. Which of the following is NOT an example of experimental archaeology? a. Using British schoolboys to see if they could move stones similar to those at Stonehenge. b. Using a stone tool to scrape hide and then examining microwear present on the tool's edge to determine the type of wear caused by hide-scraping. c. Using seriation to construct a way to date archaeological sites based on painted pottery styles. d. Throwing hafted spear points into elephant carcasses to determine their capacity for penetration.
c
If you are conducting archaeological excavation in an area where houses were made in a way similar to that inhabited by Madagascar's Mikea, and you find a house structure that has very consistent post diameters (as determined by the post holes left behind, now filled with decayed wood), what could you infer about the house based on ethnoarchaeological research? a. Wood resources were sparse. b. It was used as a temporary foraging structure. c. It was likely a permanent house. d. It was a seasonal habitation.
c
Studying how a large animal carcass decomposes on an African savannah to determine how long it takes the carcass to disarticulate in different seasons and which bones are carried away by carnivores is an example of which of the following methods? a. ethnoarchaeology. b. taphonomy. c. experimental archaeology. d. geoarchaeology
c
The "schlep effect" caused Perkins and Daly to explain that throwing away the bones was why upper limb bones were not found at the Neolithic village, Suberde. R.E. Chaplin interpreted the shortage of upper limb bones on a late-ninth century Saxon farm as the result of butchering and dressing the carcasses for market. Upper limb bones missing at American Plains Indian sites were argued by T. White to have been pulverized and boiled to render the grease to make pemmican. These examples exemplify which of the following? a. the difficulty of archaeologists to agree on interpretations. b. the lack of validity in archaeological interpretations made from animal bone. c. several competing hypotheses account for the same body of facts. d. you cannot hypothesize from an absence of data.
c
To what does the word taphonomy refer? a. the fossil record. b. faunal remains in the archaeological record. c. how organisms become part of the fossil record. d. fossil organisms.
c
What is the term for a thin, sharp sliver of stone removed from a larger piece of rock during the flintknapping process? a. projectile point. b. core. c. flake. d. biface
c
What was the purpose of Binford's ethnoarchaeological research among the Nunamiut Eskimo of Alaska? a. document Nunamiut subsistence strategies in order to determine what prehistoric adaptations in other arctic environments may have entailed. b. determine how the kinship system of the Nunamiut differed from the kinship systems of cultures in non-marginal environments. c. observe living people and see what remains their activities left behind in an attempt to strengthen inferences from archaeological data. d. determine the effect of seasonality on Nunamiut hunting practices.
c
Which of the following best describes the goal of middle level theory? a. To determine whether modern cultures accurately reflect prehistoric cultures. b. To identify gender through stone tool analysis. c. To help build secure inferences from archaeological remains. d. To identify the role of the individual in archaeological research.
c
Which of the following is the final stage that Hill and Behrensmeyer found to be the process of how large animal skeletons fall apart? a. A decomposing animal carcass will collapse into a flat pile of bones. b. As scapula detach from vertebral column, the entire front limb to drop away. c. The vertebrae disarticulate. d. The sun causes the exposed skull to flake away
c
Analogies justified on the basis of close cultural continuity between the archaeological and ethnographic cases or similarity in general cultural form are known as which of the following? a. formal analogies. b. bridging arguments. c. incorrect science. d. relational analogies.
d
Experimental archaeology has been used to determine how stone tools were used in the past. Which of the following was revealed by this king of research? a. different kinds of use produce different kinds of microflakes on different parts of the tools. b. stone tool edge damage varied with the type of material being worked (soft materials versus hard materials). c. different kinds of use result in different kinds of stone tool polish. d. All of the answers are correct.
d
If stone is chert or quartzite, what might improve the raw materials for stone tool making? a. burying the flakes or cores. b. burning a fire on top of the stones. c. soaking the stones in water. d. burying the flakes or cores and burning a fire on top of the stones.
d
If you are observing microwear, or minute, often microscopic evidence of use damage on the surface and working edge of an artifact, what is that you are probably observing? a. striations. b. microflaking. c. polish. d. All of the answers are correct
d
Microwear traces on stone tools can be difficult to identify due to which of the following? a. Prehistoric resharpening of stone tools b. Multiple uses of stone tools prehistorically c. Brief tool use that did not permit formation of distinctive wear traces d. All of the answers are correct.
d
Unlike detectives, what is that archaeologists want to do? a. know what happened in the past. b. make inferences about the past based on material remains. c. work on sites that are quickly discovered and immediately protected. d. commonly recover objects with unknown functions and meanings.
d
What happened to the remains of Ishi, the Yahi Indian who lived at the University of California's museum in San Francisco and demonstrated traditional arrow-making and fire-starting for museum visitors? a. His body was autopsied by the university's medical center after his death in spite of his wishes that no autopsy be performed. b. His brain was sent to the Smithsonian Institution so that it could be put "to scientific use," where it sat for nearly 85 years. c. His remains were returned to California's Pit River tribe in 2000, and buried in a secret location. d. All of the answers are correct
d
What is a sipapu? a. a small pit in a kiva located along the wall opposite the ventilator shaft. b. the place where the Hopis are said to have emerged into this world from the underworld. c. the place through which Hopi communication with the supernatural world takes place. d. All of the answers are correct.
d
When discussing projectile points, what is a "flute"? ] a. a distinctive characteristic of Clovis and Folsom projectile points. b. a wide, shallow, longitudinal groove on the face of a projectile point. c. the feature that is created by the removal of a channel flake. d. All of the answers are correct.
d