ANTH 420
Physical evidence of human sacrifice in the past is difficult to determine so anthropologists must turn to historical accounts to study the practice.
False
__________________ in religious beliefs and practice typically argues against change or modernization of traditional meanings or original interpretation of religious texts. The strict adherence to tradition and resistance to change often leads to violence and conflict.
Fundamentalism
According to ___________________________, sorcery in the Amazon could cause death as the power of fear can have a negative effect on the nervous system, drop in blood pressure and secondary effects such as the inability to eat and drink.
Claude Levi Strauss
_________________________ was an anthropologist working in the Amazon region. His interest included compiling myths across the Americas and comparing the variations of a single myth.
Claude Levi Strauss
Symbolic thinking enables humans to: (select all that apply)
Contemplate the origin of the universe Communicate abstract ideas such as the existence of supernatural entities Think about a past and envision a future event
A _____________ is typically a label referring to religious movements that exist outside of the norm as accepted by society.
Cult
__________________________ is when anthropologists try to understand people's customs and ideas without judging them.
Cultural Relativism
_______________ are individualized supernatural beings that generally do not have human origins.
Gods
The following can induce "altered states of consciousness" (select all that apply) Correct! Repetitive drumming/dancing Correct! Hallucinogens Correct! Intense Pain Correct! Fasting
It's all of them
______________________ was a Scottish anthropologist and wrote "The Golden Bough" - in which he argued that the world's oldest religions were rooted in magic and witchcraft. Anthropologists today, continue to use some of the classifications of magical principles from this work.
James Frazer
It is now possible to make a diamond with the ashes of your loved one much like the Mourning Jewelry of the Victorian Era.
Mourning Jewelry
______________________ are sacred stories that explain a religious worldview with topics that may include the origin of the universe, or the existence of the supernatural.
Myths
The "Ghost Dance" was a revitalization movement in which ____________________ would dance a traditional dance over multiple days in order to call upon the dead to aid them in bringing about the return of a traditional way of life - the life they had prior to European Colonization.
Native Americans
Human sacrifice conducted at a small scale or private event typically occurred as _______________.
funerary events for powerful or prestigious individuals
One factor that may have driven the practice of "widow burning" in India is ____________.
the desire to inherit the material wealth of the deceased
A [ Select ] ["profane", "situational", "prescriptive"] rituals are carried out as a response to a need and [ Select ] ["profane", "situational", "prescriptive"] rituals are required to be performed, often following strict rules of performance.
1. Situational 2. Prescriptive
Match the correct definition to the term 1. Cultural anthropology 2. Physical anthropology 3. Archaeology 4. Linguistic Anthropology
1. Study of Contemporary Culture 2. Study of Human Biology and Evolution 3. Study of Human Cultures in The Past Through Material Remains 4. Study of Language
An _____________________ ontology considers humans as unique and have more value than other beings in the world.
Anthropocentric
Over the history of Halloween, the traditional Celtic festival of Samhain was replaced with _______________ by Christians attempting to end pagan rituals. This day was a time to honor and pray for the dead.
All Souls Day
For some individuals, their soul may become a part of a group of supernatural beings, or ________________, that are important to the living and often consulted and venerated.
Ancestors
Among monotheistic religions rooted in Christianity, Judaism, or Islam, _____________ act as mediators between humans and god.
Angels
Members of Holiness churches in Appalachia, interpret the bible literally and their practices include: (select all that apply) Correct! Speaking in tongues Correct! Dancing and singing Correct! Snake handling Correct! Drinking poisons
Answer in Term
With Possession , one does not have control of their body, it is only a vehicle. But with Trance , the individual has control of their body and is able to leave their body to visit other worlds
Answer in Term
Certain individuals can become a Shaman or ritual specialist by various means, including: (select all that apply) Correct! Born with distinct physical traits Correct! Near death experience Correct! Initiated through a series of intense trials
Answer in term
Spirits may live in the human world, but Gods typically live in a far off location separate from the living realm of humans.
Answer is in the Term
When studying the religious practices of other cultures, anthropologists may find it difficult to attain an emic perspective, or "insiders" perspective. But the anthropologist may utilize an etic approach, or "outsiders" perspective in order to determine the underlying structure or logic to the religious practice under study.
Answer is in the Term
According to Stein and Stein, how is Nationalism like Religion? (select all that apply) Correct! both serve as sources of identity and for defining self and other Correct! both provide a basis for a worldview Correct! both have symbols, stories, and individuals likened to saints Correct! both expect loyalty and rebellion considered a crime
Answer is in the term
In America, traditional death rituals, are conducted at home, including preparing the body and hosting a memorial, in contrast, modern death rituals are characterized by professionalization and medicalization.
Answer is in the term
Male Vodou priests are known as Houngan , and female Vodou priestesses are known as Mambo .
Answer is in the term
Physical evidence for human sacrifice often cited by archaeologists, includes (choose all that apply). Correct! Slicing and butchering marks on bone Correct! The context in which the skeletal remains are found
Answer is in the term
When cultural traits are transferred from one culture to another, or Diffusion , than religions may change through Syncretism in which the religions of the two interacting cultures merge to create a new, third type of religion.
Answer is in the term
Similar to Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba and Candomble in Brazil also recognize a pantheon of spirits.
Answers in the term
Gods are typically __________________, in that they resemble the human form and may have human-like personalities.
Anthropomorphic
_______________________ is ascribing human like characteristics to non human entities.
Anthropomorphism
A ______________________ is a type of indigenous ritual specialist, also known as "two-spirits" because they are third gendered and can access the spiritual realms of men and women.
Berdache
The _________________ are sacrificed individuals found throughout Europe, that due to the environment in which they were killed, were incredibly preserved.
Bog Bodies
Human sacrifice at the public scale is most often conducted for ________________.
Deities
In his study of religion, the well-known sociologist ____________, saw religion as serving an essential purpose in maintaining the survival of a group. This is now seen as a functionalist understanding of religion.
Emile Durkheim
______________________ is to consider one's own culture as superior or the "correct" way to behave as compared to other cultural systems.
Ethnocentrism
The _____________________ approach to religion considers animism to be the most primitive kind of religion.
Evolutionary
When considering the ways things acquire special meanings, the _________________ is when objects are associated with their owners, these kinds of things, such as heirlooms are often included in ritual and ceremony.
Extended Person
According to the Azande, if you are a Christian, you cannot also believe in witches.
False
Anthropologists are objective and non-biased observers of culture.
False
In the film, "In Search of Voodoo", the famed actor Djimon Hounsou travels throughout America to find all the contemporary Voodoo shrines as a means to highlight just how widely practiced Voodoo is in America.
False
It is often the most powerful people that are sacrificed in religious ceremonial events.
False
Myths are only found in Greek culture
False
_________________ is a rite of passage for women in the equatorial regions of Africa that causes great pain and suffering, leading to an increased skepticism of the concept of cultural relativity among anthropologists.
Female Genital Mutilation
The "Venus of Willendorf" is one of the oldest known examples of _______________ goddess figures.
Fertility
The _______________ is a word that was used by Europeans to describe the objects that Africans used in magic, considered an irrational propensity to personify objects.
Fetish
_______________ are typically "fictional stories" that are informally passed down from one generation to the next.
Folklore
Anthropological approaches to the study of ritual and religion is unique as it studies human societies as integrated wholes, this approach is called ____________________________.
Holism
Match the correct type of ritual with its description: 1. Technological rituals Rituals that attempt to influence or control nature Correct! 2. Protective rituals Rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activites Correct! 3. Ideological rituals Rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community Correct! 4. Rites of passage Rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society
Im lazy, answers are under the term
A ________________________ is an occurrence believed to foreshadow a future event.
Omen
The followers of the Holiness churches in Appalachia establish a direct communication with God through "speaking in tongues." The body is used as a medium through which God speaks, in this way it is a form of _____________________.
Possession
________________________ is a recent movement that recognizes there are multiple ways in understanding the world, the Western viewpoint of science, objectivity and "reason" is but one.
Post Modernism
____________________ attempt to revive what is considered a past golden age, it is an attempt to return to traditional practices and beliefs when cultures face stress or threat of cultural extinction.
Revitalization Movements
The phases in rites of passage are: (select all that apply)
Separation Liminality Reincorporation
The term "Shaman" (although broadly used to refer to a general class of religious specialists) is actually a term adopted from ___________________.
Siberia
____________________ analyzed myths as clues to the psyche, arguing that myths such as the Greek myth of Oedipus, in which he killed his father and married his mother is a universal psychological conflict in all boys.
Sigmund Freud
The _________________ posits that human sacrifice is most common among complex societies as a way to reinforce hierarchy.
Social Control Hypothesis
In the film "In Search of Voodoo" - the Voodoo priest explains that _________________ is used as a form of justice or to keep balance but it can be dangerous.
Sorcery
In Victorian Period America and England, the _________________ movement became popular, in which individuals could make contact with the dead through seances, ouija boards, and crystal balls.
Spiritualism
____________________ was a movement that emerged in America and England during the 1800's.
Spiritualism
________________ is the result of societal conditions that lead to harm and violence against individuals such as lowered life expectancy among poor segments or society or increased policing and punishment against segments of society.
Structural Violence
The Azande are a cultural group that lives in ___________________________.
Sudan and the Congo area of Africa
The _______________ is a religious symbol that exists cross culturally, but in its older forms was associated with positive meanings such as "prosperity" and "good luck" and is used in Hinduism, Buddhism, and by the Navajo.
Swastika
Embalming was not common in American death rituals until ___________________.
The Civil War
In Turkey, Sufis may experience a feeling of ecstacy through continuous spinning, sometimes for hours. This dance is called _____________________.
The Whirling Dervish
What is Sati?
The self sacrifice of a widow in India
The __________________________ is a death ritual that involves leaving the body of the deceased exposed to be eaten by vultures.
Tibetan Sky Burial
Among the Azande, a person can practice witchcraft against someone and not know it.
True
An example of image magic could be the use of "voodoo" dolls
True
In hunting societies, Shamans may have the power to become the animal to be hunted in order to determine migration routes.
True
India's Hindu religion has inequality and oppression built into it's structure through the caste system.
True
Meaning can change across historical contexts.
True
Myths are stories that reflect the underlying worldview of the society.
True
Religious based violence can be found in all of the world's major religions and in some smaller religious groups as well.
True
Religious specialists often carry out their work with the use of objects/material mediums and costumes.
True
Rites of passage are found among all societies
True
Shamans may use costumes to transform into a particular spirit.
True
The anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston, argued that as a Black woman, she was in a preferable position to study Black cultures. However, her "insider's" approach was met with criticism by some scholars, as it was thought that the goal should be complete objectivity.
True
The belief in demonic possession is still common among conservative Christians.
True
The concept of atheism as it was initially used, meant refusing to accept the existing pantheon of god, not how we use it today.
True
The difference between ghosts and souls is that ghosts are typically considered a negative force that can bring illness or harm, but souls that linger after death do not.
True
Things can be inalienable or "extended persons".
True
While spirits may reside in any type of entity, plants, animals, sacred places etc., the soul is typically just attributed to humans.
True
In European lore, the __________________ is someone that had recently died but have returned to bring death to others.
Vampires
The roots of Haitian Voodoo/Vodou can be traced to __________________.
West Africa
___________________ was one of the first anthropologists to study Voodoo and present an anthropological ethnography on the subject.
Zora Neale Hurston
Religions are often _______________, meaning that the beliefs are considered to be absolute truth and does not allow any other viewpoints. This is one of the primary causes of Religious based conflict and violence.
absolutist
An ______________________ is essentially any mental state that is out of the ordinary or different from normal day-to-day experiences.
altered state of consciousness
Chinese new years ceremonies and Valentines Day are both examples of _________________ rituals.
calendrical rituals
_________________ is society's way of justifying violence and injustice and normalizing it.
cultural violence
Among Native Americans of the Southwest, witches were typically butchered and dismembered to _________________.
ensure the soul could not return to the body and inflict further harm
In the film "The Goddess and the Computer," what were some outcomes of the integration of new rice strands and changing of cropping patterns introduced by international organizations? (select all that apply)
introduction of pests and disease in the crops decline in soil fertility
Gods that form a collective, are typically called a _____________________.
pantheon
Individuals in Java, Indonesia can become possessed or fall under trance during Jathilan through ___________________
repetitive music and dancing
Contemporary anthropologists typically prefer the term _______________________ rather than "primitive" which is inherently negative in it's assumption of human development.
small-scale society
In the Film, the "Goddess and the Computer," the holy water is a symbol of what?
the common origin of all lakes and rivers in Bali
