Anthropology 101 2002 CSN Essentials of Cultural Anthropology Chapter 7
Place the events that led to the development and evolution of the CO-MADRES organization and movement in El Salvador in order from the first event to the most recent.
-the Salvadorian civil war began- violence against dissentants was launched -CO-MADRES formed to demand info about victims -CO-MADRES protested to bring to light atrocities committed -evolved to demand women's rights, gender violence justice, inclusion for women in government
Pei-chia Lan studied Filipino and Indonesian women who migrate to Taiwan to work in care industries. How do these workers provide care for their own families?
As primary breadwinners, they send remittances back home to their families.
Why did biologist Anne Fausto-Sterling propose a theory of five sexes?
Because intersex shows a complex middle ground between male and female
The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story influences contemporary U.S. gender ideologies. Identify whether or not these statements are components of the story.
Component of "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" Story -The behavior of early humans was cemented into our DNA and continues to influence human behavior today. -Inventiveness, mobility, and time away from home are natural expectations of human males. -A more sedentary lifestyle, cooperativeness, and nurturance are natural expectations of female humans. Not a Component of "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" Story The behavior of early humans has no influence on human behavior today.
Identify the significance of the work of the grassroots women's organization CO-MADRES in El Salvador.
Correct Answer(s) CO-MADRES used ideas about femininity in a unique way to achieve justice and equality. Incorrect Answer(s) CO-MADRES was able to work peacefully with the Salvadoran government to achieve justice and equality. CO-MADRES successfully brought an end to the Salvadoran civil war. CO-MADRES supported transgender youth in El Salvador by creating religious communities for their safety.
While the "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" story still influences contemporary gender ideology, scientific evidence on early human society and behavior does not support the narrative. Identify whether or not these are examples of current scientific evidence.
Example of Current Scientific Evidence Foraging societies had (and have) a flexible division of labor. Hunting may not have been as integral to human survival as was previously thought. Not an Example of Current Scientific Evidence Historical patterns of male dominance show that men have been protecting women and children for thousands of years. Early human teeth were adapted for a primarily carnivorous diet.
Hijras are transgender individuals and followers of the Hindu Mother Goddess Bahuchara Mata, who is often depicted as transgender. Identify whether or not these are experiences of hijras in Southeast Asia.
Experienced by Hijras Hijras are revered as powerful religious figures. Hijras support themselves through begging, performances, and sex work. Hijras face discrimination in access to housing, health care, and education. Not Experienced by Hijras Hijras are protected by law and are not harmed.
Contemporary gender ideologies are firmly rooted in the natural differences between men and women and gender roles from early human history.
False
Flexible accumulation refers to the ways in which globalization produces new opportunities for women to set their own work hours to achieve work-home balance.
False
Gender studies is a new subfield of anthropology, developed in the early twenty-first century.
False
Identify whether or not these findings were made by Carla Freeman in her study of women working in the informatics industry of Barbados.
Finding Women's status as wives and mothers allows them to access company-provided transportation and flexible work hours. Women work in comfortable, air-conditioned modern offices. Not a Finding Informatics "pink-collar" work is typically a stepping stone to high-paying white-collar work. Though their conditions are comfortable, informatics women feel exploited and afraid.
Identify the following situations as examples of either gender stratification, gender stereotypes, or gender ideologies.
Hijras in India face unequal access to housing, education, and health care. gender stratification The tale of "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" is used in U.S. culture to explain differences in gender roles. gender ideology Men in Mexico are uninvolved and uninterested in domestic life. gender stereotype
Identify how the expansion of Taiwan's economy has affected Taiwanese as well as Indonesian and Filipino women.
Indonesian and Filipino women becoming primary breadwinners unable to fulfill traditional roles as mothers and wives Taiwanese women unable to fulfill traditional roles as mothers and wives: movement into male workforce
Complete the Venn diagram to compare and contrast the experiences of Barbadian informatics workers and garment or textile factory workers in Barbados and elsewhere.
Information Workers are Married with Children Pink Collar Workers Both are Watched and Monitored by Supervisors Garment and Textile Workers Young Single Women Blue Collar Workers
Cultures around the world have different attitudes toward those who do not fit into cultural gender norms. Identify whether the following statements apply to Western attitudes about gender or Native American attitudes about gender.
native americans: -People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have supernatural powers. -People who do not fit into cultural gender norms have special privileges. western cultures: -people who do not fit into cultural gender norms are ignored or medically "corrected." -People who do not fit into cultural gender norms do not exist.
Match each term to the correct definition regarding Sex, Gender and Gender Performance
observable physical differences between male and female sex expectations of thought and behavior assigned by culture to people of different sexes gender the way gender identity is expressed through action gender performance
The "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" tale lies at the heart of U.S. gender ideologies. Anthropologists work to identify scientifically validated truths about the human past. Identify the following statements as based in fiction or science
science: -Our human ancestors likely had flexible gender roles that shifted in response to the needs of a given situation. fiction: -Our human ancestors had rigid gender roles because they lived on the edge of starvation and needed strict roles in order to secure food. -The pleasure of killing animals developed a hardwired aggression in men that we still see today. -Women today are more nurturing than men because of women's gathering skills developed in the evolutionary past.
French social scientist Michel Foucault coined the term biopower when referring to actions surrounding intersex individuals. Identify the meaning of this term.
the power of the state to regulate the body
Early in the textbook, you learned about stratification as the unequal distribution of resources among a group of people. Place in order how Barbados factory workers are stratified, from highest social status to lowest.
white-collar front-office workers and supervisors pink-collar informatics workers blue-collar factory workers
Which of the following statements describes how anthropologists view sexual dimorphism in humans?
Many biological characteristics associated with sexual dimorphism fall along a continuum in which men and women overlap significantly.
In her ethnography Dude, You're a Fag (2007), C. J. Pascoe explores the construction of masculinity in a racially diverse high school in California. Identify whether or not she observed the following about gender construction in this school.
Observed by Pascoe Masculinity could be associated with women. White male students primarily engaged in "fag discourse." Not Observed by Pascoe Only gay men were called "fags." Lesbians were not allowed to participate in masculine gender performance.
In September 2015, the United Nations established various goals toward sustainable development including Goal 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls. Identify whether or not these are objectives included within this goal.
Part of U.N. Goal 5 -ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health care -ensure equal opportunities for women to rise to leadership positions -ensure the elimination of gender-based violence Not Part of U.N. Goal 5 ensure that all women attend and receive degrees from higher education institutions
An anthropological study closely observed how gender is taught in children's co-ed T-ball games. Identify whether or not these are anthropologists' findings on gender enculturation in children's T-ball.
Research Finding Girls' mistakes were not corrected, while boys' were. T-ball coaches favored boys over girls. Not a Research Finding Parents did not support the favoring of one gender over another. Boys who were weaker were given more opportunities to play and improve than stronger boys.
Identify whether the statements about the roles of the egg and sperm during fertilization are stereotypical descriptions or actual scientific findings.
Scientific Finding Sperm and the egg work together toward successful fertilization. Sperm have weak tails that serve only to move their heads to avoid getting stuck on unwanted surfaces . Stereotypical Description Sperm penetrate the waiting, passive egg. Sperm have strong tails and are fast and aggressive.
_______refers to the observable physical differences between male and female, while _____ refers to the cultural expectations of behavior based on these differences.
Sex Gender
Match the feminist scholar to her theory about male dominance across cultures.
There is a pervasive symbolic association of men with culture and women with nature. Sherri Ortner Gender roles are split between public (male) and private (female) spheres. Michelle Rosaldo Men's greater physical strength is reflected in cultural dominance. Nancy Chodorow
Identify the significance of the "fairy tale of the egg and the sperm," and "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer" narratives in U.S. contemporary culture.
They are modern-day cultural myths that reinforce gender ideologies
Gender performance refers to the way gender identity is expressed through action. Identify the following statements about gender performance as true or false.
True Both men and women may display stereotypically masculine and feminine characteristics. Cultural anthropologists are increasingly focused on gender as an identity that is expressed through action. False People's choices about how they will express their gender identity are always conscious. Gender roles reflect fixed identities that are either male or female.
Identify whether or not anthropologist Matthew Gutmann found the following to be true about machismo among the working-class Mexican men of a small community in Mexico City.
True of Mexican Men and Machismo Mexican men do not fit common understandings of machismo that have spread around the world. Mexican men negotiate their roles with women. Not True of Mexican Men and Machismo Mexican culture has one stable, fixed idea about how men should behave. In general, all Mexican men have the same ideas about machismo.
Identify whether or not these are primary factors that have generally been considered in determining biological sex.
Used to Determine Biological Sex gonads genitalia chromosome patterns Not Used to Determine Biological Sex gender
Historically, biological science has tended to create distinct mental maps of reality for male and female anatomy. Human males and females are said to demonstrate sexual dimorphism, which refers to phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. Identify whether the following characteristics generally apply to men or women.
Usually Applies to Females live longer longer physical endurance Usually Applies to Males larger body size deeper voice
When Annette Weiner revisited Bronislaw Malinowski's study of the Trobriand Islanders, what did she find?
Women engaged in elaborate economic activity that Malinowski failed to recognize.
Match each term to the correct definition for Hermaphrodite, Intersex, Transgender
an outdated and stigmatizing term for people born with both female and male sexual characteristics hermaphrodite the appropriate term that describes the state of being born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes intersex a gender identity or expression that does not fit with the cultural expectations of one's assigned sex at birth transgender
Match each term to the correct description regarding Gender Stratification Gender Ideology Gender Stereotypes
an unequal distribution of power in which gender shapes who has access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges gender stratification a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that promotes and justifies gender stratification gender ideology widely held preconceived notions about the proper roles for men and women in a culture gender stereotypes
Who does sociologist Pei-chia Lan call "global Cinderellas" and why?
immigrant domestic workers because they dream of escaping poverty but are oppressed in others' homes
