AP Bio: Chapter 43

Identify the correct statement about conservation biology. 1.The natural genetic diversity of species varies from species to species. 2.When a species rebounds from near extinction to its original population numbers, genetic diversity also rebounds. 3.Edge effects influence all species negatively.

The natural genetic diversity of species varies from species to species.

According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that 1.threatened species are endangered species outside the U.S. borders. 2.an endangered species is closer to extinction. 3.endangered species are mainly tropical. 4.a threatened species is closer to extinction. 5.only endangered species are vertebrates.

an endangered species is closer to extinction.

Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as critical communities. endemic sinks. endemic metapopulations. biodiversity hot spots. bottlenecks.

biodiversity hot spots.

What causes extremely high levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds? depletion of ozone layer acid precipitation biological magnification greenhouse effect eutrophication

biological magnification

Which of the following best illustrates human efforts to improve environmental sustainability? 1.increasing our reliance on renewable sources of energy 2.upgrading computers every few years to improve performance 3.converting automobiles from gasoline to natural gas as a new source of fuel 4.rerouting major highways around cities to avoid traffic congestion

increasing our reliance on renewable sources of energy

Estimates of current rates of extinction 1.indicate that we have reached a state of stable equilibrium in which speciation rates equal extinction rates. 2.suggest that rates of extinction have decreased globally. 3.suggest that one-half of all animal and plant species may be gone by the year 2100. 4.indicate that only 1% of all of the species that have ever lived on Earth are still alive. 5.indicate that rates may be greater than the mass extinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period.

indicate that rates may be greater than the mass extinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period.

According to the small-population approach, what would be the best strategy for saving a population from extirpation? 1.introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation 2.determining the minimum viable population size by taking into account the effective population size 3.determining and remedying the cause of its decline 4.establishing a nature reserve to protect its habitat 5.reducing the population size of its predators and competitors

introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation

One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that 1.its habitat is fragmented 2.it is a rare, top-level predator 3.it is not well adapted to edge conditions 4.its genetic diversity is very low 5.its effective population size is much lower than its total population size

its genetic diversity is very low

Overexploitation encourages extinction and is most likely to affect 1.large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates. 2.most organisms that live in the oceans. 3.edge-adapted species. 4.terrestrial organisms more than aquatic organisms. 5.animals that occupy a broad ecological niche.

large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates

The estimated density or number of individuals needed for a species to maintain or increase its numbers in a region is the _____. metapopulation endemic population stochastic population Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium minimum viable population (MVP)

minimum viable population (MVP)

Brown-headed cowbirds utilize fragmented forests effectively by 1.parasitizing the nests of forest birds, and feeding on open-field insects. 2.roosting in forest trees, and nesting in grassy fields. 3.using forest cover to escape from predators in their normal grassland habitat. 4.outcompeting other songbird species in fragmented communities. 5.feeding on the fruits of shrubs that tend to grow at the forest/open-field interface.

parasitizing the nests of forest birds, and feeding on open-field insects

The most serious consequence of a decrease in global biodiversity would be the 1.loss of species for use as crops. 2.increase in global warming and thinning of the ozone layer. 3.potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend. 4.loss of sources of genetic diversity to preserve endangered species. 5.increase in the abundance and diversity of edge-adapted species.

potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend.

Hot spots are usually chosen for nature preserves because they _____. 1.save habitat for threatened and endangered species 2.are situated in areas that are undesirable for human habitation 3.are located near mountains and volcanoes 4.they are areas that are sterile with regard to wildlife disease 5.usually are located on migratory paths

save habitat for threatened and endangered species

The effort to develop, manage, and conserve Earth's resources to meet the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs is called _____. landscape management biophilia bioremediation sustainable development restoration ecology

sustainable development

The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is 1.additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population 2.increased worldwide standing crop 3.the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels 4.an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere 5.increased worldwide primary production

the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is 1.increased worldwide standing crop 2.increased worldwide primary production 3.an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere 4.additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population 5.the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

Biological magnification means that _____. 1.the concentration of toxins increases at higher trophic levels in a food chain 2.large species play a more important role in communities than small species 3.fat-soluble toxins magnify the effects of other toxic materials

the concentration of toxins increases at higher trophic levels in a food chain

The concept of sustainable development emphasizes 1.the need for national government action. 2.the fastest ways to economic prosperity. 3.the importance of developing the arts. 4.the needs of future generations. 5.trade between all nations of the world.

the needs of future generations.

Which of the following does NOT apply to a population with a low effective population size? genetic drift increased homozygosity reduced heterozygosity inbreeding increased genetic diversity

increased genetic diversity

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct? 1.National parks are one of many types of protected areas. 2.About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected. 3.Most protected areas are too small to protect species. 4.Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area. 5.It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots.

About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct? 1.National parks are one of many types of protected areas. 2.Most protected areas are too small to protect species. 3.About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected. 4.It is especially important to protect biodiversity hot spots. 5.Management of a protected area should be coordinated with management of the land surrounding the area.

About 25% of Earth's land area is now protected.

If a local population of a species goes extinct, which of the following outcomes is/are possible? 1.Genetic variation may be lost from the species as a whole. 2.The overall adaptive prospects of the species may decline. 3.Population numbers of species that interacted with the extinct population may increase. 4. All of the above

All of the above

Suppose your friend says to you, "It doesn't matter so much anymore if species go extinct, as long as we figure out the genome of each species before it goes extinct." Which of the following statements correctly explain why species conservation still matters? 1.Many species that are threatened could potentially provide crops, fibers, and medicines for human use. 2.Loss of one species may lead to loss of other species. 3.Loss of species may lead to loss of vital ecosystem services. 4.All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is associated with the small-population approach to species conservation? 1.minimum viable population 2.effective population size 3.extinction vortex 4.All of the choices above are associated with the small-population approach to species conservation. 5.None of the choices above is associated with the small-population approach to species conservation.

All of the choices above are associated with the small-population approach to species conservation.

Invasive species are introduced by humans to new geographic locations and 1. are successful in colonizing a novel area. 2. All of the choices are correct. 3. can outcompete and displace native species for biotic and abiotic resources. 4. spread because they encounter none of their natural predators. 5. are usually considered pests by ecologists.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is part of conservation biology? ecology molecular biology and genetics evolutionary biology physiology All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following organisms was/were introduced by humans into the United States or its territories? kudzu European starling zebra mussels brown tree snake All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct.

Burning fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These air pollutants can be responsible for 1.calcium deficiency in soils. 2.precipitation with a pH as low as 3.0. 3.the death of fish in lakes. 4.direct damage to plants by leaching nutrients from the leaves. 5.All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct

Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by 1.All of the options are correct. 2.displacing native species. 3.competing with native species for space or breeding/nesting habitat. 4.competing with native species for food or light. 5.preying on native species.

All of the options are correct.

We should care about loss in biodiversity in the populations of other species because of 1.the risk to global ecological stability. biophilia. 2.potential loss of genes, some of which may code for proteins useful to humans. 3.potential loss of medicines and other products yet 4.undiscovered from threatened species. 5.All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct.

Which of the following is a type of research in which a conservation biologist would be involved? 1.studying species diversity and interaction in the Florida Everglades, past and present 2.reestablishing whooping cranes in their former breeding grounds in North Dakota 3.determining the effects of hunting white-tailed deer in Vermont 4.studying the population ecology of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park 5.All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct.

Which of the following life history traits can potentially influence effective population size (Ne)? 1.maturation age 2.genetic relatedness among individuals in a population 3.gene flow between geographically separated populations 4.population size 5.All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct.

Your friend is wary of environmentalists' claims that global warming could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements can you use in response to your friend's suspicions? 1.Global warming could have significant effects on agriculture in the United States. 2.We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased over the past 150 years. 3.Sea levels will likely rise, displacing as much as 50% of the world's human population. 4.Through measurements and observations, we know that CO2 levels and temperature fluctuations are directly correlated, even in prehistoric times. 5.All statements listed could be used.

All statements listed could be used.

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? 1.Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species. 2.Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat. 3.Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors. 4.Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population. 5.Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild.

Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species

Which of the following is consistent with forest fragmentation research? 1.Species diversity is always lower in fragmented forests when compared to forest interiors in the same region. 2.Productivity is the same in both fragmented forests and forest interiors. 3.Forest-interior species show declines in small patch communities. 4.New-edge species that migrate in do not seem to compete with forest species and often increase biodiversity in fragmented forests. 5.Edge communities consistently have low species diversity.

Forest-interior species show declines in small patch communities.

Which of the following is true about the current research regarding forest fragmentation? 1.Harvesting timber that results in forest fragmentation results in less soil erosion. 2.The disturbance of timber extraction causes the species diversity to increase because of the new habitats created. 3.Fragmented forests support a greater biodiversity because they result in the combination of forest-edge species and forest-interior species. 4.Fragmented forests are the goal of conservation biologists who design wildlife preserves. 5.Fragmented forests support a lesser biodiversity because the forested-adapted species leave, and only the edge and open-field species can occupy fragmented forests.

Fragmented forests support a lesser biodiversity because the forested-adapted species leave, and only the edge and open-field species can occupy fragmented forests.

What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations? 1.Genetic diversity allows for species stability by preventing speciation. 2.Isolated populations become more fit. 3.The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion. 4.Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations. 5.Genes for adaptive traits to local conditions make microevolution possible.

Genes for adaptive traits to local conditions make microevolution possible.

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex? 1.Control populations of the endangered population's predators and competitors. 2.Establish a reserve that protects the population's habitat. 3.Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species. 4.Sterilize the least fit individuals in the population. 5.Capture all remaining individuals in the population for captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild.

Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

Which statement is true with regard to human population growth? 1.Its rate of growth is increasing. 2.It is at a zero reproduction rate. 3.Its rate of increase continues to grow at an exponential rate. 4.There is no scientific prediction that can be made about human population growth. 5.Its rate of growth is slowing.

Its rate of growth is slowing.

Which of the following statements best describes why ecologists are currently concerned with global warming and the thawing of permafrost in many areas of the tundra biome? 1.The bacterial decomposition of thawed organic materials over the widespread areas of the tundra will produce large quantities of CO2, which will add to greenhouse gases and exacerbate global warming. 2.Migratory species of birds will likely be less successful finding food in thawed tundra, and their abundance will drop dramatically. 3.Populations of humans inhabiting the Arctic will have to move to more southern latitudes, resulting in increased competition for resources in already densely populated areas. 4.The thawing process will likely decrease the abundance and diversity of soil-dwelling organisms in the tundra. 5.Oil and coal deposits will thaw and rise to the surface (due to their lower density) of the tundra, destroying millions of acres of arctic habitat.

The bacterial decomposition of thawed organic materials over the widespread areas of the tundra will produce large quantities of CO2, which will add to greenhouse gases and exacerbate global warming.

How might the extinction of some Pacific Island bats called "flying foxes" threaten the survival of over 75% of the tree species in those islands? 1.The bats pollinate the trees and disperse seeds. 2.The bats pierce the fruit, which allows the seeds to germinate. 3.The bats eat the insects that harm competitor plants. 4.The bats consume the fruit including the seeds that would disrupt the trees' reproductive cycle. 5.The bats roost in the trees and fertilize soil around the trees with their nitrogen-rich droppings.

The bats pollinate the trees and disperse seeds.

Extinction is a natural phenomenon. It is estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why then do we say that we are now experiencing an extinction (loss of biodiversity) crisis? 1.Humans are ethically responsible for protecting endangered species. 2.Most biodiversity hot spots have been destroyed by recent ecological disasters. 3.The current rate of extinction is high and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels. 4.Scientists have finally identified most of the species on Earth and are thus able to quantify the number of species becoming extinct. 5.Humans have greater medical needs than at any other time in history, and many potential medicinal compounds are being lost as plant species become extinct.

The current rate of extinction is high and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels.

Suppose you attend a town meeting at which some experts tell the audience that they have performed a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transit system that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The analysis, however, reveals that ticket prices will not cover the cost of operating the system when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. As a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economic analyses? 1.Ecosystem services only take into account abiotic factors that affect local environments. 2.There are no laws that require investigation of ecosystem services in environmental planning. 3.There are too many variables to ecosystem services, making their calculation impossible. 4.Their cost is difficult to estimate and people take them for granted. 5.They are not worth much and are usually not considered.

Their cost is difficult to estimate and people take them for granted.

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? 1.The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. 2.Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to toplevel predators than to primary consumers. 3.Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. 4.Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. 5.The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases.

Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to toplevel predators than to primary consumers.

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? 1.The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. 2.Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. 3.Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers. 4.The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. 5.Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to toplevel predators than to primary consumers.

Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to toplevel predators than to primary consumers.

What is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems? depletion of ozone layer acid precipitation biological magnification greenhouse effect eutrophication

eutrophication

Which of the following refers to the reflecting and absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and water? depletion of ozone layer acid precipitation biological magnification greenhouse effect eutrophication

greenhouse effect

What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? 1.overharvesting of commercially important species 2.habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction 3.disruption of trophic relationships as more and more prey species become extinct 4.introduced species that compete with native species 5.pollution of Earth's air, water, and soil

habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity? 1.habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction 2.disruption of trophic relationships as more and more prey species become extinct 3.overharvesting of commercially important species 4.pollution of Earth's air, water, and soil 5.introduced species that compete with native species

habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

The single greatest current threat to biodiversity is _____. reduced genetic variability introduced species overexploitation habitat destruction global warming

habitat destruction

Which of the following is the most direct threat to biodiversity? 1.the depletion of the ozone layer 2.overexploitation of selected species 3.increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide 4.zoned reserves 5.habitat destruction

habitat destruction

Which of the following provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis? high rate of extinction climate change the incursion of a non-native species decrease in regional productivity increasing pollution levels

high rate of extinction

Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because 1.grains raised for feeding livestock must be fortified, and thus require additional nutrients. 2.the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested. 3.cultivation of agricultural land inhibits the decomposition of organic matter. 4.land that is available for agriculture tends to be nutrient-poor. 5.nitrogen-fixing bacteria are not as plentiful in agricultural soils because of the use of pesticides.

the nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back to the soil on lands where they are harvested.

Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because 1.most current extinctions are caused by introduced species. 2.current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity. 3.more animals than ever before are going extinct. 4.the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates. 5.None of the options are correct.

the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates.

Which of the following ecological locations has the greatest species diversity? islands grasslands tropical rain forest tundra deciduous forests

tropical rain forest

The main goal of sustainable development is to 1.use only natural resources in the construction of new buildings. 2.reevaluate and re-implement management plans over time. 3.involve more countries in conservation efforts. 4.use natural resources such that they do not decline over time.

use natural resources such that they do not decline over time.

Which of the following is most key to understanding the demographic transition in human population growth? 1.improved worldwide health care 2.education on global famine 3.reduction of casualties of war 4.voluntary reduction of family size 5.improved sanitary conditions in the world's hospitals

voluntary reduction of family size