A.P. Bio Final

In an experiment, 100 mice were released into a field to which no other mice had access. Immediately after their release, a representative sample of mice was captured, their fur color was recorded, and they were returned to the field. After twenty years, a representative sample of mice was captured and the distribution of fur color was again recorded. Fur ColorInitial Distribution (%)Distribution after twenty years (%)Brown105Gray8020Black1075 Which of the following would be the best explanation for the change in fur color distribution, as shown in the table above? Select one: a. The field was primarily composed of dark-colored soil providing protection for the dark mice from predators. b. The brown mice were harder to catch, and were underrepresented in the twenty-year sample c. The field was primarily composed of light-colored soil and little vegetation, affording (providing) gray mice protection from predators d. The allele for gray fur color is unstable and over twenty years most of the gray fur alleles mutated to become alleles for black fur

a. The field was primarily composed of dark-colored soil providing protection for the dark mice from predators.

Please use the following information to answer the questions below. In those parts of equatorial Africa where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the ββ-hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. Considering the overall human population of the U.S. mainland at the time when the slave trade brought large numbers of people from equatorial Africa, what was primarily acting to change the frequency of the sickle-cell allele in the overall U.S. population? Select one: a. gene flow b. natural selection c. founder effect d. genetic drift

a. gene flow

Which of the following pairs are the best examples of analogous structures? Select one: a. owl wing and hornet wing b. bat wing and bird wing c. Lack of eyes in the Australian mole and lack of eyes in the North American mole d. bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelim

a. owl wing and hornet wing

Climate Change is disrupting the length of winter in various ecosystems, resulting in less snowfall and milder winters. Scientists in Finland have been observing the tawny owl, a fairly large owl species that is commonly found in woodlands across much of Europe and Asia. Typically, the feathers of the upper body are either brown (BB) or gray (bb). Scientists studying tawny owls in Finland have found that the percentage of tawny owls that have brown feathers has increased over the past 28 years. Which of the following best explains why the brown-feathered phenotype in tawny owls has increased over the past 28 years? Select one: a. Since the brown genotype is dominate, it will eventually eliminate the recessive gray genotype from the population b. With milder winters, the advantage of gray feathers that blend into a snowy environment has decreased c. The directional selection toward a darker phenotype is random and likely due to a bottleneck event d. Darker feather color in tawny owls makes them less visible to predators as they sit in the trees

b. With milder winters, the advantage of gray feathers that blend into a snowy environment has decreased

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? Select one: a. sexual selection b. stabilizing selection c. disruptive selection d. directional selection

b. stabilizing selection

The table below illustrates four female rabbits that live on the forest floor. According to the definition given for fitness, which mouse would biologist consider the fittest? Select one: a. White b. Tan c. Black d. Brown

c. Black

Beetles have a wide variety of color because there is a wide range of coloration on tree trunks. Beetles use the trees to hide from predators. Changes in the environment caused the trees to become darker in color. How the population would change, which graph illustrates this change and has a justification that matches? Select one: a. The coloration in the population split into two extremes, as in diagram II. Both the lighter-colored and the darker-colored beetles were able to hide on the darker tree trunks b. The coloration range became narrower, as in diagram III. The predators selected beetles at the color extremes c. The coloration in the population shifted toward more darker-colored beetles, as in diagram IV. The lighter colored beetles were found more easily by the predators than were the dark-colored beetles d. The coloration range shifted toward more light-colored beetles, as in diagram I. The pollution helped the predators find the darkened tree trunks

c. The coloration in the population shifted toward more darker-colored beetles, as in diagram IV. The lighter colored beetles were found more easily by the predators than were the dark-colored beetles

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing Select one: a. genetic drift b. nonrandom mating c. gene flow d. geographic isolation

c. gene flow

While there is only one species of Galápagos Island tortoise, there are several subspecies. Larger islands with more wet highlands have lush vegetation near the ground. Tortoises there tend to have high-domed shells and shorter necks, which restrict upward head movement. They also have shorter limbs. They are the heaviest and largest of the subspecies. Smaller, drier islands are inhabited by tortoises with longer necks and limbs and with shells that are elevated above the neck, which allow them to browse taller vegetation. Based on the information given, which of the following is a plausible explanation for the ancestry of the tortoise subspecies? Select one: a. The subspecies share a recent common ancestor whose neck length, shell shape, and leg length were intermediate between the two subspecies b. Random mutations coupled with the inheritance of acquired characteristics resulted in distinct subspecies c. The tortoises with shorter legs and necks were most easily preyed on as young animals by the rats that were introduced, so they survived only on a few islands d. Individuals with different adaptations in shell shape and leg length best exploited the food resources and left more surviving offspring on each island

d. Individuals with different adaptations in shell shape and leg length best exploited the food resources and left more surviving offspring on each island

Microevolution occurs Select one: a. when species diverge b. only when reproductive barriers, either pre- or post-zygotic, prevent all gene flow between two populations. c. when reproductive barriers, either pre- or post-zygotic, genetically isolate species to the point where they no longer interbreed to produce viable offspring. d. when species populations undergo changes in allele frequencies over time.

d. when species populations undergo changes in allele frequencies over time.

There was a population of tan colored mice that lived in the deserts of California. A volcano erupted and areas of the desert were covered in lava flow, which had a dark color. One mouse had a dark colored allele and was better suited to survive in the new habitat. What is the likely source of the allele in the dark colored mouse? Select one: a. Natural Selection b. Mutation c. Inheritance of favorable traits d. Random Mating

not a

In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 64 purple-flowering plants and 36 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population? p + q = 1 p2 + 2pg + q2 = 1 Select one: a. 0.64 b. 0.6 c. 0.80 d. 0.36

not d